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COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 



ECLECTIC EDUCATIONAL SERIES 



THE 



NEW ECLECTIC HISTORY 



UNITED STATES 



BY 



M. E. THALHEIMER 



Ajithor of " A Manual of Ancient History," " A Manual of Mediteval and Modern 
History" "An Outline of General History," "A History of England," etc. 




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The Eclectic History has been several years before the public. 
As frequent new editions have been called for, corrections in detail 
have been made at the suggestion of eminent educators in various 
parts of the country. The author's most cordial thanks are ren- 
dered to all these for their kindly interest in the work, and the sub- 
stantial aid they have afforded toward the attainment of perfect 
accuracy. 

The present edition has been thoroughly revised with a view to 
greater simplicity of style. In most graded schools it is found that 
younger children come into the history classes year by year, and in 
some large cities these are — through exclusively oral instruction in 
their earlier studies — unprepared for an independent use of text- 
books. The subjects involved in American history are often in their 
nature complicated, but words, at least, can be familiar, and to this 
end the book has been very carefully revised. Complex sentences 
have been divided. A few matters beyond the comprehension of 
children have been omitted. The aim has been to sketch leading 
events with a few clear strokes, avoiding a mass of detail which 
might needlessly encumber the student's memory. 

At the same time it is very desirable that boys and girls be accus- 
tomed to look up points of interest for themselves, and this ought to 
be easy where books are at hand either in public libraries or at 

(V) 



VI PREFACE. 

home. References are accordingly made, at the end of each chap- 
ter, to a few of the many books and magazine articles which afford 
fuller and more attractive details ; and hints are added for the com- 
position of essays, letters, or stories, following up the same lines of 
thought. It is something to enhst the imagination in such subjects 
as the unveiling of our great continent and its subsequent develop- 
ment, in the picturesque and romantic incidents of colonial and 
pioneer life, etc. However crude the sketch may be, it will aid in 
effectively awakening and exercising the mind, and this is the true 
end of study. 

The teacher's work is facilitated by section-headings in heavier 
type, which may serve as topics for recitation, by a few compre- 
hensive questions following each chapter, and by Questions for 
Review at the end of each Part. A series of questions on the 
Federal Constitution will, it is hoped, help to make clearer the most 
important features of that document, and thus simplify the teacher's 
task. 

The celebrations which have marked the close of a hundred 
years under the Constitution have drawn renewed attention to the 
principles on which our nation was founded, and it should be with 
new courage and zeal that we endeavor to instill those principles in 
youthful minds and hearts. 

Among the numerous illustrations which beautify these pages, the 
portraits, by Mr. Jacques Reich, and those showing the costume 
and manner of life at various periods of our past history, by Mr„ 
H. A. Ogden, are worthy of particular mention, as the work of artists 
who have made special study of these subjects. 

Cincinnati, O. 



CONTENTS 



PART I.— Prehistoric Ages; Discoveries and Setilements. 



Chapter 

1. Ancient America ....... 

2. Physical Features and Early Inhabitants . 

3. Discoveries and Settlements by Europeans 

4. English Settlements — Virginia .... 

5. Virginia and Maryland ...... 

6. Plymouth, Portsmouth, and Dover .... 

7. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island 

8. New Netherlands — The Middle States . 

9. English Revolutions — The Southern Colonies 

PART II. — Growth of the Colonies. 

10. Parliamentary Rule ...... 

n. French Colonies ....... 

12. Intercolonial Wars ....... 



13. Literature and General Progress 



Page 

9 
15 

27 

41 

47 
53 
60 
70 
80 



91 

98 

104 

116 



PART III. — War of Independence. 



Causes of the Revolution 

Opening Scenes of the Revolution 

Events of 1776 

Events of 1777 and 1778 

Events of 1779-1781 

End of the War 



PART IV. — Growth of the United States. 

Adoption of the Constitution ...... 

First and Second Terms, — George Washington, President 
Third Term, — John Adams, President .... 

Fourth and Fifth Terms, — Thomas Jefferson, President . 
Sixth Term, — James Madison, President 
Seventh Term, — James Madison, President 
Eighth and Ninth Terms, — James Monroe, President 
Tenth Term, — John Quincy Adams, President 
Eleventh and Twelfth Terms, — Andrew Jackson, President 
Thirteenth Term, — Martin Van Buren, President . 
Fourteenth Term, — William H. Harrison, President 
Fifteenth Term, — James K. Polk, President . 
Sixteenth Term,— Zachary Taylor, President . 
Seventeenth Term, — Franklin Pierce, President 
Eighteenth Term, — James Buchanan, President . 



129 
138 
151 
160 
169 
177 



187 

195 
206 
211 
221 
231 
238 
244 
248 
254 
258 
265 
273 
276 
283 



(vii) 



Vlll 

Chapter 



CONTENTS. 



PART v.— The Civil War. 



35. Nineteenth Term, — Abraham Lincoln, President . 

36. Nineteenth Term, — Events of 1862 

37. Nineteenth Term, — Events of 1^62 {Continued) 

38. Nineteenth Term, — Events of 1863 

39. Nineteenth Term, — Events of 1864 

40. Twentieth Term, — Abraham Lincohi, Pres., — Events of 1865 

41. Results of the Civil War 



PART VL— The Union Restored. 



42. 
43- 
44. 
45. 
46. 

47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 

51- 

52. 



Johnson's Administration ...... 

Twenty-first and Twenty-second Terms, — U. S. Grant, Pres 
Twenty-third Term,— Rutherford B. Hayes, President 
Twenty-fourth Term, — James A. Garfield, President 
Twenty-fifth Term, — Grover Cleveland, President . 
Twenty-sixth Term, — Benjamin Harrison, President 
Twenty-seventh Term, — Grover Cleveland, President 
Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Terms, — Wm. McKinley, Pres 
Thirtieth Term, — Theodore Roosevelt, President 
Thirty-first Term, — William Howard Taft, President 
Progress of the Republic ...... 

APPENDIX. 



Pas:e 



291 
302 
310 

335 
341 



347 
353 
363 
2>^7 
371 
376 
379 
381 
389 
393 
397 



Synopsis of Administrations 
Transfers of Territory in the United States . 
The Declaration of Independence 
Constitution of the United States of America 
General Index ...... 

Pronouncing Vocabulary .... 



LIST OF MAPS. 



North America 

Routes of Discoverers 

The Colonies .... 

Revolutionary War 

Lake Champlain and Hudson River 

War of 1812 .... 

Mexican War 

The Civil War 

Growth of the United States . 



1 

V 
X 

xiv 

xxvii 

xliii 



. 18, 19 
. 30, 31 
• 58,59 
142, 143 

154 

228, 229 

264 

298, 299 

vi, vii 



LIST OF TABLES. 



Thirteen English Colonies ..... 
Flnglish Sovereigns during First Colonial Period 
English Sovereigns during Second Colonial Period 



126 



A HISTORY 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES. 




■Jf^i 









Etowah Mound {Restored). 



CHAPTER I, 



ANCIENT AMERICA. 



1. A Lonely Land. — Four hundred years ago the Qountry we 
hve in was unknown to the rest of the world. There were no 
cities, no railroads and bridges, no horses and wagons, no 
broad, smooth roads. The people were of a dark, reddish- 
brown color, and lived in wigwams covered with bark. In the 
whole space between the Mississippi and the Atlantic there were 
probably not so many people as live to-day in a single city 
like Boston or Cincinnati. Far away to the southward, where 

(9) 



10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

corn grew with little care, and where bananas and other trop- 
ical fruits were native, there were large villages in Mexico and 
Yucatan, and even on the dry plains of Arizona and New Mex- 
ico; but with these exceptions America might be called "an 
empty continent, — a desert-land awaiting its inhabitants." 

2. The Mound-Builders. — The central part of North America 
had not always been so lonely. The country drained by the 
Mississippi and the Great Lakes bears traces of a larger popu-. 
lation than the white men found there. These little-known' 
people are called Mound-Builders from the hu^e piles of earth 
which they raised for various purposes. They are supposed to 
have been of the same race as the Indian tribes found by Eu- 
ropeans. But while ten thousand mounds are found within the 
single State of Ohio, the same region was without settled in- 
habitants two hundred years ago. 

3. The Mounds. — Many of these were for purposes of burial. 
We learn something of the habits of the people from the 

ornaments of copper, stone, and 
shell which they buried with 
the dead. Other mounds were 
bases of watch-towers and signal- 
stations; some were fortresses, 
and their angles show much skill 
in the art of defense. On some, 

Plan of Serpent Mound. hoUSCS WCrC built for Safety 

against attack. They were reached by graded roadways, or by 
ladders which could be drawn up at night or when enemies 
were near. Effigy mounds were rudely shaped to resemble 
men or animals. One of these, in Adams County, Ohio, is 
like a serpent, over a thousand feet in length, in the act of 
swallowing an egg one hundred and sixty-four feet long. 

4. Contents of Mounds. — Knives, chisels, and axes of flint and 
copper; carved pipes, beads, and bracelets; vases of poHshed 
and painted earthenware have been found in the mounds, and 




EARLY INHABITANTS OF AMERICA. 



II 




liuman ISunea 



Shell and Bone Implcmenta. 
Relics from Mounds. 



some ot them are of fine workmanship. Smoothly hammered 
plates of copper are stamped or cut with figures of men and 
birds, which, though rude to our notions, show some ideas of art. 

5. "Whence Came the Early Inhabitants of America ? is a ques- 
tion that can not be positively answered. A company of 
Chinese sailors, in the fifth century, driven 
off shore by westerly winds, sailed many 
weeks until they came to a great conti- 
nent. Here they found the aloe and other 
plants that were strange to them, but 
which we. know to be Mexican. The 
savages on either side of Behring's 
Straits meet every year to barter 
their fish and furs. Many from Asia 
may have wandered southward along 
the coast. Even within the last hun- 
dred years, fifteen vessels have been 
driven across the Pacific to our west- 
ern shores; and during all the pre- 
vious ages we may believe that 
many like things had taken place. 
Doubdess, also, Greek and Phoeni- 
. cian sailors may have crossed the 
narrower Adantic. The first white 
visitors to America, of whom we 
have any trustworthy record, came from Iceland, and its present 
white inhabitants are of European descent. 




Chinese Junk. 




Phoenician Vessel 



12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

6. Northmen in Greenland. — Iceland had been occupied about a 
hundred years by a hardy, sea-faring race from Norway, when, 
in A. D. 985, Eric the Red, an Icelandic chief, discovered 
Greenland, and planted a colony on its southwest shore. This 
became a thrifty settlement through its trade with the Esqui- 
maux, and paid a yearly tribute to the Pope. One of Eric's 
comrades, driven out of his way by a storm, saw the mainland 
of North America stretching far away to the southwest. 

7. Leif in New England. — In A. D. 1000, Eric's son, Leif the 
Fortunate, undertook, with thirty-five brave companions, to 
examine this more fertile and attractive shore. They saw the 
flat rocks of Newfoundland, the white banks of Nova Scotia, 
and the long, sandy beach of Cape Cod. From its great num- 
ber of wild grapes, the Rhode Island coast was called Good 
Vinland. Leif's party wintered in New England, and in the 
spring carried home news of their discovery. 

8. "White-man's Land." — Pardes of Icelanders are thought 
to have visited the shores of what are now South Carolina and 
Georgia. The northern natives had told them of a "white- 
man's land" to the southward, where fair-faced processions 
marched in white robes, with banners at their heads, to the 
music of hymns. Though they never found this abode of 
pale-faces, the Northmen named it Great Ireland; and some 
writers believe that Irish fishermen had indeed settled on this 
continent. 

9. Thorfinn Karlsefne, a famous Icelandic sea-rover, explored 
the bays and harbors of the New England coast. Huts were 

built, and a brisk trade was carried on with the 

A. D. 1007. . , . - - 

natives, who were glad to exchange their furs for 
bright-colored cloth, knives, and trinkets. At least one litde 
Northman was born on the American continent. His name 
was Snorri, and from him, in our day, the great sculptor, Thor- 
waldsen, and the learned historian, Finn Magnusson, traced 
their descent. 



THE NORTHMEN. 



13 




A Vessel oj the JS'ortlunen. 

10. In time, however, the Northmen loaded their ships with 
timber and sailed away to Greenland, and thence to Iceland. 
If any settlers remained behind, they became so mingled with 
the dark-brown natives that, when white men came again, their 
descendants were not to be distinguished from other Indians 
on the coast. 

Questions. — What traces are there of prehistoric inhabitants in America? 
Why is it supposed that the central part of North America was not always 
so sparsely inhabited as it was when Europeans came ? What can we 
now learn of the habits of the Mound-Builders ? In what ways may the 
first inhabitants have reached America? 



Map Exercise. — Point, out on Map II., pp. 30, 31, Iceland. Greenland. 
The route of the Northmen. 



14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Points for Essays : A view of North America before white men came. 
Story told by a comrade of Leif Ericson on his return to Iceland. 

Read Baldwin's Ancient America ; Squier and Davis's American Antiq- 
uities and Discoveries in the West. L. H. Morgan's Ancient Society, 
Beamish's Discovery of America by the Northmen. Dr. C. C. Abbott's 
Primitive Industry. L. Carr, The Mounds of the Mississippi Valley, pub- 
lished by the Kentucky Geological Survey. 

NOTE. 

DiODORUS OF Sicily, a historian who lived in the first century before Christ, 
wrote: "Over against Africa lies a very great island in the vast ocean, many 
days* sail from Libya [west Africa] westward. The soil is very fruitful. It is 
diversified with mountains and pleasant vales, and the towns are adorned with 
stately buildings." After describing the gardens, orchards, and fountains, he tells 
how this pleasant country was discovered : the Phoenicians having built Gades 
[Cadiz in Spam], sailed along the Atlantic coast of Africa. The Phoenician 
ships sailing down this coast, were " on a sudden driven by a furious storm far 
into the main ocean, and after they had lain under this tempest many days, they 
at length arrived at this island." 

Plutarch, nearly a century after Christ, wrote of " a great continent beyond 
the ocean." ^lian, a hundred years later, repeats the account of a " great con- 
tinent beyond the Atlantic, larger than Asia, Europe, and Libya together." The 
Phoenicians were " the Yankees of the ancient world." Their ships penetrated 
all known seas, and doubtless the rumors above quoted came from some of their 
sailors who had crossed the ocean, or from Greeks who in later times were 
equally bold, and fond of new places. But the ancients had no desire for homes 
in these distant lands, and the very memory of what they had seen had nearly 
died out of the world before the time of Eric or of Columbus. 



CHAPTER II. 

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND EARLY INHABITANTS. 

11. While North America is again hidden from the rest 
of the world, let us take a view of the lonely continent and its 
savage people, learning, if we can, what is its fitness for a home 
of civilized men. As before, for the sake of clearness, we shall 
use names which were given by white explorers long after the 
time of which we write. 

12. Two Great Mountain Systems form the rocky framework 
of the continent. The eastern, or Appalachian, system forms a 
line nearly parallel with the Atlantic coast. It is divided by 
several river-valleys into the White Mountains of New Hamp- 
shire, the Green Mountains of Vermont, the Adirondacks of 
New York, the Alleghanies of Pennsylvania and Virginia, the 
Blue Ridge and the Cumberland Mountains of the southern 
States. Boats can ascend the Connecticut, Hudson, Potomac, 
James, and many other rivers to a great distance from the sea; 
and the two thousand miles of coast which form the eastern 
and part of the southern limit of the United States, are broken 
by bays, inlets, and fine harbors, large enough to receive the 
shipping of all the world. 

13. The Cordilleras of the western part of the continent form 
a grand mountain-system a thousand miles across at its greatest 
width. This system consists of high table-lands cut by narrow 
canons and bounded by still higher ridges. The Coast Range 
slopes abruptly to the Pacific, and many of its westward-flowing 
rivers are short and rapido It is broken by several low gaps. 
Those of the Columbia River, the Klamath River, and San 

(15) 



1 6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Francisco Bay form drainage outlets for territory east of the 
high Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges. 

14. On the various levels west of the Sierra Nevada, nearly 
all the grains and fruits of the world can be made to grow. 
The largest trees in the world are the Sequoias of California, 
whose trunks, twenty feet or more across near the base, rise 
sometimes to a height of three hundred feet. 

15. The Great Basin lies east of the Sierra Nevada. In cross- 
ing this high mountain-wall, the moist winds from the Pacific 
are cooled, and robbed of their moisture; hence, the great 
interior basin to the east, with its alkaline plains and salt lakes, 
is as dry and barren as the deserts of western Asia. Sage- 
brush is the only fuel; the largest beast is the prairie wolf. 
The human inhabitants Hve mainly on roots and insects. The 
few rivers of the Great Basin lose themselves in the sands, or 
in salt lakes which have no outlet. 

16. Two Great Eivers rise in the mountains northeast of the 
Great Basin. The Columbia begins its long course to the 
Pacific, and the Colorado to the Gulf of California. The Rocky 
Mountains form the eastern barrier of the Cordilleras, and from 
their eastern slope many rivers flow to the great central valley 
of the Mississippi. 

17. The Mississippi Valley. — North and south through the interior 
of the continent stretches an immense plain, twelve hundred 
miles in width, the home, in ancient times, of vast herds of 
bisons. Through this plain flows the longest river in the world, 
measuring more than four thousand miles from the head of it 
longest branch. It receives fifty-seven other rivers from th .- 
east and west. The natives called it Miche Sepe, — the Fathei 
of Waters. The soil of its valley is very fertile, and a great 
writer has declared it to be " the most magnificent dwelling- 
place prepared by God for man's abode." 

18. Pive Great Lakes, containing as much fresh water as flows 
from all the rivers of the world during a year, lie northeast- 



PHYSICAL DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1/ 

ward from the central valley. Before reaching the last of the 
lakes, the water plunges over a cliff i6o feet in height, making 
the Falls of Niagara. After passing through Lake Ontario, it 
flows away through a broad and rapid river to the Atlantic. By 
means of the Great Lakes, and of several canals around the falls 
and rapids between them, ships from Europe can be unloaded 
a thousand miles inland on the docks of our western cities. 

19. Physical Divisions. — For the uses of man, the lands of the 
United States may be viewed in four chief divisions: (i) the 
eastern sea-board, bounded by the Ap- 
palachian range, is best fitted for manu- ^'"^-i., v- '> 



m^, 




factures and 
commerce; (2) the 
great central valley 



for fkrming; (3) the l:^^0J^^iff:^^k^ 
plains east of the Rocky '-. . '■ "j.^-'M-V*^ ^<tg^'W ■■'■"'".' "'.., 




Mountains for grazing ; and -^ 
(4) the Cordilleras for mining. 

20. Three Eegions.— Before i^en ^'" ^'^^''' ^^ ^''^'''''• 

learned to cultivate the soil, fish and wild roots were their chief 
food; and there were only three regions in North America that 
ojuld sustain any great number of people at that grade of sav- 
ig-ery. First and chief was the valley of the Columbia. Its 
ii-vers swarmed with salmon, its forests with game; and, be- 
.ides the shell-fish on the coast, there were a kind of bread- 
root, and an abundance of berries on the prairies. From 
this land of plenty, successive bands of emigrants may have 
moved out to occupy various regions of North and South 
America. The second center of population was the lake-region 




(\fi\ 




^A 






20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of Minnesota, the nursery-land of the Dakotas; and the third 
was on the south shore of Lake Superior, whose fisheries afforded 
food to the Ojibways and many kindred tribes. Thus plenti- 
fully supplied by nature, the natives of the Northwest were not 
spurred on by want to learn new arts. They had no pottery, 
and they cleaned their game or fish with knives of flint, and 
cooked it, if at all, in ovens dug in the ground. 

21. The Eiver-tribes of the interior had risen above savagery 
to the lower grade of barbarism : they cultivated corn, beans, 

squashes, and melons, and laid up a 

store of dried berries and grain 

for winter use. But they had no 

'-^**^ ^ tamed animals, knew but little of 

the metals, and their earthenware 

^ -' was of the rudest and coarsest kind. 

Their houses were wigwams,or lodges, 

Indian Wigwams. made of sapliugs joiucd at the top and 

covered with sheets of bark, or sometimes with woven mats 

or skins. 

22. Occupations. — The entire labor of wigwam and garden was 
done by the women, who dug up the soil with clam-shells or 
sharp sticks ; planted, tended, and gathered the crops ; hid the 
next year's seed-grain from the hungry hunters in vessels un- 
derground; made clothing of deerskin, and sometimes em- 
broidered it with beads; wove the mats and baskets, which 
were their only household furniture; and, on a march, carried 
all loads, including perhaps the whole covering of their houses, 
or at least a papoose bound upon a board and hung at the 
mother's back. The men, meanwhile, made their canoes of 
bark, carved their war-clubs, pointed their arrows with bone or 
flint, and hunted the forest for food. 

23. The Indians of the Par Southwest.— The Pueblo, or Village, 
Indians were less barbarous. They built houses of adobes (sun- 
dried bricks) or stone; they made bronze tools, and hardened 



EARLY INHABITANTS. 



21 




copper into a very good sub- 
stitute for steel. Their de- 
scendants in Arizona and 
New Mexico live in the same 
pueblos^ or villages, an honest, 
industrious people, cultivat- 
ing cotton, grain, and many fruits, and weaving cloth and 
blankets. Their great adobe houses, often four or five stories 
high, contain several hundred persons. Each story is smaller 
than the one below it, leaving a long flat terrace or roof through 
which alone the house is entered, by means of ladders. The 
Navajos are a wealthy tribe of Pueblo Indians, owning horses, 
mules, cattle, and sheep; and the blankets woven by their 
women are both beautiful and costly. 

The Comanches or Shoshones of northwestern Texas, unlike 
most Indians, drank no intoxicating liquors; they were fine 
horsemen and fond of manly sports. Baby Comanches were 
often tied upon the backs of half-wild Mustang ponies, and 
they handled bows and rifles almost frorn infancy. 

The Apaches proper roamed over the sandy plains of Arizona 

and New Mexico. Their huts were low and coarsely made; 

when among the rocks they lived in caves and clefts, and did 

not build at all. The village Indians of the river-valleys had 

to be constantly on guard against their thievish raids. 
u. S. H.-2. 



22 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



24. West of the Mississippi, on the north, were the Dakotas, 
or Sioux, and their kuidred tribes, including the Minnitaree of 
the upper Missouri, who seem to have been a superior race. 
Farther west were the northern Shos/wnes, in two divisions : the 
Snakes of Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, and the Utes of Utah, 
Nevada, and Arizona. In the far northwest, the Nez Penes, 
Flatheads, and Kootenais were said to be "just and honest, quiet 
and civil, often kind and charitable." The Flat- 
heads boasted that no one of their tribe ever 
shed the blood of a white man. 




25. East of the Mississippi the lands were 
divided among three great families: (i) The 
Algonquins spread from Hudson Bay southward to the Tennes- 
see and Cape Fear rivers, and from the Mississippi to the At- 
lantic. (2) The Huron- Iroquois were in the region of the lower 
lakes. (3) The Mobilians, including the Creeks, Choctaws, 
Chickasaws, and Seminoles, were bounded by the Mississippi, 
the Atlantic, and the Gulf. 

26. The Iroquois excelled all other northern Indians in the 
arts of war and government. Knowing well the advantage of 
their position on the great waterways which lead to the interior 
of the continent, they made themselves feared by all their race. 
From Canada to the Carolinas, and from Maine to the Missis- 
sippi, Indian women trembled at the name of the Ho-de-no-sau' - 
nee,^ while even the bravest warriors of other tribes went far 
out of their way in the wintry forests to avoid meeting them. 

Within sixty years from the coming of the white men, the 
Iroquois had destroyed the Hurons, — their own nearest kindred 



Or " People of the Long House," the name by which the Iroquois called 
themselves. The English called them " The Five Nations," and later " The Six 
Nations." See § 177. 




INDIAN CLANS. 23 

and bitterest foes, — the Eries and Neutrals about Lake Erie, 
and the Andastes of the upper Susquehanna; while they had 
forced a humiliating peace upon the Lenape, or Delawares, the 
most powerful of the Algonquins, and had driven 
the Ottawas from their home upon the river which 
bears their name. Though then at 
the height of their power, they num- 
bered only 1,200 fighting -men of 
their own race; but they had adopted 
a thousand young warriors from their ^'^^'"'^ hnpUments 0/ sheii 
captives to fill the vacancies made by war and sickness. 

27. Olans. — Throughout the continent families were grouped 
into clans, which took their names from various animals sup- 
posed to be their ancestors. Thus the Mohawks, on the upper 
Hudson, included the three clans of the Wolf, the Bear, and 

the Turde. The Senecas had these three 
and five more : the Beaver, the Deer, 
the Snipe, the Heron, and the 
Hawk. All the members of the 
Indian Moccasins, or Shoes, same clau, in whatever tribe, lookcd 
upon each other as brothers and sisters. Some believed that 
after death they would take again the shape of the ancestral 
bird, beast, or reptile, whose form, rudely drawn on bark, was 
placed over the door of their lodge. 

28. Leaders. — Each lodge had a sachem^ or chief counselor, 
in matters of peace. On his death, a member of his family, 
usually his brother, or his sister's son, was chosen to take his 
place. Women, as well as men, voted in these elections. In 
time of war, chiefs were chosen who continued in office as 
long as they lived. Being chosen for personal qualities, such 
as wisdom, eloquence, or bravery, these chiefs were often very 
able men. The sorcerers, called powtvows, or medicine-men, 
had still greater power, owing to the superstitions of the 
people. They really had some skill in heaUng sick persons by 




24 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Medic in e-ma n . 



vapor baths and extracts of roots and 
herbs; but to these real remedies they 
added howhngs, and violent motions of the 
body, which were supposed to frighten 
away the evil spirits that caused disease. 

29. Eeligion. — According to the dark no- 
tions of barbarians, the Indians were a 
very religious people. They believed in a 
Great Spirit, who had made the world, 
and whose goodness they celebrated by six 
annual thanksgivings, — at the first flowing 
of maple-sap, at planting, at the ripening 
of berries, when their green corn was 
ready for eating, at harvest, and at New 
Year. They believed, also, in an Evil Spirit, who might bring 
upon them famine or sickness, or defeat in war, and whom they 
sought to appease by fastings and sacrifices. They expected 
another life after death, and desired to have their weapons, 
and sometimes a favorite dog, buried with them for use in the 
*' happy hunting-grounds." The Natchez, on the lower Mis- 
sissippi, were sun-worshipers, and 
kept a sacred fire always burning 
in their temples. 

30. Dancing and Singing were im- 
portant parts of their religion. No 
sick person could be cured, no war 
planned, and no treaty made with- 
out a dance, which often lasted 
several days. Their musical instru- 
ments were drums, rattles, and a rude 
kind of flute. The war-dance was common to all the tribes, 
but each clan had peculiar dances of its own, sometimes num- 
bering thirty or more. 

Though they had neither books nor letters, some Indian 




Indian Drum. 



INDIAN CHARACTER. 



25 



tribes practiced picture-writing on bark or tanned skins, which 
answered all their purposes. They had even a way of writing 
music, so that a leader could read off his song from 
a piece of birch-bark marked with a charred stick. 
Beads made of shells were called wa??ipum. These 
served them for money, and when strung and woven 
into bands or belts, served as mementoes of treaties 
or other great events. 

31. Oommunism was the social law of the whole continent. 
In some of the "long houses" of the Iroquois, twenty families 
were fed daily from the common kettle of boiled corn and 
beans. Hunters left their game to be carried home by other 




Indian Rattle. 




Wampum Belt. 

members of their clan, while they pushed on for fresh supplies. 
The salmon of the Columbia River was speared, dried, and 
kept in common store-houses for the benefit of the whole tribe. 
Most of the Mexican pueblos consisted of three or four ''joint 
tenement houses," in each of which a hundred or more families 
lived together. 

32. Appearance and Character. — The natives of America were 
of a dark, reddish-brown color, with straight, shining black hair 
and high cheek-bones. With but few exceptions they were 
treacherous, cruel, and revengeful. Often hospitable and friendly 
when at peace, they were merciless and brutal in war. Prisoners 
were tortured with fiendish barbarity. It was thought an ill- 
omen for the conquerors if they failed to make their victim cry 
out with pain; therefore, though they tore out bits of his flesh 
with teeth or pincers, night after night, and at last roasted him 



26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in a slow fire, he continued to sing his death-song with a calm, 
unwavering voice until his last breath. 

33. War, famine, and sickness destroyed so many Indians every 
year, that we may doubt whether many would now be living 
but for the coming of the whites. The cruelties and frauds of 
the white men can never be remembered without shame; but 
they were mercy compared with the tortures which the savages 
inflicted on each other. Indians are more numerous now within 
the limits of the United States than they were when English- 
men first landed on our coasts. The only tribes which can 
look forward to continued existence are those which, like the 
Cherokees, have become somewhat civilized (§407). 

Questions. — What are the chief physical features of North America? 
Why IS the eastern sea-board of the United States especially adapted for 
manufacturing and commerce ? What parts of the United States are best 
adapted respectively for agriculture and grazing, and why is this the case ? 
Which were the most civilized Indians in the United States ? Which 
the strongest in war ? What characteristics were common to all the 
Indians ? 

Map Exercise. — (Map No. I., pages 18, 19,) Name the chief ranges 
of the Cordilleras. Point out the Appalachian Mts. The Great Basin. 
The Great Salt Lake. The branches of the Columbia. The course of the 
Colorado ; of the Sacramento ; of the San Joaquin. The Mississippi. Its 
great branches. The Great Lakes. Their outlet. The country of the 
Algonquins ; of the Huron-Iroquois ; of the Mobilians ; of the Athabas- 
cas ; of the Pueblos ; of the Apaches ; of the Dakotas ; of the Shoshones. 

Points for Essays. — Scenery of the eastern and central mountain 
systems. Indian life. Character. Religion. A Green-Corn Festival. 

Consult J. D.Whitney's The United States. Day's Mineral Resources of 
the United States, and other reports of the United States Geological Survey. 
Chapter I. of Parkman's Conspiracy of Fontiac, and the Introduction to 
\v\s Jesuits in North A?nerica. Morgan's League of the Iroquois and Ancient 
Society. Schoolcraft's Algic Researches and other works. Catlin's North 
American Indians. 



CHAPTER HI. 



DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS BY EUROPEANS. 




34. The fifteenth cent- 
ury was a great age 
in Europe. The art 
of printing from mov- 
able types, then newly 
invented, so vastly in- 
creased the number of 

I -.^^^^ books that it became 

II d^ III worth while for the 

people to learn to read. Thus, 
as knowledge became wide- 
spread, many began to think 
more about the world they lived 
in, and to invent easier and bet- 
ter ways to move about. Im- 
provements in the mariner's 
compass made it safe for sailors 
to venture out on the open 
ocean. Spaniards discovered 
and colonized the Canary Isl- 
ands; Portuguese sailors reached the Madeiras, Azores, and 
Cape Verdes, and, far more important than all, found a sea- 
route to India. ^ 

35. Greek geographers had known long ago that the earth 
is a globe, instead of the oblong plain which many ancients 
imagined. Their knowledge was lost during the Dark Ages, 

(27) 




Spanish and Portuguese Caravels. 



28 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Christopher Columbus. 



and when their books were found again, Christopher Columbus, ^ 
a Genoese sailor, was the first to put it to the test. He resolved 
to sail westward to China and Japan. The means for such a 
voyage had first to be secured; and Columbus spent many 
years in begging the various governments of Europe for men, 
money, and ships. At length the good queen, Isabella of Spain, 
said: ''I will undertake the enterprise for mine own crown of 
Castile; and if it be necessary I will pawn my jewels to pay 
the cost." 



COLUMBUS. 



29 



36. On Friday, the third of August, 1492, Columbus set out 
from Palos, in Spain, with three small ships, manned by 120 
sailors. He followed first the well-known route to the Canaries, 
where he took in fresh supplies of food and water, and then 
stood away to the westward for forty days into the unknown 
sea. The ignorant terror of his men peopled the solitude with 
all kinds of horrors. ''They sighed and groaned," said one of 
them afterwards, "and every hour seemed a year." Just as 
they had resolved to throw their commander overboard, and 
turn their ships toward Spain, a gun from one of the smaller 
boats announced a discovery, and the glad cry of "Land 
ahead!" was soon heard. (See Map II.) 

37. The Discovery by Columbus. — On the far horizon the low, 
green shore of one of the Bahamas was seen by the early 
morning light. Terror and discontent suddenly gave way to 
the greatest joy. At sunrise of October 12, 1492, the Admiral 
landed, and, kneeling on the beach, gave thanks to heaven. 
He then took possession of the country in the name of the king 
and queen of Spain, calling it San Salvador (Holy Savior). 

38. The natives, who were gentle and friendly, came running 
to the shore with gifts of fruit, while others ran from house to 
house crying, " Come ! see the people from Heaven ! " Isabella 
and Columbus had indeed hoped to carry a message of heav- 
enly grace to these untaught heathen; but the cruelty of most 
of their messengers defeated their high purpose. Not knowing 
that a great continent barred his passage to the eastern seas, 
Columbus called the people "Indians" and their islands "In- 
dies." With the word "West" before it, this name is still in 
use, while the red-skinned natives of the whole continent are 
known as "Indians." 

39. Having visited Hayti and Cuba, Columbus returned to 
Spain, taking with him a few of the people and products of the 
new world. He was received with a truly royal welcome, and 
now hundreds of the rich and the great were eager to join his 



(SO) 




MAr NO 2. 




(31) 



^2 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



company. Knowing nothing, men imagined whatever they 
most desired of the new continent. It was said to contain 

walled cities built of 
gold and pearls, and 
to hold, deep in its 
enchanted forests, a 
fountain of perpetual 
youth ! But for the 
very reason that they 
were looking for these 
impossible things, the 
early adventurers 
failed. No man came 
to stay; each hoped 
to become very rich 
by one fortunate dis- 
covery, and return to 
dazzle his country- 
men with a blaze of 
jewels. The poor na- 
tives, who were to help them to this 
sudden wealth, died by thousands of 
unwonted labors, and station after sta- 
tion of the Spaniards was left to soli- 
tude. 

40. In three later voyages, Columbus 
discovered Jamaica and others of the 
West India Islands, and in 1498 touched 
the mainland near the mouth of the 
Orinoco. But the great Admiral died in 1506, beHeving that 
he had only found a new route to Asia, and a few islands, some 
large and some very small, off its eastern coast. The New 
World, which he had discovered, received its name, almost by 
accident, from Amerigo Vespucci, 3 whose description first 
made it known to central Europe. 




^, o^t' 



Return of Columbus to Spain. 



PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH DISCOVERIES. 33 

41. English in North America. — When the kings who had re- 
fused aid to Columbus heard of his great success, they hastened 
to try their fortune in discovery. Henry VII. of England sent 
John Cabot and his sons to take possession in the king's name 
of any "islands or regions inhabited by infidels" which they 
could find, — they taking all the risk and expense of the voy- 
age, to be repaid, if at all, by the profits of trade with the 
*' infidels." These men were the first to visit the mainland of 
North America. They saw the coast of Labrador fourteen 
months before Columbus touched South America (§40). The 
next year they discovered Newfoundland, and sailed along the 
coast as far south as Chesapeake Bay. 

42. The Portuguese, Cabral, discovered, in A. D. 1500, the 
rich forests of Brazil; while his countryman, Cortereal, follow- 
ing the Cabots, explored the North American coasts, and car- 
ried off fifty or more of the natives to be sold as slaves in 
Europe. A third Portuguese, Magellan,^ found at last a south- 
west passage to the Pacific Ocean through the strait which 
bears his name. For more than a hundred years sailors from 
all parts of western Europe were sailing into the bays and rivers 
of the American coast, hoping that each might lead to the 
Pacific. 

43. Spaniards, following Columbus, visited the coasts and 
islands of the Caribbean Sea. Diego Columbus conquered and 
colonized Cuba, having his father's title, "Viceroy of the New 
World." Ponce de Leon, a comrade of the great Admiral, but 
now an old man of failing fame and fortune, hoped to regain 
all that he had lost, and more, by finding that fabled fountain 
(§39) which could restore youth and the vigor of life. 

On Easter Day, which the Spaniards call Pascua ' ' ^^^^' 
Florida, he came in sight of land; and, after exploring its 
coasts, gave to the whole peninsula the name Florida. But he 
never found the Fountain of Youth. In his attempt to gain 
possession of the country, a few years later, he received a 



34 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



A. D. 1513. 



mortal wound, and died in Cuba, disappointed in all his hopes. 
Another Spaniard, Nunez de Balboa, was the first European 
who saw the Pacific Ocean, which he reached by crossing the 
Isthmus of Darien. Advancing waist-deep into the waters of 
the western sea, he drew his sword and swore, as a 
true knight, that he would defend it, with its coasts, 
islands, and all that it contained, for his master, the king of 
Spain. 

44, Vasquez de Ayllon, in 1520, visited the coasts of South 
Carolina, and carried away two ship-loads of natives to toil 

in the mines of Hayti. One ship sank 
on the return-voyage ; the other arrived 
with only a part of its wretched freight, 
numbers having died from suffocation 
and the cruelties of their captors. 
Naturally, a later attempt of De 
Ayllon to plant a colony in the 
country he had thus robbed, ended 
in failure and disgrace. Cabeza de 
Vaca coasted the Gulf of Mexico, 
saw the Mississippi at its mouth, and 
in eight years of great toils and hard- 
ships, crossed the continent to the Gulf 
of California. He brought back exciting rumors of great cities 
to the northward (§46). 

45. Narvaez, in A. D. 1528, landed with 300 men in Tampa 
Bay, Florida, and marched inland, through dense pine woods 
and sickly swamps, to Appalachee Bay. Many of his company 
died of fever and by the arrows of the savages, and neither 
conquest nor settlement was made. His countryman, Hernando 
de Soto, with a gallant company of 600 men, marched north- 
^ j^ ward and westward into the interior, and in the 

third year of his wanderings reached and crossed 
the Mississippi near the present city of Memphis. After a 




Costumes of Spanish Explorers 



SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 



35 



winter of untold hardships he died in the wilderness, and was 
buried beneath the muddy waters of the great river which he 
had discovered. 

46. Ooronado, another Spaniard, explored the western shores 
of Mexico about the same time, ascended the river Gila, visited 

the magnificent canon of 
the Colorado, and reached 
the headwaters of the Ar- 
kansas. He was seeking 
the "Seven Cities of Ci- 
bola," which he supposed 
to be full of splendid pal- 




De Soto in Florida. 

aces, blazing with gold and jewels. He found only some village 
Indians (§23), who offered him a share of their corn, and were 
amazed at being violently attacked and robbed by the disap- 
pointed Spaniards. If Coronado had expected less he would 
have admired the fine buildings of stone whose ruins still prove 
the industry of the Pueblos, s 



36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

47. French fishermen were the first to discover the immense 
shoals of cod-fish on the banks of Newfoundland. Their in- 
dustry drew thence a steady gain, while the Spaniards were 
wasting life and fortune in their search for cities of gold. In 
A. D. 1524, Verrazzano, a Florentine in the service of Francis 
I., king of France, visited the harbors of New York and New- 
port. After exploring the Atlantic coast from Carolina to New- 
foundland, he wrote the first detailed account of the country, 
which he called New France. Ten or fifteen years later, 
Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and as- 
cended the river above the site of Montreal. 

48. No settlement, so far, had been made within the present 
limits of the United States. In A. D. 1562, the French Admiral 
Coligny undertook to make a home of perfect religious freedom 
in the American forests. With his aid a company of French- 
men reached the coast of South Carolina, and built a fort, which 
they called Caroline in honor of King Charles. The harbor 
was named Port Royal; the land seemed to them "the fairest, 
fruitfulest, and pleasantest of all the world." Unhappily, they 
expected the fruitful land to give them harvests without their 
taking the trouble to sow the seed. The Indians had been 
friendly at first, but they grew tired of feeding such lazy 
guests. Ribault^ the French captain, returned home for sup- 
plies. Hunger and home-sickness discouraged those who were 
left, and, building a rude ship, they followed him. 

49. Two years later another company of Frenchmen, under 
Captain Laudonniere, built a second Fort Caroline, on -the St. 
John's River, farther south. Among them were many lawless 
men, who, in defiance of their commander, seized the ships and 
set off on a plundering cruise among the Spanish West Indies. 
The Spaniards, who claimed the whole North American conti- 
nent, and especially Florida, owing to Ponce de Leon's dis- 
covery (§43), were made still more angry at the French settlers 
by these robberies. 



SETTLEMENTS BY THE FRENCH. 



37 



50. Pedro Menendez, in 1565, with nearly 3,000 Spaniards, 
selected a site for SL Augustine, which still exists as the oldest 
town in the United States. Ribault, who had just come from 
France, no sooner heard of their arrival than he sailed with a 
squadron to attack the Spaniards; but Menendez at the same 
time marched overland to the French fort, and murdered all its 
occupants. 







Old Gate at St. Augustine. 

51. When the news of this massacre reached France, the king 
took no notice of it; but a private gentleman, Dominique de 
Gourgues, resolved upon vengeance. Selling all his lands, he 
spent the proceeds in ships, and with 150 men sailed to Florida. 
Aided by the Indians, who had learned to dread and hate the 
Spaniards, he took and destroyed Fort Caroline, and 
two other forts at the mouth of the river, and 
hanged all the men who were not killed in fighting. As France 
and Spain were not openly at war, he wrote over their heads 
this inscription : ' ' Not as Spaniards, but as traitors, robbers, 
and murderers." 

52. The French in Canada. — Frenchmen were more successful 
in gaining and keeping a foothold near the St. Lawrence. 



A. D. 1568 



38 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Samuel de Champlain^ was the ''Father of New France." In 
1608 he laid the foundations of Quebec. The next summer 
he joined a war-party of Algonquins (§25), explored with them 
the beautiful lake 
which bears his 
name, and gave 
them a victory- 
over the Iroquois 
by means of fire- 
arms, which those 
astonished warriors 
had never seen nor 
heard before. 
Champlain was fol- 
lowed by Catholic 
missionaries, who were the first to ^""^ 
discover the salt -springs of Onondaga 
and the beautiful lakes of central 
New York. Several of these good 
men suffered brutal tortures and "^^ 
death from the savages whom they 
had come to convert. 

53. Spaniards in the Southwest.— Not only St. Augustine, but 
Santa Fe, the next oldest town in the United States, owes its 
origin to the Spaniards. Antonio de Espejo, starting in 1582 
from northern Mexico, explored the upper course of the Rio 
Grande. He found the people clothed in cotton and leather, 
and Hving in well-built houses. In consequence of Espejo's 
discovery of rich veins of silver, colonies were sent in 1595 to 
New Mexico, and a town was built near Santa Fe. Late in the 
following century, Jesuit Fathers established missions in Arizona 
and California. All the '' Mission Indians" were supplied with 
food and clothing, the former of which they were soon taught 
to produce from their fields. Wine, grains, flax, hemp, and 
wool were among the exports from the Missions ; and, but for 




Champlain among the Indians. 



NOTES. 39 

brief relapses Into their old wild manners, the people kept for 
nearly a hundred years the aspect of civilized communities. 
Then the Fathers left them, and they soon went back into bar- 
barism. 

Questions. — What led the men of the fifteenth century to the discovery 
of new lands ? What were the earliest discoveries ? Describe the plans 
and voyages of Columbus. What nations of Europe had part in explor- 
ing America ? What was done by each ? 

Map Exercise. — Trace, on Map No. II., the several routes of Columbus. 
Of Cabot, Cabral, and Magellan. On Map No. I. the routes of Ponce de 
Leon, Balboa, De Ayllon, Narvaez, De Soto, Coronado, Verrazzano, 
Cartier, Champlain, Espejo. Point out the sites of the two French set- 
tlements on the Atlantic coast. St. Augustine. 

Points for Essays. — A dream of the boy Columbus. Letter from Ad- 
miral Columbus to Queen Isabella of Spain. From Nunez de Balboa to 
King Ferdinand. From John Cabot to Henry VII. of England. Cham- 
plain's own story of his first meeting with the Iroquois. 

Read Irving's Life of Cohonbus and Companions of Cohitnbzis. Hak- 
luyt's Voya^s^es. Major's Life of Prince Henry the Navigator. Parkman's 
Pioneers of France in the New World and Jesuits in North America. 



NOTES. 

1. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), was the fourth son of King 
John I. of Portugal. He established a school of navigation, and introduced the 
use of the compass and the astrolabe. The discovery of the Madeira Islands 
and the coast of Africa southward as far as Sierra Leone, was due to his aid and 
encouragement. His influence gave to Portuguese sailors the lead for a time 
among European explorers. The entire western coast of Africa became known 
when Bartholomew Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope in i486; but this 
route to Asia was not used for commerce until after 1500. 

2, Christopher Columbus, the eldest son of a wool-comber, was bom at 
Genoa, Italy, in 1436. He was a devout Catholic, and attended the University of 
Pavia, but at the age of fifteen became a sailor. He learned at sea all that was 
then known of seamanship. After his marriage with the daughter of an old sea- 
captain, he earned his living for some years at the Madeiras by making maps and 
marine charts. Before he was thirty-eight years of age. he had conceived his 
grand idea of reaching Asia by sailing westward from Europe. He had been in 



40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Iceland, and may have heard of Leif Ericson's discoveries (^7). But he had no 
thought of visiting Good Vinland, nor did he expect to find a whole continent 
blocking his way from Spain to Japan. The voyage of Leif does not lessen the 
honor due to Columbus. 

3. Amerigo Vespucci was a native of Florence. In 1499 he sailed to the 
West Indies as a pilot in the fleet of Alonzo de Ojeda. In 1501 he sailed from 
Spain on his second voyage, this time in charge. He landed on the coast of 
Brazil, and cruised north and south from the Florida peninsula to 54° south 
latitude. Thus he made it certain that a new continent had been found, — not 
merely a few islands near the coast of Asia. His account of this voyage, pub- 
lished at Augsburg, Bavaria, in 1504, first made this important fact known in 
Europe, and the zeal of his friends led them to name the new-found land 
" Amerige " (America) in his honor. 

4. Fernando Magellan left Spain in August, 1519. and entered the strait 
between South America and the island of Tierra del Fuego, October, 1520. He 
kept on his westward course, and in April, 1521, was killed in an encounter with 
natives of one of the Philippine Islands. Saihng onward around the southern 
point of Africa, one of his ships again reached Spain in September, 1522. This 
was the first voyage completely around the globe. 

5. The ruins of the seven great Pueblo buildmgs on the Rio Chaco, one hun- 
dred miles northwest of Santa Fe, probably mark the sites of the " Seven Cities 
of Cibola." Each building had from one hundred to six hundred rooms, and 
could accommodate from one thousand to four thousand persons. 

6. Samuel de Champlain was born at Brouage, France, in 1567. His father 
was a sea-captain, and the son early became a good sailor. He visited Canada 
several times before his appointment as lieutenant-general. He founded the 
first permanent French settlement in the New World. Partly because of his 
victory over the Iroquois, this powerful tribe became enemies of the French, who 
were thus led to confine their exploration and trade to the north of lakes Ontario 
and Erie, and from thence to the valley of the Ohio and the Mississippi. He 
died in Canada in 1635. 




CHAPTER IV. 

ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS. VIRGINIA. 

54. The Partition of America. — For centuries Spain, Portugal, 
France, and England all claimed to own North America ; while 
Holland and Sweden each kept a foothold upon its shores long 
enough to impress something of their character upon its future 
inhabitants. But as there was far more land than any or all of 
them could use, the dispute settled itself at last upon 

" The simple plan 
That they should take who have the power, 
And they should keep who can." 

55. Englishmen made no real effort to found homes in North 
America until eighty years after the discoveries by the Cabots. 
English sailors had done their full part in exploring the conti- 
nent. Frobisher'^ went beyond all previous captains into the 
icy regions between Greenland and Labrador ; Davis^ going yet 
farther north, entered the strait which bears his name; Drake^^ 
in search of Spanish treasure-ships, explored the Pacific coast 
as far as Oregon, wintered near San Francisco, and returned to 
Europe by way of Asia and Africa. 

56. Sir Humphrey G-ilbert, seeing the failure and misery which 
had resulted from the eager search for gold, planned a colony 
for fisheries and regular trade. But his two ex- 
peditions failed, and their brave leader was lost ' " * ^^ ^ 
at sea. His half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh,'^ was among the 
greatest and most unfortunate of English adventurers. Under 
a grant from Queen Elizabeth,4 in 1585, he sent 108 colonists 

U.SH-3. (4X) 




42 . HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to settle the fruitful region from which the French had been 
expelled (§§48-50). 

57. Virg-inia. — Delighted with the accounts of the beauty and 
wealth of the country, Elizabeth named it Virginia, in honor 
of her own state as a maiden queen. A site was chosen for 
the colony on Roanoke Island, and trade was carried on with 
the friendly Indians. But the misconduct of 
the white men soon turned these into foes; 
the colonists were then without food, and 
they soon returned to England. 

58. A second colony, including some women 
and children, arrived at Roanoke in 1587. 
But war was now breaking out between 
England and Spain. Ships which Raleigh 
sent with fresh supplies for the colonists, 

^.> Walter Ralezgk. ^^^^ .^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^2.mS^ shipS, and WCre 

themselves taken. When Englishmen revisited Roanoke, three 
years later, no white face was found on the island. Whether 
the setders had perished, or had taken refuge with some friendly 
tribe in the interior, can not be known. 

59. Raleigh spent all his fortune, and gained no reward for 
himself. But his efforts had made America better known to 
England, and had led many to desire homes in the New World. 
The voyages of Gosnold,5 Weymouth, and Bring drew attention} 
to the islands, capes, and noble harbors on the coasts of Maine^ 
and Massachusetts; and fleets of EngHsh vessels sailed thither 
for trade and fishing, though for many years no settlement was 
formed. 

60. Colonial Companies. — In 1606 King James I. gave charters 
to two English companies for planting and ruling two 
colonies in Virginia. The London Co7npany might found a 
colony anywhere between Cape Fear and the east end of Long 
Island ; the Plymouth Company, anywhere between Delaware Bay 
and Halifax, provided that neither should begin a settlement 



SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 



43 



within a hundred miles of one already made by the other. The 
king kept to himself the right to make all laws and appoint all 
officers for the colonies; and was, moreover, to receive one 
fifth of all gold and silver, and one fifteenth of all copper, found 
in them. For five years every man was to labor, not for him- 
self, but for a common fund. 

61. Pirst English Settlement. — The London Company soon sent 
three ship-loads of people, commanded by Christopher New- 



port, to choose and settle 
105 men, 48 were what 
"gentlemen"; that is 
hoped to grow rich 
the toil of others. The 
colony was Captain 
gained wisdom by 
and he was imprisoned 
a foolish charge that 
the Council and make 




Captain John Smith. 



lands in Virginia. Of the 

were then known as 

they scorned work, and 

either by chance or by 

wisest man in the 

John Smith, "^ who had 

much hard experience ; 

on the voyage under 

he intended to murder 

himself king of Vir- 



ginia! Upon trial, he was honorably acquitted and restored 
to his place in the Council. 

62. It was the spring of 1607 when the three vessels entered 
Chesapeake Bay. Glad to be sheltered from the storms that 
were raging without, the adventurers named their first anchor- 
age Point Comfort. They called the two capes which guard the 
entrance to the bay, Charles and Henry, after their king's two 
sons; and the noble stream which they soon afterwards as- 
cended, James or King^s River, from the king himself. Fifty 
miles up the river they chose the site for their first settlement, 
which bore the name Jamestojvn. The following winter 120 
men were added to the colony, and in the autumn of 1608, 70 
more persons, including two women, a lady and her maid, who, 
however, had not come to stay. In June, 1609, nine ships, 
with 500 colonists, sailed from England for Virginia. Among 
them were many old soldiers trained in the wars of the Neth- 



44 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




erlands. There were also the wife and daughters of Lieu- 
tenant-General Gates, who were for a time nearly the only 
white women in the country. 

63. Smith soon became the real head of the colony. He en- 
forced the scriptural rule that he who would not work should 

not eat; he put an end to quarrel- 
ing and swearing, and in time he 
taught the "gentlemen " to swing 
their axes with the rest. Mean- 
while he explored Chesapeake 
Bay and all the rivers which 
flow into it; sought the friend- 
ship of the Indians, and got 
from them needed supplies of 
corn. 
^ 64. The "Starving Time."— 
Forced by a bad wound to go 
back to England, Smith left about 
five hundred colonists in Virginia, 
well supplied with all that was needful for their comfort. Nev- 
ertheless, the period following his departure is called the 
"Starving Time," for the men gave themselves up to idleness 
and riot, and in six months there were only sixty persons alive 
in the colony. These resolved to join the fishermen in New- 
foundland; but on their way down the river they met Lord 
Delaware, the new governor, with hundreds of colonists and a 
fresh supply of stores. 

65. A new era soon dawned upon Virginia. Gold-seeking 
was stopped after a ship-load of earth containing specks of 
yellow mica had been sent to England and found worthless. 
It wAs now seen that the soil was the true source of riches, and 
a few acres given to each man made the wealth of each depend 
upon his own labor. Unhappily the high price of tobacco in 
England led most of the planters to raise it instead of corn and 
wheat. And though the price soon fell to two-pence a pound, 



Gentlemen*' Settlers. 



INTRODUCTION OF SLAVERY. 



45 



tobacco was for a long time the chief export of the colony, 
where it was also used as money. Ministers' salaries, lawyers' 
fees, and landlords' rents were all paid in tobacco. But the 
crop at last made the soil poor, and in many cases short-lived 
wealth was followed by bankruptcy, ruin, and poverty. 

66. New Laws. — In 1611 the Company sent out a set of new 
and very strict laws. Theft, and disrespectful mention of the 
king were punishable with death at the first offense. Swearing, 
and absence from public 
worship received the same 
punishment after two 
trials of lighter pen- 
alties. 

67. Introduction of 
Slavery. — Hitherto 
there had been very 
few women in the 
colony. In 16 19, be- 
sides nearly twelve hun- 
dred other settlers, ninety 
honest girls came from 
England and became wives 
of planters. A less valuable addition was a lot of criminals, 
who were sold as servants for a limited number of years. Still 
worse in the end was an importation of negroes from the African 
coast, who became slaves for life. The first cargo of negroes 
was brought to Jamestown in a Dutch ship in 161 9. 

For Questions, see page 51. 

Map Exercise. — Trace, on Map I., the voyages of Frobisher, Davis, 
Drake. Point out capes Charles and Henry. The site of Raleigh's two 
colonies. On Map III., point out the site of Jamestown. Point Com- 
fort. The chief rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. 

. Read Smith's True Relation and General History. For this and follow- 
ing chapters to the end of Part III., read Bancroft's History of the United 
States. Bryant's Popular History. Hildreth's History of the United States, 




Landing of the Ninety Honest Girls. 



46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



NOTES. 

1. Martin Frobisher entered an inlet north of Hudson Strait in 1576, and 
he thought he had found a " northwest passage" to Asia. A short sail showed 
him his error. The next year he came with a fleet to the same region, and went 
back to England laden with worthless dirt and stones which were believed to 
contain gold. In 1578 he led a third expedition to form a permanent colony on 
the shores of Greenland. When his ship sailed into Hudson Strait, " Now, 
surely," thought he, " I will go through to the Pacific." But with the approach 
of winter the intense cold made his men mutiny, so that all were glad to get 
back to their homes without either glory or gold. 

2. Sir Francis Drake (1545-1595), was one of the most famous of British 
admirals. In 1577 he passed through the straits of Magellan in his ship, the 
"Golden Hind"; and, following the western coast of America, named its 
northern part New Albion. Then steering westward into the broad, unknown 
Pacific, he crossed it and the Indian Ocean, and entered the harbor of Ply- 
mouth two years and ten months after he had left it. He was the first English- 
man, and the second of all navigators, to sail around the world. 

3. Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618), was an Englishman of genius and 
learning — noted as author, explorer, and courtier. He commanded a vessel in 
the English fleet that destroyed the Spanish " Invincible Armada" in 1588. He 
explored the coasts of Guiana, and published an account of the expedition. 
While imprisoned in the Tower of London for a period of twelve years, he wrote 
his History of the World. Raleigh's American colonists have the credit of in- 
troducing tobacco and the potato into Europe. 

4. Queen Elizabeth, the daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, was 
born in 1533, and ruled over England from 1558 until her death in 1603. 

5. Bartholomew Gosnold, in May, 1602, discovered and named Cape 
Cod, and was the first Englishman who ever set foot upon the shores of New 
England. Until Gosnold's expedition, no English voyager since the Cabots had 
sailed by way of the northern or direct course across the Atlantic. They had 
followed in the track of Columbus, by the way of the Canary Islands and the 
West Indies. Gosnold was one of the leaders in the company which founded 
Jamestown in 1607, and died in the fall of that year from the hardships of pio- 
neer life. He ranks with Sir Walter Raleigh as one of the wisest and greatest of 
the founders of the American colonies. 

6. Captain John Smith was bom in England in 1579 and died in 1631. He 
served as a soldier in the Netherlands, and in the wars against the Turks in 
Hungary and Austria, where he was taken prisoner and sold as a slave in Con- 
stantinople. After his return to England from Virginia in 1609, he visited New 
England and made a map of the coast from Cape Cod to the mouth of the 
Penobscot. He published several books on America. 



CHAPTER V. 



VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. 




Marriage of Pocahontas. 



68. Oouncil of Burgesses.— 
When Sir George Yeard- 
ley came to be governor, 
the true life of Virginia 
began. The " cruel laws" 
were changed, and, "that 
the planters might have a 
hand in the governing of 
themselves, it was granted 
that a general assembly- 
should be held yearly once, 
whereat were to be present 
the governor and council, 
with two burgesses from 
each plantation [/. e., town], freely to be elected by the inhab- 
itants thereof, — this assembly to have power to make and 
ordain whatsoever laws should by them be thought good and 
profitable." The ''Council of Burgesses," which met at 
Jamestown in July, 1619, was the first law-making body in 
America which was chosen by the people. 

69. Indian Hostilities. — While Powhatan lived, — the chief of 
the forty tribes with which Smith had made friendship, — white 
men and savages were at peace. His daughter, Pocahontas,^ 
married John Rolfe, a young Englishman, and several famous 
Virginian families are proud to be her descendants. But Pow- 
hatan's successor hated the English. Living in careless se- 

(47) 



48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

curity upon their scattered plantations, the colonists had even 
sold powder and guns to the Indians, who seemed friendly, but 
were secretly planning to destroy all the white intruders. Sud- 
denly, at noon of March 22, 1622, every village was attacked. 
A fierce war followed, in which nearly two thousand colonists 
died, and of eighty settlements only eight remained. 

70. Changes in Grovernment. — In 1624 King James dissolved 
the London Company, and made Virginia a royal province; 
but though the governor and council were appointed by the 
king, the laws were still made by the representatives of the 
people. Virginia was strongly attached to both the king and 
the Church of England. While changes were going on in the 
home government (§131), many royalists found refuge in the 
colony; and though the Council of Burgesses submitted to 
Parliament to avoid the ruin of the tobacco trade, there was 
great rejoicing when a king was again placed in power, A. D. 
1660. 

71. Condition of Virginia. — Virginia had at this time about 
30,000 inhabitants. Richmond, on its fine site at the falls of 
the James River, and Williamsburg, on the peninsula between 
the James River and the York, were already thriving settle- 
ments. The mildness, beauty, and fertility of the region made 
it " the best poor man's country in the world." But the people 
wanted schools for their children. Every man taught his chil- 
dren according to his own ability. Thus, between the families 
of the educated gentry and the untaught workmen there was a 
strong contrast which was not for the best interests of the col- 
ony. The settlers were so scattered that it is said, "no man 
could see his neighbor without a telescope, or be heard by him 
without firing a gun." 

72. Governor Berkeley.— The joy at the restoration of King 
Charles II. was soon changed to grief. The right to vote was 
taken from the mass of freemen; taxes were laid upon them 
without their consent; and even the settlers of distant and 



VIRGINIA. 



49 



lonely places were not permitted to meet in arms against the 
savages, who were murdering their wives and children. Gov- 
ernor Berkeley, 2 a grasp- 
ing and selfish man, was 
supposed to be selling pow- 
der and shot to the Indi- 
ans, against the law. Being 
sent to England to plead 
the cause of the colony, 
Berkeley only enriched 
himself by robbing it of a 
portion of its lands, which 
the king was led to give 
to a company to which he 
belonged. In 1673 ^^e 
same king gave the right 
to govern all the "land 
and water called Virginia" 
to lords Culpepper and 
Arlington for a period of thirty-one years. 

73. Bacon's Eebellion. — The people might have borne all this, 
but when the governor refused to send troops against a large 
force of Indians who were coming down the James, they took 
up arms and chose for their leader Nathaniel Bacon, a gentle- 
man of fortune and influence, who had lately arrived in Vir- 
ginia. Bacon's little army routed the savages, while the 
governor was calling him a rebel and traitor, and raising a troop 
to fight him. An insurrection in Jamestown compelled Berke- 
ley, however, to disband his army, dissolve his council, and call 
a more popular assembly, of which Bacon was a member. 

74. The governor, weak and violent by turns, broke all his 
promises. Civil war followed, in which Jamestown was burnt, 
and only a ruined church-tower remains to mark its site. Bacon 
died suddenly of disease, and his party, for want of a leader. 







An Jndiafi H'arrior. 



so 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




^Tk-T^m^^ 



Ruins of Jamestown, 

was soon subdued. Berkeley disgraced his victory by the most 
insolent cruelty. Twenty-two patriots were hanged, and three 
died from the hardships of their prison. The king recalled 
Berkeley, and made Lord Culpepper governor of the Old Do- 
minion. 

75. Maryland.— From a part of Virginia a new colony had 
been formed, with better security both for civil and religious 
rights. George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, obtained 
from Charles I., in 1629, a grant of lands north of the Poto- 
mac, where all persons, but especially members like himself of 
the Catholic Church, might enjoy freedom of worship. The 

country was called Maryland in honor of the queen, 
A. D. 1634. Henrietta Maria ; and the settlement near the mouth 
of the Potomac received the name St. Mary's. 

76. Lord Baltimore died before he could revisit America, and 
the charter was " published and confirmed" in the name of his 
son Cecil Calvert, who for forty-three years watched over the 
welfare of Maryland. Virginia did not willingly submit to this 
division of her territory. William Clayborne, formerly her 
secretary of state, had occupied the Isle of Kent, in the Chesa- 
peake, with a trading settlement. He considered himself as 
within the limits of Virginia, and made armed resistance to 



MARYLAND. 



51 




Lord Baltimore's demand for his allegiance 
Three Virginians and one Marylander were 
killed in battle. Clayborne was sent to En- 
gland to be tried for treason, but was ac- 
quitted, though the right of Maryland to 
Kent Island was confirmed. 

77. Olayborne's Rebellion. — Some years 
later Clayborne returned and raised 
another insurrection in the district which 
he had once governed. Gov. Leonard 
Calvert, brother of Cecil, was forced to 
came back with greater numbers and put an end to 
borne's Rebellion." 

78. The Oalverts. — The liberal charter granted by Lord Balti- 
more drew crowds of settlers to the banks of the Potomac. 
Puritans driven from Virginia, English Churchmen from Mas- 
sachusetts, and refugees from all parts of Europe lived together 
on equal terms. One party made a selfish use of its privileges. 
Resisting both the policy and the rights of the Calverts, the 
Protestants combined to banish all Catholics from the Assem- 
bly. Many years of tumult followed. In 1691 the Calverts' 
charter was revoked, and for twenty-four years Maryland was a 
royal province. In 17 15 the Calvert family regained its lands, 
and held them until the Revolution^ 



George Calvert. 

retire, but he soon 
Clay- 



Questions. — What European nations claimed land in North America? 
What English captains helped to explore it? Who planned the first 
English colonies ? What -companies were chartered by Knig James I. ? 
What kinds of people were among the early settlers of Virginia? How 
did they try to become rich? Under what laws did they live? 

What changes were made in Virginia by Governor Yeardley, and later? 
What changes in the feelings and conduct of the Indians? How were 
Virginian children taught ? What was done by Governor Berkeley ? 
How was Maryland founded ? What occasioned Clayborne's Rebellion ? 

Map Exercise. — Point out, on Map No. HI., Richmond. Williamsburg. 
St. Mary's. The Isle of Kent. 



52 HISTORV^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Points for Essays.^^tow&'i that may have been told by sailors who 
accompanied Frobisher, Davis, or Drake. A letter from Miss Gates (§62) 
to her former schoolmate in England. A grandmother's recollections of 
the massacre of 1622 (^69), which she witnessed as a child. 



NOTES. 

1. Pocahontas was born about the year 1595. The story, long believed, 
that she saved the life of Capt. John Smith by shielding him with her body from 
the war-clubs of the' savages who were about to beat him to death, is now 
thought to be false. That she was much attached to Capt. Smith there is no 
doubt, for in 1609 she made a long and tiresome journey by night through the 
forest to tell him of a plot by her father to murder him. Her marriage with 
Rolfe, at Jamestown, in 1613, secured many years of peace between the colonists 
and the Indians. Professing Christianity, she was baptized as " Lady Rebecca." 
In 1616 she went with her husband to England. Pocahontas died in March, 
1617, leaving one son, Thomas Rolfe, who in later years removed to Virginia. 

2. Sir William Berkeley was appointed governor of Virginia in 1641, 
and arrived at Jamestown early in 1642. Being a royalist, he was removed from 
power by Cromwell in 1651 ; but after the Restoration he again became gov- 
ernor, and kept his position until 1677. Berkeley demanded strict loyalty to the 
civil powers, and conformity to the Established Church. He thanked God there 
were no free schools, nor printing, in his colony, and hoped there would not be 
for a hundred years; " for learning has brought disobedience into the world, and 
printing has divulged [it] and libels against the best governments." Being re- 
moved from office in 1677, he returned to England under a sense of disgrace, 
and died in a few weeks after his arrival. 



CHAPTER VI. 

PLYMOUTH, PORTSMOUTH, AND DOVER. 

79. Great religions differences now existed in England. King 
James I., who thought himself at least as wise as Solomon, 
wanted all his subjects to believe and worship just as he did. 
A very large party in the nation did not like some forms of the 
Established Church, and were especially shocked at the Sunday 
sports which were recommended and even commanded by the 
king himself. 

80. Many hundreds of these Puritans,^ finding that there was 
no toleration for their views in England, left the Church, and 
as many as were able sought greater freedom in Holland. They 
were then called Separatists, or Independents, while the great 
mass of the Puritans st-^id in the Church, though protesting 
against some of its rites. 

81. The Separatists in Holland were still English at heart, and 
did not want their children to grow up ignorant of the language 
and customs of their native land. They resolved, therefore, to 
seek homes in the American wilderness, where, under English 
laws, they might have freedom to worship God in the way 
which seemed to them right. From a thousand pilgrims in 
Holland, a hundred were chosen to be founders of the new 
state. They passed over to England, and, after several acci- 
dents and delays, set sail for America in September, 1620, from 
Plymouth. 

82. The Mayflower. — Though a patent had been secured from 
the London Company (§ 60), it proved useless because the per- 

(53) 



54 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



son in whose name it was given did not go with the colonists ; 
so that the Httle ship Mayflower set forth on her voyage without 
warrant or charter from King, Parhament, or Company. Un- 
hke the Virginian adventurers (§6i), the '' Pilgrims" == took 
their wives and children with them, and came to live and die 
in America. 

83. Pounding of the Plymouth Colony. — Their aim was the Hud- 
son River; but after a stormy passage of two months, they 
came to anchor near Cape Cod. Five weeks were spent in 




Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Mass. 



Dec. II, 1620.3 



looking for a fit place for a new home. At last they came to a 
safe though shallow harbor, to which Captain Smith had already 
given the name Plymouth. This they chose, and 
in remembrance of kindness received at Plymouth, 
in England, they kept the name. Before going on shore, 
the forty-one heads of families solemnly joined themselves 
into a '* civil body politic" to "enact such just and equal 
laws" as should be thought fit "for the general good." It 
was the beginning, in fact, of the American idea that govern- 



FOUNDING OF PLYMOUTH COLONY. 55 

ments derive "their just powers from the consent of the 
governed." John Carver' was chosen by his comrades to be the 
first governor of Plymouth. 

84. The Pirst "Winter. — Then came a winter of bitter suffering, 
bravely borne. Wolves howled about the wretched cabins, and 
hunger was kept away only by hunting and fishing, which were 
not always successful. Governor Carver and half the Uttle 
company died; but of those who were left, no man nor woman 
thought of going back with the Mayflower. Early in the spring 
a strange voice was heard in the village, crying, "Welcome, 
Englishmen ! " It was that of Samoset, an Indian from beyond 
the Kennebec River, who had learned some words of Enghsh 
from fishermen who visited the coast (§ 87). Massasoit, a chief 
of the Indians about Plymouth, soon came, and made a treaty 
of peace which lasted fifty years. 

85. The powerful Narragansetts were enemies of Massasoit, 
and a rattlesnake-skin, stuffed with arrows, was sent as a 
challenge to the colonists. But when Governor Bradford, Car- 
ver's successor, filled the skin with gunpowder and sent it back, 
Canonicus changed his mind and begged for peace. Before the 
coming of the Pilgrims, a fatal disease had swept away many 
hundreds of the Indians near Plymouth, so that the tribes, re- 
duced to weakness and poverty, gave no trouble to the colo- 
nists. 

86. For several winters food was scarce; but when, in 1623, 
each settler began to work for his own family instead of putting 
his earnings into the common stock, plenty came, and the white 
men were soon able to sell corn to the Indians. Though only 
forty miles distant from the richer and stronger settlements soon 
afterwards made about Boston, and though it had no charter of 
its own, Plymouth was independent until 1692, when it became 
part of the colony of Massachusetts Bay. 

87. Maine. — Sir Ferdinando Gorges, governor of Plymouth in 
England, was a man of great wealth and influence, and a chief 



50 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



promoter of colonization in New England. In partnership 
with John Mason, former governor in Newfoundland, he ob- 
tained a tract of land extending from the St. Lawrence to the 
ocean, and from the Merrimac to the Kennebec River; and, 
in 1623, sent out companies of emigrants to find homes where 
now stand the cities of Portsmouth and Dover, in New Hamp- 
shire. But though among the oldest towns in the United 

States, these places were little more 
than fishing stations for many 
years after their foundation ; and, 
in 1 64 1, the people between 
the Merrimac and Piscataqua 
joined themselves by a free 
vote to the colony of Massa- 
chusetts Bay. 

88. Oonfiicting Grants. — Many 
settlements were formed along 
the coast of Maine, and so 
many conflicting grants were 
made by the king that no law- 
The noble rivers and safe harbors 
had attracted attention, as promising wealth through commerce. 
Few attempts were made at farming, because it was not certain 
who owned the land, and the nearness of the French threatened 
much fighting. Moreover, furs could be taken from the forest 
and fish from the sea without leave asked of any company. So 
it happened that the English settlers were litde more than 
scattered companies of adventurers. The ''first court ever 
duly organized on the soil of Maine " was held at Saco, in 
1636, by William Gorges, nephew of the owner. The land 
between the St. Croix and the St. Lawrence had been given by 
James I. to a Scotchman, and it was called Nova Scotia. But 
the French already held this region, the southern part of which 
they called Acadia,^ and it did not become a British possession 
until a much later date. 




Costumes of the Puritans. 

yer could reconcile them. 



NOTES. 5 7 

Questions. — How did Englishmen differ in matters of religion ? Why 
did some Puritans become F'ilgrims ? Describe the voyage of the May- 
flower. How were the first years spent at Plymouth ? How were the 
homes of white men first established in New Hampshire? In Maine? 

Map Exercise. — Point out, on Map No. IH., Cape Cod. Plymouth. 
Portsmouth. Dover. The boundaries of Gorges and Mason's patent 
(§87). Saco. Casco Bay. The Penobscot. The Kennebec. The orig- 
inal boundaries of Nova Scotia (§88). 

Point for Essay. — Imaginary journal of Mary Chilton, the young girl 
who first landed at Plymouth. 



NOTES. 

1. The Puritans. — The term " Puritan " was first applied by way of deris- 
ion, in 1564, to a large body of non-conformists in England who were not sat- 
isfied with the changes in church affairs brought about by Henry VHI. They 
were loyal to the throne, and always had at heart the best interests of the 
Protestants. But they were rigid Calvinists, and no civil power could make them 
yield their convictions. Some died at the stake for their principles. During the 
reigns of Edward VI., Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I., the Puritans increased 
in numbers and influence. With Cromwell and the Commonwealth, they 
gamed control of the government. 

2. Pilgrims. — This name has been applied to such of the Puritans as left 
England to seek homes where they might worship God after their own manner. 
They had been told that in Holland there was " freedom for all men." The 
first band of Pilgrims, under John Robinson and William Brewster, reached 
Amsterdam in 1608. The next year they removed to Leyden, and many fol- 
lowed them from various parts of England. Bancroft says : " They were En- 
glishmen, Protestants, exiles for conscience, men disciplined by misfortune, culti- 
vated by opportunities of extensive observation, equal in rank as in rights, and 
bound by no code but that of religion or the public will." 

3. This was December 21 according to our present calendar. In the seven- 
teenth century the difference between Old Style and New Style was ten days. 
In England, however, the old method of reckoning dates was continued until 
1752, when, by act of Parliament, the error was corrected. By adding ten days 
to the dates given in the text regarding the movements of the Pilgrims, we get 
the true dates, new style. 

4. Acadia was granted by King Henry IV., in 1604, to the Huguenot De 
Monts, who sailed thither with a company of colonists. They founded Port 
Royal, on the present site of Annapolis, Nova Scotia. 




Xn.ctic U.S. Hist. Map No.H. Chaps. IV. X 

^58) 



Ft Willi 
tUt.^larysJiiv. 
!>'t.St.Georg^ 
tFt.Di«go 




;4 UNITED qOLONIES OJ 

JkND THE 



JSrEWENGI.AlSrD 



P lOVIDENOE & i|eWPORT 
SETTLEME^^TS. 



(59) 



CHAPTER VIL 



MASSACHUSETTS, CONNECTICUT, AND RHODE ISLAND. 




A. D. 1629. 



John Endicoit. 



89. Salem Colony. — Eight years 
and more after the settlement at 
Plymouth, five vessels, bearing two 
hundred English emigrants, entered 
the harbor of Salem, in Massachu- 
setts Bay. Their governor, John 
Endicott, had come, a year 
before, and chosen the 
place. The new-comers were Puri- 
tans, but not Separatists : they be- 
lieved in the union of Church and 
State, and the authority of the civil government in matters of 
religion ; but they dropped many of the usages of the Church 
of England, and there was little apparent difference between 
them and their neighbors at Plymouth. 

90. The Charter. — The next year seventeen ships brought a 
thousand more emigrants, with horses, cattle, and whatever was 
needed for farming. A royal charter^ for all the new settle- 
ments on Massachusetts Bay gave them leave to make their own 
laws and choose their own rulers, so long as they did nothing 
contrary to the laws of England. Among them were men of 
wealth, influence, and high education, who, distrusting their 
king, thought to build up better homes for their children in the 
New World. Their chosen leader was John IVinthrop, a man 
of noble character, who continued to be either governor or 
deputy-governor of the whole colony for twenty years, until his 

death. 

(60) 



SETTLEMENTS ABOUT BOSTON. 



6i 



91. Towns about Boston. — Reports of the peace and order to 
be enjoyed in Massachusetts drew crowds of colonists. Before 



1640 many towns were 
Chester, Lynn, Charles- 
others. Shawmut, 01 
its "fountain of sweet 
harbor to be the cap- 
Each settlement had 
which each "freeman 
trates, and for delegates 
Every township was 
a school for reading J"^"" winthrop. 




planted : Roxbury, Dor- 
town, Watertown, and 
Boston,'^ was chosen for 
waters" and its fine 
ital of the colony. 
Ub town meeting, in 
voted for magis- 
to the General Court, 
required to maintain 
and writing ; every 



A. D. 1638. 



town of a hundred householders must also have a Latin and 
a Grammar school; and heads of families were fined if they 
did not have their children and apprentices taught. 

92. Harvard College. — A college, the first in the United States, 
was founded at Cambridge by order of the General Court. To 
endow it, all the people brought such things as 
they had. Those who could do no more, gave a 
peck of corn yearly. Many gave pieces of silver plate, and 
one rich man gave a flock of sheep. Rev. John Harvard gave 
to it (at his death) all his books and half his estate, and it has 
ever since borne his name. The first printing-press 3 within 
the present limits of the United States was set up in the presi- 
dent's house in 1639. Its first publications were the "Free- 
man's Oath" and a "New England Almanac." 

93. Settlements on Connecticut Eiver. — Reports of the rich 
lands in the Connecticut Valley soon reached the settlers on the 
coast. As early as 1633 ^ company from Plymouth built a fort 
at Windsor, on that river, and began a fur trade with the 
Indians. Two years later, parties of emigrants from Massachu- 
setts Bay laid the foundations of Hartford, Wethersfield, and 
Springfield. In June of 1636, a hundred persons, led by Rev. 

Thomas Hooker, 4 whose sick wife was carried on a litter beside 
u s. H.— 4. 



62 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 







A. D. 1635. 



The Hookers Moving to the Connecticut Valley. 

him, marched through the woods, driving their cattle and flocks 
to these far western settlements. 

94. Settlements on Long Island Sound. — Two English noble- 
men. Lord Say and Lord Brook, sent the younger Winthrop, 

son of the Massachusetts governor, to found a fort 
at the mouth of the Connecticut. It was called 
Saybrook. Guilford^ Milford^ Stratford., and other towns with 
English names were soon begun along the Sound. New Haven s 
was founded in 1638 by a company of Puritans from England. 
John Davenport, their pastor, preached to them under a spread- 
ing oak. The Bible was their only law-book, and members of 
the church only were allowed to vote. 

95. Keligious Intolerance. — Having crossed th^ ocean at great 
cost for the sake of enjoying a perfect and peaceful society, the 
rulers of Massachusetts Bay had no patience with opinions 



ROGER WILLIAMS. 63 

different from their own — less, indeed, than had the Pilgrims of 
Plymouth, who had suffered yet more for conscience' sake, and 
knew the hearts of strangers and exiles from their own experi- 
ence in Holland (§§80, 81). 

96. The magistrates of Massachusetts Bay held themselves 
bound to secure not only orderly conduct, but right belief and 
character in every soul in the colony. They believed that they 
had gone just far enough in their withdrawal from the English 
Church. Those who lagged behind them were looked upon 
with suspicion; but their heaviest penalties were for those who 
went beyond them in the direction of "soul-liberty." 

97. Eoger Williams,^ the young minister of Salem, taught that 
every man is answerable for his belief to God alone, and that 
governments have no right to interfere in matters of religion. 
He insisted, moreover, on the payment of the Indians for their 
lands, while the rulers claimed that their charter from King 
Charles gave them full ownership. For these and other differ- 
ences of opinion, Williams was put out of the colony; and, 
having wandered fourteen weeks in cold and hunger through 
the wintry forests, he came to the lands of the Nar- 
ragansetts (§85). Their chief, Canonicus, received 

him as a friend, and sold him a tract of land; here, with five 
companions, he began the settlement of Providence, and ' ' de- 
sired it might be a shelter for persons distressed for con- 
science." 

98. Ehode Island. — Alany such persons lived in those days, 
an^i of them, Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, a woman of great gifts 
and independent spirit, an exile, like Williams, from Massachu- 
setts Bay ; William Coddington, a former magistrate of that 
colony, but a steady foe of persecution; John Clarke, William 
Aspinwall and many others went to the Narragansett country. 
They bought the beautiful island of Rhode Island for ''forty 
fathoms of white beads," and there, in 1638, Newport was 
founded. 



64 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Roger Williams 



99. The Pequod War.— 
Roger Williams soon had 
a chance to do good to 
those who had wronged 
him. The settlers in Con- 
necticut had for neigh- 
bors the Pequods, the 
most powerful and hostile 
of New England savages, 
who, enraged by the com- 
ing of the white men, 
tried to engage the Nar- 
and Mohegans in a 
league for their destruction. The 
governor and council of Massachu- 
setts wrote to Williams, who lost not a 
moment, but, crossing Narragansett Bay 
during a tempest, in an open boat, met 
the Pequod chiefs in the wigwam of Ca- 
nonicus, and, after three days and nights 
of violent discussion, persuaded him not 



to grant their request. 

100. The Pequods had to fight the English without aid. 
j^^ ^g Their fort at Stonington was destroyed by men from 

Hartford, and almost all of their tribe were killed. 
The few who surrendered themselves were made slaves, and for 
forty years no serious war troubled the New England setde- 
ments. 

101. The State of Connecticut.— In 1639, Hartford, Windsor, 
and Wethersfield joined themselves in one state under the first 
written constitution which was ever formed in America. In 
1 64 1 Massachusetts also adopted a set of well-tried laws, giving 
to every person prompt and equal jusdce in the courts. The 
education of all children, the training of young men m military 



RHODE ISLAND. 65 

exercises, and the security of town meetings were among the 
chief cares of the law-makers. 

102. In 1643 ^ league of the four governments, — Massachu- 
setts, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth — was formed 
under the name of the United Colonies of New England. 
Providence and the neighboring settlement on Rhode Island 
were not admitted because they refused to be subject to Ply- 
mouth. But the league lasted forty years, and was of great use 
in preparing the way for a larger union. 

103. The Charter of Ehode Island. — In 1644, Roger Williams, 
visiting England, got from Parliament a "free and absolute 
charter of civil government for the plantations on Narragansett 
Bay," with full power to rule themselves "by such laws as they 
should find most suitable to their estate and condition." The 
system chosen was a pure democracy; farmers and shepherds 
met on the sea-shore or under some spreading tree, and dis- 
cussed plans for the general good; and though debate was often 
violent, the result was one of the most wise, liberal, and merci- 
ful governments that the world has seen. No person was ever 
disquieted or called in question for his religion; the best men 
were elected to office ; and the seal of the new state bore the 
motto of its constitution, — "Love will conquer all things." 

104. Society of Priends. — In 1636 the first ^^ Friends,'' or 
^^ Quakers,'' 7 arrived at Boston, a people who, notwithstanding 
their pure, peaceful, and upright characters, were the cause of 
great disorder. They thought it their duty to protest against a 
paid ministry, civil oaths, military service, and several other 
customs of society. When they refused to leave the colony 
peaceably, they were publicly whipped and sent away; some 
were imprisoned; four, who returned, were hanged on Boston 
Common. Two children, whose parents had been sent away, 
were fined for not going to meeting ; being too poor to pay the 
fine, they were ordered to be sold as slaves in the Barbadoes. 
We are glad to know that no ship-master could be found who 



66 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



would carry out this order, so that it was never enforced. 
Though the rulers made harsh and cruel laws, there were 
always kind hearts among the people f who either silently 



disapproved or openly protested; 
persecution can not be charged upon 



so that the sm of 
the whole colony. 




Quaker ruhlicly Whipped. 

105. Jolm Eliot. — The people of 
New England were, as a rule, both 
just and merciful toward the In- 
dians. Never a bushel of corn was taken from them without 
payment; and offenses against them were punished by the 
courts with greater severity, if possible, than if the victims had 
been whites. (See Chapter XIII. , note 3.) Many good min- 
isters were at great pains to teach them the truths of religion : 
among these the most celebrated was the Rev. John Eliot, the 
''Apostle of the Indians." 

106. Praying Indians. — He translated the whole Bible, as well 
as other books, into their native language. As the number of 



KING Philip's war. 67 

converts increased, he gathered them into the villages of No- 
nantum, Natick, and Neponset, where he taught them to sup- 
port themselves by useful labor, and to live under civilized 
laws which he made for them. These " praymg Indians" num- 
bered at one tmie four thousand souls. They were never fully 
trusted, however, by the whites, while they were regarded with 
suspicion and hatred by their own people. 

107. King Philip's "War. — Metacom, commonly called Philip, 
chief of the Pokanokets, did not share his father, Massasoit's, 
friendship for the whites. He saw them advancing farther and 
farther upon the lands of his people, and in 1675, fourteen 
years after he became chief, the smothered flames of his 
revenge burst forth. Most of the savage tribes joined him in a 
grand effort to destroy the English. Terror spread along all the 
borders of the white settlements from Connecticut to Maine. 
Farm-houses were surprised, women and litUe children mur- 
dered, and of all the men in the colonies one in twenty fell in 
battle. The Christian Indians were faithful to their teachers, 
and often warned them of the coming danger. But it is sad to 
tell that they were treated with suspicion and contempt, and 
even murdered by white women, who were filled with rage at 
the sight of a dark face. Eliot and his friend Daniel Gookin, 
for thirty years Indian superintendent in the Massachusetts 
colony, pleaded for justice against the popular fury. 

108. On the part of the heathen Indians, it was a war of 
desperation without hope. Canonchet, chief of the Narragan- 
setts, an ally of Philip, was taken and put to death. Philip was 
driven from his lands ; his w^ife and son were captives. ' ' My 
heart breaks; now I am ready to die," cried the chief, when he 
heard of their fate. His own people plotted against him, and 
he fell by a traitor's bullet. His only son was sold as a slave in 
the Bermudas. Peace was not restored until 1678, when two 
thousand Indians had been killed,^ and the scattered remnants 
of the tribes were unable longer to resist the whites. 



6S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Questions. — How were settlements begun near Massachusetts Bay? 
What sorts of men were among the colonists ? What provision was made 
for government ? What for education ? Name the eight oldest towns in 
Connecticut. How much "soul-liberty" was enjoyed in New England? 
What was said and done by J^oger Williams? Who were the founders of 
Newport? What part did Williams take in the Pequod War? How did 
the war end ? What league was formed in 1643? Describe the charter 
of Rhode Island. What about the Quakers? Describe King Philip's 
War. 

Map Exercise. — Point, on Map HI., to the several towns near Mas- 
sachusetts Bay. The site of Harvard College. Light towns in Connect- 
icut. 

Reacf Palfrey's History of N'eiu England. Neal's History of the Puri- 
tans. Longfellow's New England Tragedy. A Puritan Gentletnan, in 
Harpei-'s Magazine, November, 1876. The Hundred Years'' War, in ditto, 
June, 1883. 

NOTES . 

1. This ROYAL CHARTER created a body styled " The Governor and Com- 
pany of the Massachusetts Bay m New England," and by this charter the Mas- 
sachusetts colony regulated its affairs for more than half a century. The granting 
of this charter was regarded by the Puritans throughout England as a call to 
them to escape the religious fetters by which they were bound, and to seek new 
homes in that free land of the west, where they could worship God without re- 
straint. Massachusetts began to be talked about in every Puritan household, 
and plans were quietly laid by the heads of families to join the tide of emigration 
at an early day. This accounts for the rapid growth of the Salem colony, and 
of the others that soon sprang up around the shores of Massachusetts Bay. 
Within ten years from the arrival of Wmthrop, it is thought no fewer than 
20,000 Englishmen came to America. 

2. Boston. — The first settlement was made in the fall of 1630 by some of 
John Winthrop's party, who had first located at Mishawum (now Charlestown). 
William Blackstone had lived near Shawmut since 1623, and two other English- 
men had for some time lived on a couple of islands m the harbor ; but these 
were the only white men in the region before Winthrop came. The settlement 
was called " Boston," in compliment to the Rev. John Cotton, who had been 
vicar in Boston, Lincolnshire, England, whence many of the leading colonists 
had come. 

3. This was not the FIRST PRINTING-PRESS in America. As eariy as 1535, 
Catholic priests set up a press in the city of Mexico ; a second one was at work 
in Lima, Peru, in 1586. 



NOTES. 6g 

4. Thomas Hooker, " the light of the Western Churches," was born in 
Leicestershire, England, in 1586. He was a cousin of the celebrated divine. 
Richard Hooker. For three years he preached with great power to the Puritan 
refugees at Delft and Rotterdam. In 1636 he came to New England with his 
fellow pastors. Cotton and Stone. "We cite a few lines from Bancioft touching 
the pilgrimage of Hooker and his one hundred companions to their new homes : 
"Traversing on foot the pathless forest, they drove before them numeious herds 
of cattle ; advancing hardly ten miles a day through tangled woods, across the 
valleys, swamps, and numerous streams, and over the intervening highlands; 
subsisting on the milk of the kine, which browsed on the fresh leaves and early 
shoots; having no guide through the pathless wild but the compass, and no 

pillow for their nightly rest but heaps of stones Never again was there 

such a pilgrimage from the seaside to ' the delightful banks ' of the Connecticut." 

5. New Haven. — The Indian village at this point was Quinnipiack. The 
colonists paid the natives for a large tract of land, " twelve coats of English cloth, 
twelve spoons, twelve hatchets, twelve hoes, two dozen knives, twelve porringers, 
and four cases of French knives and scissors." 

6. Roger Williams was bom in Wales, in 1599, passed with honor through 
Oxford University, England, was for a time minister in the Established Chuich, 
but soon joined the ranks of the Puritans. He learned the Narragansett lan- 
guage, which was understood by all the Massachusetts Indians and by most of 
the tribes to the west and south. Williams reached Boston early in 1631, and in 
a few weeks was called to be pastor over the church at Salem. In 1635 he was 
banished from the colony, and went directly among his old friends, the Indians. 
Although Canonicus freely offered him the tract of land on which the colony of 
Providence was planted, Williams insisted upon paying a fair price for it. He 
was president of the colony from 1654 to 1657. A writer of his day judges 
Roger Williams from " the whole course and tenor of his life and conduct to 
have been one of the most disinterested men that ever lived. — a most pious and 
heavenly-minded soul." He died at Providence, in 1683. . 

7. The Quakers, or Religious Society of Friends, had their origin in the 
preaching of George Fox, of Leicestershire, England, who was born in 1624 and 
died in 1691. They were called "Quakers" because Fox admonished them to 
tremble at the word of God. Under the leadership of William Penn, they estab- 
hshed one of the most successful of American colonies. 

8. King Philip's War had lasted for more than a year. " Thirteen towns 
had been destroyed, six hundred buildings burned, countless numbers of stock 
of all kinds were lost, six hundred men killed in fights or murdered, and great 
numbers disabled by wounds. There was hardly a family without its scar of 
sorrow. But the power of the Indians in all Southern New England was de- 
stroyed forever. Some escaped by flight into the western wilds, where the white 
man had not penetrated ; but many small tribes were obliterated ; whole families 
had perished; many who were captured were sent to the West Indies, and 
dragged out the remainder of their miserable lives as slaves." — Bryant. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



NEW NETHERLANDS. — THE MIDDLE STATES. 



109. The Dutch Ke- 
public was, during the 
seventeenth century, 
the foremost maritime 
nation on the globe. 
Its trading stations 
were scattered along 
the islands and coasts 
of Asia, and its ships 
penetrated the remot- 
est seas. In A. D. 
1609, the Dutch East 
India Company sent Henry Hudson,^ an 
English captain, to seek for it a nearer pas- 
sage to Asia than was yet known. Having 
visited many points on the American coast 
between Penobscot and Chesapeake bays, 
Hudson entered what is now the harbor of 
New York, and found himself at the mouth 

Hudson on the River ■ n i 1 i 

of a great river flowmg between wooaed 
heights to the sea. This he ascended beyond Albany, hoping to 
find an entrance to the Pacific Ocean. 

110. Five years later, Adrian Block built on Manhattan Island 

a small ship called the Unrest, with which he cruised through 

Long Island Sound, discovered the Housatonic and Connecticut 

rivers, gave his name to the island which guards the eastern 

(70) 




NEW NETHERLANDS. 



71 



A. D. 1613. 




Costumes of Dutch Settlers. 



entrance to the Sound, and followed the coast as far as Nahant. 
By reason of all these discoveries, the land between Delaware 
Bay and Cape Cod was called New 
Netherhmds,- while the noble river 
which Hudson explored has ever 
since borne his name. 

111. A little trading-post, called 
New Amsterdam, was estab- 
lished on Manhattan, where 
now New York stands, the greatest 
city of the western continent. 
Another^ fort was built in 1614, upon 
the present site of Albany; and 
thither came Mohawks and other 
Indians to exchange the skins of 
otter, beaver, and mink for knives, beads, looking-glasses, and, 
later, the coveted fire-arms. In 162 1 a Dutch West India 

Company was formed, and 

emigration to New Nether- 

7''^^>,s/^!5^|k"5 ^^^^^ lands was encouraged for 

purposes of trade. 

112. Like their mother- 
country, the Dutch settle- 
ments in America were 
thrown freely open to per- 
sons of all nations and re- 
ligions; and before long, 
eighteen languages were 
spoken in New Amsterdam. 
The Company especially 
desired to secure ''farmers 
and laborers, foreigners and exiles, men inured to toil and 
penury." A free passage from Europe was granted to skilled 
mechanics. Large tracts of land with many privileges were 




Costumes of Dutch Settlers. 



72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

offered to rich men who would bring out whole colonies at their 
own expense. Such persons were called patroons, 3 and in time 
some of them had thousands of tenants on their estates. 

113. Dutch Ports and trading-houses were erected on the Del- 
aware and Connecticut rivers, where Camden and Hartford now 

stand. The English refused to admit that the Hol- 
^ ^^' landers had any rights in America. Though some 
friendly visits were exchanged between the rulers of Plymouth 
and New Amsterdam, the latter were advised to obtain a title 
to their lands from King Charles L; and not only the valley of 
the Connecticut, but a large part of Long Island was at last 
settled by Pilgrims from Massachusetts. 

114. Swedes in America. — King Gustavus Adolphus, the great- 
est and best of Swedish kings, resolved to open for his people 
a refuge in America from the wars and oppressions of the Old 
World. His untimely death delayed the execution of his pur- 
pose ; but the plan was taken up by his Chancellor, Oxenstiern, 
*'one of the greatest men of all time." In the spring of 1638, 
two vessels bearing a company of Swedes and Finns entered 
Delaware Bay. 

115. All the lands along the bay and river, from Cape Hen- 
lopen to the falls near Trenton, were bought from the Indians, 
and named New Siuedeti. A fort was built within the present 
limits of Delaware, which received the name of the little queen, 
Christiana. The fame of the mild climate and fertile soil drew 
many more of the hardy and industrious people from the frozen 
shores of the Baltic. In 1643 Governor Printz removed his 
residence to Tinicum Island, near the mouth of the Schuylkill ; 
and neat cottages and gardens were soon seen within what are 
now the suburbs of Philadelphia, 

116. Indian Troubles. — The people of New Amsterdam and its 
neighborhood had much to fear from the Indians, to whom they 
first sold gin, muskets, and gunpowder, and then treated them 
so unjusdy that they might be sure the weapons would be 



NEW YORK. 



73 



turned against themselves. Governor Kleft, the third of the 
Dutch chief magistrates, punished the poor savages with need- 
less cruelty for offenses which his own crimes had provoked. 
He was recalled in 1647, and Peter Stuyvesant,4 a better man 
and a brave soldier, was sent in his place. 

117. Governor Stuyvesant visited Hartford and made a treaty 
with the English settlers, which fixed the eastern limit of New 




>:% J'i 







A. D. 1651. 



AViw York in lb§0. 

Netherlands on the mainland, not far from the present boundary 

of New York and Connecticut. Half of Long 

Island was ceded to the English. He made peace 

with the Indians, and to protect the beaver-trade on the Dela- 

wa,re he built a fort where Newcastle now stands, near the 

mouth of the Brandywine. 

118. End of New Sweden. — The Swedes resented this intrusion, 
and, in 1654, their governor overpowered the Dutch garrison 
and seized the fort. But Sweden was not strong enough to 
protect her colony. Stuyvesant soon came with six hundred 
men, and, as he sailed up the Delaware, all the forts surren- 
dered without a life being lost. The people submitted to Dutch 



74 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



rule, and remained peaceably on their farms. New Sweden 
had existed seventeen years. 

119. Discontent in the Dutch Colony. — Though consciences were 
free in New Netherlands, the people had no share in the gov- 
ernment. Citizenship meant "not 
much more than a license to trade." 
Taxes were often very heavy. 
The Director was haughty and 
obstinate, replying to all re- 
monstrances, that he de- / du: 
rived his ' ' authority from 
God and the West India 
Company, not from the 
pleasure of a few ignorant 
subjects." The English, of 
whom there were now many 
in the colony, looked with ^ 
envy upon the greater freedom 
of their brethren in Massachu- 
setts; and there were few of 
any race who would not rather 
be subjects of England than servants of a trading company. 

120. English Conquest of New Netherlands. — During a war be- 
tween England and Holland, an English fleet entered the 
harbor of New Amsterdam, and demanded a surrender. Stuy- 
vesant had no power to resist; the citizens had no wish to aid 
him. New Amsterdam became JVem York, and Fort Orange, 

on the upper Hudson, was named Albany, from the 
English king's brother, the Duke of York and 

Albany, to whom the whole region between the Connecticut 

and the Delaware had been given (§ 134). 

121. New Jersey. — The Duke in his turn gave the land be- 
tween the lower Hudson and the Delaware to Lord Berkeley 
and Sir George Carteret. Eastern New Jersey, which fell to 




^S> 



Governor Stuyvesant. 



A. D. 1664. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 75 

Carteret's share, was already settled in part by English Puritans. 
To attract settlers, perfect freedom of conscience was promised; 
and the fertile river banks, so easy of access, were soon occu- 
pied by industrious and worthy people. 

122. Eeconquest by the Dutch. — The hope of English liberty 
was not at once fulfilled to the people of New York. The 
Duke of York was a tyrant, and the groom of his bed-chamber, 
Richard Nicolls, whom he appointed to govern the colony, 
levied taxes at his own will. The people of Long Island com- 
plained that they were "deprived of the privileges of EngHsh- 
men." No one was sorry when a Dutch fleet re- 
appeared in New York Harbor, and the city was " ' ^ ^^' 
quietly surrendered after nine years' occupation by the English. 
The second Dutch rule lasted, however, only fifteen months; 
for by the treaty of peace between Holland and England, New 
Netherlands was permanently given to the lattei:. 

123. England now ruled all the Atlantic coast between New 
France and New Spain; /. e., between Acadia and Florida. 
Berkeley and Carteret resumed their 
possession of New Jersey, The former, 
now a very old man, soon sold his half 
of the territory for $5,000 to an English 
Quaker, and in 1674 John Fen wick 
sailed with a large company of ' ' Friends " 
to the eastern bank of the Delaware. A 
liberal government was established at 
Burlington, giving all power to the peo- 
ple and securing equal rights to every ^'^^^^>'^ Penn. 
man. East New Jersey was afterwards bought from the heirs 
of Carteret by a company of English "Friends," of whom 
Wilham Penn 5 was one. 

124. Pennsylvania. — In 1681 William Penn obtained from 
King Charles II. a tract of land west of Delaware River, in- 
stead of a large sum of money which the king owed Penn's 




7(> 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



father. The owner of Pennsylvania was given sovereign rights ; 
but the "Quaker king" wanted only to make a "free colony 
for the good and oppressed of all nations." He had himself 
suffered imprisonment and persecution for conscience' sake; 
and he wished, as he said, to make the "holy experiment" 
whether perfect justice and good will toward high and low, rich 
and poor, heathen and Christian, were not a safe and sufficient 
foundation for a state. 



125. Buying land of the Swedes, who had already bought it 
of the Indians (§115), he laid out Philadelphia, the 
"city of brotherly love." In August of that year 
it contained only three or four cottages; two years later it 



A. D. 1683. 




Penn's Treaty at Shackamaxon. 



numbered six hundred 
houses, and had a school 
and a printing-press. The 
Lenni Lenape of the sur- 
rounding region had been 
so humbled by the Iroquois (§26) that they were not able to 
make war : their hearts were touched, moreover, by the kind 
and just words of Penn; and the treaty which they made with 
him under the great elm-tree at Shackamaxon was ' ' the only 
Indian treaty never sworn to and never broken." 



DELAWARE. 



71 



126. "English freedom" was given to the Swedes, Finns, and 
Dutch, who were already numerous in the region. News of 
the very hberal constitution granted by Penn drew settlers from 
many parts of Europe. "Friends" from Kirchheim, near 
Worms, settled on lands then six miles from Philadelphia, now 
forming Germantown. All forms of belief were free in Pennsyl- 
vania; superstitions were met 
by that calm good sense which 
is their only cure. Only one 
trial for witchcraft ever took 
place; the prisoner, a Swede, 
was set free after trial, though 
censured for disorderly con- 
duct. (See § 146.) 

127. Delaware. — The Duke of 
York, an old friend and com- 
rade of Penn's father, gave to the 
\ ( jfc-,^^ ^.^ son the "three lower counties" on 

' ^ ^ "'^"'^^>>#^'''^ Delaware Bay. They were 
^ mcluded for nine years in Penn- 




A. D. 1682. 



Costumes 0/ Quakers 



sylvania ; but in 169 1 a separate governor and 
assembly were chosen for the "Commonwealth of Delaware." 

128. Duke of York becomes King. — In 1685, the Duke of York 
became King James II. of England. Penn used all his influ- 
ence with his royal friend to secure justice for the oppressed, 
and had the joy of setting free twelve hundred " Friends" from 
the foul English dungeons, w^here some had suffered many 
years for no crime but obedience to their consciences. 

129. Ingratitude toward Penn. — Though the colonies estab- 
lished by Penn flourished, their proprietor became poor. He 
had spent all his fortune in carrying on his great "experiment." 
Many settlers refused to pay the low rent which he asked, as 
some litde return for all his expense; and he who had set so 
many prisoners free, went to jail in his old age for debt. 

u. s. H.— 5. 



yS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Questions.— Whzt can be said of the Dutch Republic? What did 
Hudson look for? What did he find? What was done by Block? 
What is meant by New Netherlands ? Give the present names of four 
Dutch trading-posts. How were settlers drawn to New Netherlands? 
How and why was New Sweden founded ? What was done by two Dutch 
governors ? What complaints were heard in New Netherlands ? What 
changes in 1664? What, in 1673? Describe the beginnings of New 
Jersey. How was Pennsylvania founded? How, Delaware? What of 
Penn's old age? 

Afa/> Exercise. — Map III. Point out two Dutch settlements on the 
Hudson. Two on the Delaware and Connecticut (§113). Long Island. 
Two Swedish settlements on the Delaware. The three principal rivers of 
New Netherlands. Extent of English dominion in America in 1674. (See 
§123.) Penn's chief city. The capital of West Jersey. The boundaries 
of Delaware. 

Fomfs for ^jjayj.— Chapter VII. : The story of Roger Williams. Old 
Harvard days. Chapter VIII. : Adventures of Henry Hudson. German 
Friends at Philadelphia. 

Read Brodhead's History of New York. Chapters xxii-xxiv. of Ban- 
croft's History of the United States. Mrs. Lamb's History of the City of 
New York. Irving's Knickerbocker'' s Histoiy of New York. The Knicker- 
bockers, in Harper's Magazine, December, 1876. Lives of William Penn 
by Clarkson, Weems, and Ellis. Whittier's Pennsylvania Pilgrim. 

NOTES. 

1. Hudson had twice tried with English ships to find a way to Asia through 
the frozen seas of the north. His countrymen refused the means for new at- 
tempts, so he offered to sail for the Dutch Company, and his services were 
accepted. His vessel, the " Half Moon," was a yacht of only eighty tons bur- 
den, and with this small craft he first tried the "northeast passage" around 
Nova Zembla. Finding it blocked with ice, he turned his prow westward, and. 
after a storm'y voyage of nearly three months, sighted the foggy banks of New- 
foundland. Cruising south, he landed first on the Maine coast, then on Cape 
Cod (which he called New Holland), and, before entering New York Harbor, 
explored Delaware Bay. On the fourth of September, 1609, a boat's crew from 
the "Half Moon" landed on Coney Island. In 1610 Hudson made his last 
voyage to America. He sailed through the straits and discovered the bay which 
bears his name. His ship, the " Discovery," was caught in the fields of ice. 
Mutiny broke out among his sailors, and they cast Hudson and his son, with 



NOTES. 79 

seven others, into a small shallop, and set them adrift among the icebergs. Their 
fate was never known, but the entire party must have perished from cold or star- 
vation. 

2. The United Netherlands was the official name of the DUTCH REPUBLIC, 
which embraced the present kingdom of Holland, and a part of Belgmm. Am- 
sterdam was Its chief commercial city. 

3. The Patroons, or lords of the early Dutch settlements of New York and 
New Jersey, were granted almost prmcely powers. Provided they would bring 
a colony of fifty persons to America, they were permitted to select lands having 
a frontage of sixteen miles along any river bank, and extending back " so far into 
the country as the situation of the occupiers would permit." They appointed 
officers and magistrates to govern the colony, and their sway over the people was 
absolute. No man or woman could quit the patroons service until the time of 
contract had expired, whether treated well or not ; and the only privilege which 
these tenants enjoyed was freedom from taxation for ten years. 

4. Peter Stuyvesant was warmly welcomed by the people of New Nether- 
lands when, in 1647, he came as director-general to relieve them from the rule 
of the despotic Kieft. They soon found that he was as self-willed and violent in 
temper as his predecessor. He was, however, a man of better judgment. He 
made peace with the Indians, and introduced system and good order into the 
affairs of the colony. Stuyvesant lost a leg in a naval attack on the island of 
St. Martin in 1644, and had it replaced by a wooden one, bound with silver rings. 
Hence he was called by some of his disrespectful subjects. " Old Silver Leg," 
while for his obstinacy he was also named " Hard-headed Peter." After sur- 
rendering New Netherlands. Peter Stuyvesant lived quietly for eighteen years on 
his farm, which lay upon both sides of the street now called the Bowery, in New 
York City. He died at the age of eighty, and his remains are now in a vault in 
St. Marks Episcopal Church, New York City. 

5. William Penn was the son of a noted English admiral, and was born in 
London in 1644. At the age of fifteen, during his first year at Oxford University, 
he heard the preaching of Thomas Loe. an eminent " Friend," and became 
impressed with his doctrines. For his disregard of Church he was expelled, and 
for some years traveled in Holland. France, and Ireland, where he was often at 
court, and led a gay life. But again falling in with the Quaker preacher, Loe, 
he became a convert to his views, and adopted the garb and professions of the 
Society of Friends. He was thrown into prison for heresy, but spent the time 
by writing in favor of the new doctrines. In 1670, William Penn came into 
possession of his father's large estate. The grant comprised 40,000 square miles 
in the wilderness of America, which King Charles named Pennsylvania. When 
James II. was deposed and in exile (A. D. 1692). William Penn was accused of 
treasonable correspondence with him. On the strength of this charge, his title 
to Pennsylvania was annulled; but a long and severe trial proved his innocence, 
and his province in the New World was restored to him. In 1712 a stroke of 
apoplexy impaired his mind. He died in Berkshire in 1718. 



CHAPTER IX. 

ENGLISH REVOLUTIONS. THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 

130. Important changes took place about this time in England, 
and had their influence in America. A majority of the great 
middle class of the people and of Parliament were now Puritans 
(§§79, 80, note i, page 57). They were the party of freedom 
in civil as well as in religious matters, and they soon came into 
conflict with Charles I., the second of the Stuart kings, whose 
ideas of royal authority were as absolute as his father's (§79). 
To escape their opposition, he tried for many years to rule 
without a parliament, and to support his government by forced 
loans. Want of money drove him, however, to summon the 
representatives of the people, and he found them even less 
obedient than before. 

131. Civil War at length broke out in England. Many fam- 
ilies sought peace and security in America. The king, after 

many defeats, was taken prisoner, tried, condemned, 
and beheaded. The last parliament which he sum- 
moned voted itself perpetual by an act which the king signed. 
It is hence called the Long Parliament^ for it continued in 
session twelve years. It contained many warm friends of the 
New England colonies; but the latter were careful to ask no 
favors, lest they should confess themselves dependent 

132. Oliver Cromwell,^ the head of the army, at length dis- 
solved the Long Parliament, and made himself chief ruler of 
^ ^ ^ _ England with the title of Lord-Protector of the 

A. D. 1653-1658. 

Commonwealth. He was a great man, and En- 
gland was never more respected than when governed by him. 

(80) 




CONFLICTING GRANTS. 8 1 

But the power of the Commonwealth ended with his Hfe; for 
his son Richard, who obtained his title, had not the strength to 
keep it. 

133. Charles II.'' was called to his father's throne in 1660. 
He came with grand ideas of his powers and privileges as a 
king, and in four years gave away half of 
North America to men who had shared 
his exile or helped in bringing him back. 
During the same years several new Navi- 
gation Acts gave to English merchants all 
the benefit of colonial trade. No goods 
could reach the colonies except in English 
ships ; even the trade of one colony with 
another was loaded with heavy duties. ^^,, s.-^--^- v* 
Americans could buy foreign goods only '«b*^ii/^#' 
in England, and must sell in England all '''^ 

their products which the English merchants would take; the 
rest must be sold "south of Cape Finisterre," so as to compete 
as little as possible with the interests of the mother-country. 
Under such harsh -laws, it is needless to say, American mer- 
chants had litde chance of success, for they bore all the risks 
and losses, while receiving scarcely any of the profits, of Euro- 
pean trade. 

134. Oonflioting Grants. — Probably the years of the king's exile 
had not been spent in the study of geography, for, while giving 
Acadia back to the French, he renewed a grant of Nova Scotia 
to Sir Thomas Temple, who had succeeded the first owner 
(§88). He gave to Connecticut — now made to include Say- 
brook and New Haven — all the land between Narragansett 
River and the Pacific Ocean, together with a new and very 
liberal charter; and at the same time he gave to his brother, 
the Duke of York, the tract between the Delaware and Con- 
necticut rivers. (See §120.) Wiser men than King Charles 
had as yet no true idea of the breadth of the American conti- 



82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

nent, and the boundary lines of several colonies, extending from 
ocean to ocean, were hopelessly mixed. It was under the 
charter of Charles II. that Connecticut held the lands in Ohio, 
since known as the ''Western Reserve," which made the basis 
of her school-fund. 

135. The Oarolinas. — Hitherto both French (§§48-52) and 
English (§§ 56-59) had failed to make any lasting settlements in 
the southern half of the United States. In 1663 Charles 11. 
granted to eight of his courtiers the whole vast country south 
of Virginia, and extending beyond the Mississippi on the west. 
Here the English dukes and earls thought to set up an empire 
with all the show of ranks and ceremonies to which they were 
used in Europe. To this end, John Locke, 3 the great philoso- 
pher, together with Lord Shaftesbury, drew up a "Grand 
Model" of government. The country was divided, — on the 
map, — into provinces of nearly half a million acres, each to be 
governed by a landgrave, with a whole order of nobles under 
him. No settler was to vote unless he owned fifty or more 
acres of land; the tillers of the soil were to be serfs, and be- 
neath them were slaves. 

136. The "Model" proved to be too "grand" for the woods 
and marshes of the American wilderness. The farmers and 
lumbermen near Albemarle Sound, while awaiting the arrival 
of their lords, struck out a plan of government better suited to 
their needs; and the proprietors at last consented to its adop- 
tion, only reserving to themselves an annual rent of a half- 
penny per acre, and the right to appoint two governors, the one 
for the northern, the other for the southern, part of the territory. 

137. North OaroUna. — The Albemarle settlement, though within 
the original limits of Virginia, was now made the beginning of 
North Carolina. Its first governor was William Drummond, a 
Scotchman, who afterwards lost his life in Bacon's Rebellion 
(§73)- Its numbers were increased by emigrants from New 
England, and by a colony of ship-builders from the Ber- 



SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



83 



miidas. A company from 
Barbadoes setded on the 
south bank of the Cape Fear 
Ri\er, and prospered so well 
in exporting staves, shingles, 
and boards to the islands 
whence they came, that in 
1666 they numbered eight 
hundred souls. 

138. The first settle- 
ment in South CaroHna 
planted by the 




"^'*'W,. 



Settlers on Cape Fear River. 

proprietors themselves, who sent out three shiploads of emi- 
grants in 1670 at their own expense. A site was chosen at the; 
mouth of the Ashley and Cooper rivers; and in the midst of 
ancient forests, brightened in the spring by yellow jasmine, a 
little village was begun which received the name Charleston in 
honor of the king. 

139. French Colonists. — The genial climate drew crowds of 
settlers. Among others were thousands of French Protestants, 
whose own land was made unbearable by persecution, while. 



84 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Strangely enough, they were forbidden to leave it under penalty 
of death. Their industry, intelligence, and high moral charac- 
ter were what the new colony most needed, and their gentleness 
and refinement of manners made a lasting impression upon the 
society of South Carolina. 

140. Their plantations of 
pears, olives, and mulberry 
trees soon stretched along 
the Cooper • and Santee 
rivers. Rice was brought 
from Madagascar, and was 
found suited to the low- 
lands; indigo grew well, 
and cotton at a later day 
became the most important 
crop. The heat of the 
summers made labor in the 
forests and rice-swamps 
fatal to white, men, and negroes were imported in greater num- 
bers than to any other colony. In a few ^ears they numbered 
nearly two thirds of the population. 

141. Monmouth's Kebels. — The Duke of Monmouth rebelled 
against King James XL (§128), and tried to seize the crown. 
The movement was put down and its leader beheaded, but a 
cruel vengeance was taken upon all who were suspected of 
having part in it. Hundreds were sold as servants to work 
in the tobacco fields of Virginia, and their wealth, with the 
price paid for them, went to enrich the king's courtiers. But 
Virginia was more merciful than her sovereign. In 1689 these 
exiles were set free, and many of them became honored citizens 
of the colony. 

142. Covenanters in New Jersey. — King James's persecution of 
the Covenanters 4 in Scotland led thousands of worthy people 
to emigrate to New Jersey. Here, instead of being hunted 



French Settlers of South Carolina. 



ANDROS AS ROYAL GOVERNOR. 



85 



A. D. i685. 



among dens and caves of the mountains, they went to work in 
peace and security upon fertile fields; schools and churches 
multiplied, and it was soon said, ''There is not a poor body, nor 
one that wants, in all the colony." 

143. Andros as Eoyal Governor. — As duke, James had granted 
a free constitution to his province of New York ; but becoming 
king, he took it away. After several changes, he 
intrusted Sir Edmund Andros s with the govern- 
ment of all the country from the Delaware to the St. Croix. 
Boston, then the "largest English town in the New World," 
was the capital of one great despotism. All discussion in town 
meetings was forbidden; public funds for schools and charities 
were seized; and when it was said that the new and enormous 
taxes would ruin the colonies, the rulers answered, "It is not 
for his majesty's interest that you should thrive." 

144. Lost Charters. — The great seal of Rhode Island was 
broken, and its government 
overthrown. The charter 
of Connecticut was de- 
manded by Andros in per- 
son. Tradition states that 
it disappeared during the 
discussion, and was hidden 
in the hollow trunk of an 
old oak,^ which stood near- 
ly two centuries later, a be- 
loved and venerated relic 
of colonial times. Andros 
wrote Fhiis at the end of 
the records of Connecticut, 

but happily his power, like '^"'^'''' ^^'«««^^«^ Connecticut Charter. 

his master's, was short-lived. The revolution which ended the 
short reign of James, restored some degree of order and free- 
dom to the colonies (A. D. 1689). 




86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Questions. — What differences arose between King Charles I. and the 
Puritans ? What became of the king ? How did New England and the 
Long Parhament regard each other? Who was Oliver Cromwell ? How 
did the Navigation Acts affect the colonies ? What lands did Charles H. 
give away? What plan of government was made for the Carolinas? 
What was adopted ? Describe the beginnings of North Carolina. Who 
were the early settlers of South Carolina? How did one colony feel the 
effect of Monmouth's rebellion ? How did another profit by King James 
II. 's persecutions? What was Andros's treatment of the colonies? What/ 
did they gain by the fall of James II. ? 

Map Exercise. — Point out, on Map No. III., the various territories 
granted by Charles II. The first city in South Carolina. The extent 
of Andros's government. 

Points for Essays. — The letter of a young French refugee in South 
Carolina to friends at home. Of a forced settler in Virginia. Of a 
Covenanter in New Jersey. 

Read Mrs. Charles's Draytons and Davenants and On Both Sides of the 
Sea. Weiss's History of French Refugees. Harrison's Oliver Cromwell, in 
"Twelve English Statesmen" Series. Macaulay's account of Mon- 
mouth's rebellion and the sale of prisoners, in \\V6 History of England. 



NOTES. 

1. Oliver Cromwelt. was born A. D. 1599, and died in 1658. His is one 
of the great names in history. " Never, " says Macaulay, " was any ruler so con- 
spicuously born for sovereignty. Insignificant as a private citizen, he was a great 
general : he was a still greater prince." Cromwell's rule was as absolute as any 
kings •■ his word was law throughout his reign. During the persecution of En- 
glish Puritans by Charles I., Cromwell and Hampden are said to have taken 
passage for Amenca ; but, being discovered on board the vessel before starting, 
they were ordered by the king to disembark. In after years the Lord- Protector 
took great interest in the Puritan colonies of the New World. 

2. Upon the coming of CHARLES IT. to the throne of England, the Mas- 
sachusetts colonists appealed to him " as a king who had seen adversity, and who, 
having himself been an exile, knew the hearts of exiles." They besought him 
for " a continuance of civil and religious liberties," and King Charles wrote a 
letter assuring them of his good will. The Navigation Acts bore heavily upon 
the people of New England, and they sent agents to remonstrate with Charies 
against the injustice of such laws. All entreaty, however, was in vain. In 1684 



NOTES. 87 

the Massachusetts charter was declared to be forfeited. Charles II. was ever 
ready with pleasant promises, but few of them were kept. His reign was one of 
the most corrupt in English history. He died of apoplexy in 1685. 

3. John Locke was bom in 1632 and died in 1704. His great philosophical 
work is an Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke was called upon 
as a wise man to choose the form of government that should be most perfect 
and lasting. His work showed a lack of practical common sense. 

4. The Covenanters, or Cameronians, were a sect of Presbyterian dis- 
senters in Scotland who rebelled against the religious forms which King James I. 
tried to force upon them. In 1638 they entered into a covenant " in behalf of 
true religion and freedom of the kingdom." Five years later they formed a new 
covenant, far bolder and more sweeping in its terms than the first. In 1650 
Charles the Second, when in e.xile, signed the covenant for the sake of gaining 
popularity and regaining the crown ; but after the Restoration he broke his 
pledges and cruelly persecuted the Covenanters. Richard Cameron was the 
founder of this sect. 

5. Sir Edmund Andros was governor of New York from 1674 to 1682; of 
New England from 1686 to 1689; and of Virginia from 1692 to 1698. His ap- 
pointment as governor-general was very displeasing to the Puritans. His first 
acts were arbitrary, and he enforced them rigidly. Not only in civil but in re- 
ligious matters he violated the customs of the people. He decreed that no 
marriage should be legal unless the ceremony was performed by a minister of the 
Church of England. His rule became so harsh that the people of Boston could 
bear it no longer, and they deposed him by force of arms. He was arrested, and 
twice escaped from prison, but both times was recaptured. He was permitted 
after a while to return to England. The private character of Governor Andros 
was not bad, and his despotic acts were done in obedience to his king. 

6. Charter Oak. — This famous tree stood on the grounds of Samuel 
Wallys in Hartford, and was blown down during a severe storm in 1856. It was 
in 1687 that Governor Andros appeared with a band of soldiers, and commanded 
the General Court to give him the royal charter of Connecticut. The story goes, 
though there are no contemporaneous records to substantiate it, that Governor 
Treat warmly pointed out the injustice of this demand. The writing was in a 
box on the table in front of him while he spoke. Suddenly the candles were put 
out, and in the darkness and confusion Captain Wadsworth, of Hartford, seized 
the box and bore the precious charter safely to the hollow oak, where it remained 
for a long time. 



88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Thirteen English Colonies. 

Virginia. — Settled first at Jamestown, 1607. 

New York. — Settled first at New York (by the Dutch) 1614; became 
English, 1664. 

Massachusetts.— Settled first at Plymouth, 1620; at Salem, 1629. 

New Hampshire. — Settled first at Portsmouth, 1623 ; became a royal 
province, 1675. 

Connecticut. — Settled first at Windsor, 1633 ; at New Haven, 1638. 

Maryland. — Settled first at St. Mary's, 1634. 

Rhode Island.— Settled first at Providence, 1636; at Newport, 1638. 

Delaware. — Settled first at Christiana (by Swedes), 1638; included 
in New Netherlands, 1654; granted to Penn, 1682. 

Pennsylvania. — Settled first near Philadelphia, 1643; settlements 
conquered by the Dutch, 1654; granted to Penn, 1681. 

North Carolina. — Settled first near Albemarle Sound, 1663. 

New Jersey. — Settled first at Elizabethtown, 1665. 

South Carolina. — Settled first at Charleston, 1670. 

Georgia.— Settled first at Savannah, 1733. (See §^155, 156.) 

English Sovereigns during the First Colonial Period. 

Elizabeth, A. D. 1 558-1603, authorized adventures of Frobisher, 
Davis, Drake, Gilbert, and Raleigh (?^ 55-59). 

James I., A. D. 1603-1625, gave charters to the London and Plymouth 
companies; made laws for Virginia; wrote a "Counterblast" against 
tobacco ; offended English Puritans, who took refuge in Holland and 
America (^?6o, 79-81). 

Charles I., A. D. 1625-1649, gave charter to Massachusetts and pro- 
prietary patent for Maryland ; at the end of civil war with Parliament, 
was condemned and beheaded (§?75, 90, 130, 131). 

Charles H., A. D. 1660-1685, gave popular charters to Connecticut 
and Rhode Island; proprietary patents for all the country east of the 
Kennebec, and west and south of the Connecticut as far as Florida and 
the Mississippi; renewed "Navigation Acts," which bore heavily on the 
colonies (§§124, 133-135). 

James II., A. D. 1685-1688, as Duke of York, proprietor of eastern 
Maine, New York, and New Jersey ; as king, sends Andros to govern all 
the colonies east of the Delaware (§§120, 121, 127, 128, 134, 141-144). 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.— Part I. 



Sect 


ion 


] 


[-4 




5 


6- 


-10 


12- 


-19 


20-33 


34, 


35 


36- 


-40 



1. What is known concerning the Mound-Builders ? 

2. How did men ftrst reach America ? 

3. Describe the cruises of the Icelanders. 

4. Sketch the main physical features of the United States. 

5. Sketch the appearance, customs, and tribal divisions of 

the North American Indians. 

6. "What led to the re-discovery of America ? 

7. Tell the story of Columbus. 

8. Describe the consequent maritime adventures of En- 

glish, Portuguese, and Spaniards. 41-44 

9. Describe the inland explorations of Narvaez, De Soto, 

and Coronado. 45, 4<> 

10. French adventures and early attempts at settlement. 47-5 ^ 

11. What was done in New York by Champlain and the 

French missionaries ? 52 

12. Describe the Spanish explorations and settlements in 

the southwest. 53 

13. Tell something of English voyages and vain attempts 

at settlement. 54-59 

14. Describe the first English colony that kept its ground. 60-67 

15. How was Virginia governed ? 68-72 

16. Tell the story of Bacon's Rebellion, 73, 74 

17. Describe the foundation and government of Maryland. 75-78 

18. What were the movements of English Puritans and 

Independents? 79-^1 

19. How was the Plymouth Colony founded? 82-86 

20. Describe the settlements east of the Merrimac. 87, 88 

21. Describe the beginnings of INIassachusetts and Harvard 

College. 89-92 

22. How was Connecticut settled? 93, 94 

23. Describe the beginning of Rhode Island. 97, 98 

(89) 



90 

24. 

25- 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 

SC- 
S2. 

33' 
34- 
S5. 

36. 
37. 
38. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

How were religious differences regarded in Massachu- 
setts ? 

Describe the Pequod War. 

How were the several colonies governed ? 

How were Indians treated and regarded ? 

Describe King Philip's War. 

What was done by the Dutch in exploring and 
occupying New Netherlands? 

What by the Swedes ? 

What changes were made under Governors Kieft and 
Stuyvesant? 

How was New Jersey first settled ? 

On what principles was Pennsylvania founded ? 

What other colony belonged to Penn ? 

What changes occurred in England during the seven- 
teenth century? 

What was done by King Charles II. ? 

How were the Carolinas settled and governed? 

Describe the character and policy of James II. 



Section 

95-98, 104 

99, 100 

IOI-IO3 

105-107 

107, 108 

IO9-II3 

114, "5 

1 16-120 

21, 123, 142 

124-126 

127 

130-132 

133-135 

135-140 

122, 141-144 



PART II-GROWTH OF THE COLONIES. 



CHAPTER X. 

PARLIAMENTARY RULE. 



145. Eevolution in England. — ^James II. had been King of 
England only three years when the Whig or liberal party 
called his son-in-law and daughter, the Prince and Princess 
of Orange, to take his place on the throne. The accession of 
William and Mary was hailed with great joy ^ by 

the people of New England, who hastened to throw 
off the hated government of Andros and resume all their 
chartered rights. A new charter, in 1690, made the ''Old 
Colony" of Plymouth a part of Massachusetts, and added to 
the latter all the country between the eastern boundary of New 
Hampshire and the St. Lawrence. (See §§86-88.) 

146. Salem Witchcraft. ^ — One or two towns in Massachusetts 
became about this time the scene of a strange delusion. All 
the world then beHeved that a person could be possessed by 
evil spirits. The witch, or possessed person — usually some 
helpless and harmless old woman — was supposed to rise through 
her chimney at night, and ride on a broomstick or on the wings 
of the wind to some meeting of demons. Once accused, no 
one could prove her innocence; for envyand spite seized this 
opportunity to vent themselves, and even religion, which should 
be the protector of the wronged, was now turned against them. 

(91) 



92 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



147. Twenty in- 
nocent persons 
were put to death 
as witches, and 
fifty-five more 
saved themselves 
only by false con- 
fessions, before 
the people awoke 
from their horrid 
dream. Then Jus- 
tice Sewall, who 
had sentenced some of 
the accused, made public 
confession of his error in 
- the Old South Church at 
Boston, and to the end of a 
long life the good man never 
failed to renew this act of peni- 
tence at each annual Fast-day. 

148. Death of Leisler.— The Dutch people of New York were 
rejoiced when their countryman, the Prince of Orange, became 
their king In the absence of Andros and his lieutenant, they 
made Jacob Leisler their chief magistrate until instructions 
could be received from England. On the arrival of Sloughter, 
the new governor sent by William III., Leisler wanted to sur- 
render the fort to him, but Sloughter chose to consider him as a 
traitor, and in an hour of drunkenness signed a warrant for his 
execution. All the other colonies willingly acknowledged 
William and Mary as their sovereigns. 

149. The English Revolution established the principle that gov- 
ernments exist for the benefit of the people, and not for the 
selfish advantage of their rulers. It was a long step toward 
that greater revolution which made the United States independ- 




Sewall's Public Confession. 



PLANS FOR UNION. 



93 



ent of Great Britain; but for a time the colonies were subject to 
a worse despotism than before, namely, that of the English 
Parliament. 

150. Board of Trade. — In 1696 colonial matters were placed in 
charge of a ''Board of Trade and Plantations," consisting of 
five high officers of the crown and eight special commissioners. 
This Board was to study how to "make the colonies most use- 
ful and beneficial to England " ; to revise the acts of the pro- 
vincial governments; and to see how all their money was spent. 

151. Plans for Union.— 
For the sake of the com- 
mon defense, the Board 
advised a closer union of 
the colonies. Postal serv- 
ice, already existing be- 
tween Boston and New 
York, was now extended, 
and letters could be car- 
ried eight times in the year 
from Philadelphia to the 
Potomac ! William Penn 
drew up a plan for the 
union of the American 
colonies by means of a 
general congress. But the 
time had not come for 
union. If it had been 
made then, it would have been under a military despotism. 




The Postal Service in lyoo. 



152. The Navigation Acts (§133) were renewed and enforced. 
England was to be the only market and the only storehouse for 
colonial commerce. Wool, being one of the chief exports of 
England, was not to be carried out of any colony upon horse, 
cart, or ship. A sailor in want of clothes must not buy more 
than forty shillings' worth in any American port. Not a pine- 

U. S. H -6. 



94 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



''Courts of 
' were set 



Landing Slaves at 
Providence, R. I. 



tree could be felled on 
public lands except by 
the king's permission. 
Later, no iron-works 
were allowed. 

153. Courts of Admi- 
ralty. — As the colonial 
juries would not pro- 
nounce men guilty for 
breaking laws like 
these, new 
Admiralty 

up to try all offenses 
against the Navigation 
Laws. Among the greatest injuries 
inflicted by ParHament upon the south- 
ern colonies was the forced increase of 
the slave trade. Virginia and Carolina 
made many attempts to stop the importation of negroes from 
Africa. But Queen Anne, the successor of William IIL, was, 
by the terms of her treaty 3 with Spain, the greatest slave- 
merchant in the world. Many English lords, also, had large 
shares in the traffic; and for their sake Parliament forced 
every American port to receive men as merchandise. 

154. Literary Progress. — The twelve colonies now numbered 
about two hundred thousand people. When Queen Anne came 
to the throne in 1702, they had three colleges: Harvard in 
Massachusetts, Yale in Connecticut, and William and Mary in 
Virginia. There was no newspaper printed as yet upon the 
western continent; but in 1704 the Boston News Letter, the 
first American journal, was started. It was a small sheet which 
merely reported facts and never expressed opinions. There 
were but two public libraries in the whole country; one was 
in Massachusetts and the other in South Carolina. 




SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 



95 



155. Georgia. — One more was yet to be added to the cluster 
of English colonies on the Atlantic coast. The great propri- 
etors of the Carolinas (see § 135), weary of disputing with the 




James Oglethorpe. 



and political rights, gave 
crown. A part of this 
King George II. to 
* ' in trust for the 

1 ^ A. D. 1733. 

not only a fa- 
^ good and kind man. 
liament, his attention 
wretched condition of 
for debt under laws 
gland. Their sufferings 



people about rents, taxes, 
back their lands to the 
territory was given by 
General Oglethorpe ^ 
poor." Oglethorpe was 
mous soldier, but a 
As a member of Par- 
was called to the 
persons imprisoned 
then existing in En- 
seemed to him needless as well as cruel, while great, rich lands 
in America were without people; and he resolved to open 
in the New World a refuge for the unfortunate of every name. 

156. He himself came over with the first settlers, and lived 
for a year in a tent, where he afterwards laid out the broad 
avenues and spacious squares of Savan?iah. The colony was 
named Georgia, in honor of the king. The neighboring In- 
dians were treated justly, and they repaid the kindness of 
Oglethorpe by the same friendliness which their northern 
brethren had shown to Penn. German Lutherans and Mora- 
vians, Swiss Calvinists, and Scotch Covenanters were among the 
early settlers of Georgia. 

157. So long as he staid with the colony, Oglethorpe refused' 
to admit either slaves or rum, though the latter would have 
been received at a great profit in exchange for the pine-timber, 
which was the chief natural wealth of Georgia. The great 
English preachers, John s and Charles Wesley, who visited 
America in 1736, strongly opposed negro slavery; but White- 
field,^ a no less noted preacher, approved and recommended 
it; and after Oglethorpe's departure African slaves were soon 
introduced. 



96 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



^«iS» 




158. Spain, meanwhile, 
claimed the whole territory 
of Georgia as her own (§ 49). 
Foreseeing war, Oglethorpe 
built forts at Augusta, Da- 
rien, and Frederica, and 
brought a regiment of sol- 
diers from England. War 
was declared in Europe in 
1739; and in the following 
winter General Oglethorpe 
invaded Florida, took two 
fortified posts, and besieged 
St. Augustine, though with- 
out success. In return the Spaniards invaded Georgia, but 
after a severe defeat at Bloody Marsh, on St. Simon's Island, 
they sailed away to Florida with their forces much diminished. 
159. In 1743 Oglethorpe left the colony which he had spent 
ten years in founding, and returned to England, where for forty 
years he was known as a warm friend of America. Considered 
as an institution of charity, Georgia was not a success : the 
people who had failed to support themselves in England, had 
seldom the courage and industry needed for life in the wilder- 
ness. Happily, more energetic settlers were not wanting, and 
Georgia became in time one of the richest and most thriving 
colonies. 



John Wesley Preaching. 



Questions. — What was the English Revolution? How did it affect 
New England ? Tell the story of the Salem witchcraft. What was 
gained by the English Revolution ? How did Parliament govern the 
colonies? How many people were in the colonies in 1702? How many 
colleges ? Newspapers ? Libraries ? Describe the beginnings of Georgia. 
What were the Spanish claims, and their results? 

Map Exercise. — Point out, on Map No. IH., the enlarged boundaries of 
Massachusetts (§ 145). Savannah. St. Augustine. Augusta. Darien and 
Frederica. 



NOTES. 97 



NOTES. 

1. King William, as chief magistrate of Holland, had always been opposed 
to France, and as the conquest of New France was now the great ambition of 
New England, it was hoped by the latter that a common sentiment would unite 
England and the northern colonies. William III. was born at the Hague, 1650, 
his father, William II., Prince of Orange, being then Stadtholder (or governor) 
of the Dutch Republic. His mother, Mary, was a daughter of Charles I. of 
England, and sister of the two English kings, Charles II. and James II. He 
married his cousin Mary, daughter of the last-named king. She died in 1694. 

2. The spread of this delusion among intelligent people almost surpasses be- 
hef. It was not confined to America, but had a much wider prevalence in 
France, Switzerland, and Germany. In England and Scotland many thousands 
of witches were put to death during the seventeenth century, 

3. In the words of the treaty : " Her Britannic Majesty does offer and under- 
take, by persons whom she shall appoint, to bring into the West Indies of 
America belonging to his Catholic Majesty, in the space of thirty years, one hun- 
dred and forty-four thousand negroes, at the rate of four thousand eight hundred 
in each of the said thirty years." It was further agreed that all the slave-trade 
of Spanish America, as well as of the British possessions, should be in the 
Queen's hands. 

4. James Edward Oglethorpe was bom in London in 1688, and entered 
the army at the age of fourteen. He served against the Turks in 1716-17, and in 
1722 was elected to Parliament, where he held his seat for thirty-two years. In 
1765 he was made General of all His Majesty's forces, when he retired upon 
half-pay. His death occurred in 1785. 

5. John Wesley (1703-1791), was the founder of Methodism. He gradu- 
ated at O.xford in 1727, and the next year was ordained priest in the English 
Church. From 1729 to 1735 he was a teacher at Oxford, where he became the 
leader of a set of pious young men, who were called " Methodists," from their 
methodical mode of living. In 1735, Oglethorpe persuaded Wesley to go to 
Georgia as a missionary. His brother Charles and two Oxford friends went 
with him ; his chief object was the conversion of the Indians. It was upon 
this journey that Wesley met with some Moravian missionaries, and was so im- 
pressed that, immediately upon his return to England, he commenced the study 
of their doctrines, which finally led to his founding the Methodist Church. 

6. George WhitefieLD (1714-1770), an associate of the Wesleys at Ox- 
ford, was the most remarkable preacher of his day, — his audiences frequently 
numbering ten thousand persons. He was deeply interested in spreading Meth- 
odist doctrines, and visited the American colonies no fewer than seven times, 
preaching wherever he went. His death, from asthma, occurred at Newbury- 
port, Mass. 



CHAPTER XI. 



FRENCH COLONIES. 




A Jesuit Missionary. 



160. While Englishmen thus oc- 
cupied the Atlantic coast, French 
adventurers were laying the foun- 
dations of several important States 
in the great central valley, and 
along the southern shores of our 
country. Missionaries, traders, and 
soldiers were the three classes who 
planted the lily-standard of France 
by the lakes of central New York 
and the northwest, along the Mis- 
sissippi and its branches, and by 
the Mexican Gulf. The Franciscan 
and Jesuit Fathers ^ were moved by zeal for the souls of the 
savage heathen; and the chanting of the Mass in their little 
chapels broke the silence of many a w^ilderness far from the 
dwellings of white men. 

161, In 1673 rather Marqiiette,^ with six Frenchmen, made 
his way, first of Europeans, to the upper waters of the Missis- 
sippi, and descended it in 
boats as far as the mouth 
of the Arkansas. Mich- 
igan traces its origin to 
Marquette, who established 
the missions of St. Mary and 
St. Ignace. At Kaskaskia 
he became, in 1675, ^^ 
founder of Illinois. 
(98) 




French Traders in sutnmer. 



LOUISIANA. 



99 



162. lur-traders. — Next to the 
missionaries came the fur-traders, 
pushing their canoes up every 
navigable stream from the Great 
Lakes, carrying them over water- 
sheds to the headwaters of rivers 
flowing to the Mississippi; be- 
coming as hardy and skillful 
in wood-craft as the Indians 
themselves, from whom they 
received rich furs in exchange 
for knives, trinkets, axes, and 
guns. 

163. The name Louisiana was 
given to the whole Mississippi 




French Traders in winter. 




La Salle on the Lower Mississippi 



Valley by La Salle, 3 the greatest of 
French adventurers. He aimed to 
make it a vast inland empire, drawing 
its wealth from the fur-trade, and 
subject to the king of France. Build- 
ing the first ship 
^ -^ 1,1 1 A.D.1679. 

that had ever been 

seen above the Falls of 
Niagara, La Salle sailed 
through the Lakes, then 
struck inland, and, after 
many losses and disasters, 
passed through the Missis- 
sippi to the Gulf. 

164. The rrench in Texas.— 
Frenchmen were eager to 
take possession of the great 
country thus thrown open 
to them, and their *' Grand 
Monarch," Louis XIV., 4 



100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

spent more in one expedition to plant a city at the mouth of the 
Mississippi than all the English sovereigns in a hundred years 
bestowed upon their thirteen colonies. Nevertheless, it proved 
a miserable failure. The fleet passed the great river, and La 
Salle never found his way back. He was murdered by one of 
his men, and the colony which he had founded in Texas dwin- 
dled away until its site was occupied only by graves. 

165. In Mississippi and Alabama. — In 1699 Lemoine dTber- 
ville,5 with two hundred French immigrants, arrived at Biloxi, 
in the present State of Mississipj^i. Natchez^ already a cluster 
of Indian villages, became the site of Fort Rosalie, a French 
colony, two years later. In 1702 the chief French station on 
the Gulf was removed from Biloxi to the fine harbor of Mobile^ 
and the State of Alabama received its first white inhabitants. 

166. Loms XV. — The eighteenth century saw a revival of the 
scheme for a great French empire in America. The throne of 
France was inherited in 1715 by Louis XV., ^ a child five years 
old, under the regency of the Duke of Orleans. The wars and 
luxuries of Louis XIV. had left his kingdom buried in hopeless 
debts. Law, a Scotch banker, formed a wild plan for paying 
these debts with the untold wealth of Louisiana. 

167. The "Mississippi Scheme" for a time seemed successful. 
Rich and poor hastened to exchange their gold for Law's paper 
money, and the public debt disappeared as by magic. And 
though France was soon in deeper poverty than before, the 
colony prospered, for several thousands of people had mean- 
while sought homes in the New World. The city of Neiv 
Orleans, founded in 17 17, took its name from the Regent. Law 
himself secured a great tract of prairie-land on the Arkansas, 
and spent a fortune in founding a city and villages. Though 
his plan was not fulfilled, a new State was thus begun. 

168. The Natchez (§29) were superior in some respects to 
other Indians of the region, and their monarch, *'The Great 
Sun," was the proudest of native chiefs. Around him was a 



NEW ORLEANS. 



lOI 



A. D. 1729. 



race of nobles greatly respected by the people. They were 
jealous of the French, whose rapidly increasing numbers 
threatened to occupy the whole land ; especially when Chopart, 
the commander in their neighborhood, demanded for a planta- 
tion the site of their chief village, which contained their temple. 
Aided by the Chickasaws, they planned a sudden 
vengeance, and murdered in one morning two hun- 
dred Frenchmen. When the news reached New Orleans, a 
force was sent which surprised and defeated the Natchez. The 
"Great Sun" and four hundred of his subjects were sold as 
slaves to the Spaniards in Hayti. All who escaped joined 
other tribes, and the nation became extinct. 

169. New Orleans, which, in 1723, succeeded 
Mobile as the seat of French 
government in Louisiana, now 
contained 4,000 white setUers 
and 2,000 negroes. It ex- 
ported to France small quanti- 
ties of cotton, indigo, and the 
wax of the candle-berry, a 
curious production which was 
much valued in those days. Its 
chief trade, however, was in the furs 
which were collected from the north- 
ern Indians and brought down the 
great river in canoes. Discouraged by the report of the loss 
of Natchez, the Company decided that the cost of the colony 
was greater than the profit, and surrendered all its rights to the 
crown. 

170. Prencli Forts. — The French guarded their American pos- 
sessions by a chain of sixty forts from the mouth of the St. 
Lawrence to that of the Mississippi. Among the most im- 
portant, besides the citadels of Quebec and Montreal, were 
Fort St. Frederic (Crown Point), on Lake Champlain; Frontenac 




French Colonists in New Orleans. 



I02 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

near the outlet of Lake Ontario; Niagara, Detroit, Chicagou; 
forts on the present sites of Vincennes in Indiana, Memphis, 
and Natchez. 

Questions. — What three classes of Frenchmen explored America? 
What was done by Marquette ? What by the fur-traders ? Tell the plans 
and adventures of La Salle. How were Mississippi and Alabama 
founded? What was the Mississippi Scheme? What State did Law 
found? What became of the Natchez Indians? What was the early 
trade of New Orleans? Name the principal French forts. 

Map Exercise, — Point, on Map No. III., to the towns founded by Mar- 
quette (2 i6i). The French settlements on the lower Mississippi and the 
Gulf (gg 165, 167). The boundaries of French Louisiana. The chief 
military stations of the French. 

Read Parkman's Jesuits in North America and La Salle and the Dis- 
covery of the Great West. 



N OTES. 

1. Jesuit Fathers. — The "Society of Jesus" was founded by Ignatius 
Loyola in 1540. Its members were pledged to extend the Roman Catholic 
religion over the world, at whatever cost of personal sacrifice or suffering. In 
the early history of America, the exploits of Jesuit missionaries among the 
Indians furnish some of the most thrilling chapters. Their zeal for the conver- 
sion of the savages is proven by the terrible privations they endured, many of 
their number having fallen victims to exposure, starvation, and the scalping- 
knife. One of them wrote from a Canadian wilderness in 1647, after several of 
his companions had been murdered by the Iroquois, " Do not imagine we are 
cast down. We shall die ; we shall be captured, burned, butchered. Be it so. 
Those who die in their beds do not always die the best death." 

2. Jacques Marquette was born in northern France in 1637, and became 
a member of the order of Jesuits at the age of seventeen. He came as a mis- 
sionary to Canada in 1666, and with Louis Joliet, set out, in 1673, around the 
Great Lakes, to find the headwaters of the Mississippi. In due time they reached 
Green Bay, where a Jesuit mission had been established ; they ascended the Fox 
River to " the portage." A mile and a half brought them to the Wisconsin 
River ; friendly Indians helped them drag their canoes. They drifted down this 
stream for a couple of days, when they were rejoiced to see the waters of the 
great river they had come so far and toiled so hard to reach. Marquette died 
two years later, in the wilderness on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. 



NOTES. 103 

3. Robert Cavalier DE La Salle was bom at Rouen in 1643. Becom- 
ing interested in the accounts of discovery in the New World, he set out for 
Canada when twenty-three years old. Hearing from the Indians at Quebec of 
the great river of the west, the Miche Sep6, La Salle thought that it must flow 
mto the Pacific. He determmed to find out whether it did or not. His first 
expedition was in the summer of 1669, and resulted in the discovery of the Ohio 
River, which he followed to the falls at Louisville. The next year he descended 
the Illinois. The vessel which he built above Niagara Falls was named the 
" Griffin " : in this he sailed around the lakes as far as Green Bay, then coasted 
Lake Michigan, ascended the St. Joseph River,- made a portage to the Kanka- 
kee, and reached the Illinois. Just below the present site of Peoria, he built Fort 
Crevecoeur, whose name, meaning heart-break, tells of the desperate straits to 
which they were reduced. In 1680 he floated down to the Mississippi. On the 
9th of April, 1682, he set up a column near the Mississippi's mouth, bearing 
the royal arms of " Louis the Great," and claimed the vast territory which 
drains to the great river as the domain of France. Recrossing the wilderness 
to Montreal, he sailed for his native land to bring out a colony to Louisiana. 
In 1684 he left France with some three hundred adventurers, reached Matagorda 
Bay, and built a fort for protection against the Indians. Two years of ill suc- 
cess and heavy losses disheartened the settlers. They blamed La Salle for their 
sufferings, and one or two of them determined to take his life. He was killed 
in 1687, on the banks of the Trinity River in Texas. 

4. Louis XIV. was king of France for seventy-two years — A. D. 1643-1715. 
His reign, until towards its close, was marked by prosperity at home and great 
conquests abroad, while it was the most brilliant period in French literature and 
art. Until the great discoveries of La Salle, and the compliment he bestowed 
upon his king in the name given to Louisiana, Louis XIV. cared little for his 
territory in America. 

5. Lemoine DTberville, born in Montreal, 1642, early entered the French 
navy, and became distinguished as one of its ablest officers. Having won many 
victories over the British, he was chosen to plant colonies in the extreme south- 
west of New France, where La Salle had set the -arms of his king nearly twenty 
years before. After building Fort Biloxi, D' Iberville sailed for France, leaving 
his brother, Bienville, in command. He returned in A. D. 1700. D' Iberville is 
regarded as the founder of Louisiana. 

6. Louis XV. was the great-grandson of Louis XIV. His reign covered the 
period from 1715 to 1774. It was a brilliant era in French literature, but the 
court was very corrupt, and the wild speculations of the times brought about 
bankruptcy. During the reign of Louis XV., France lost all her valuable pos- 
sessions in Amexica as a result of the *' French and Indian War." (See § 194.) 



CHAPTER XII. 

INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 

T„TO ..d .l.« -■"• T,,,,°6di " Eo,op.. Fo, h« the 

'"'^^''''' .■ .■ . w.r. between ^he French and English colo- 
172. lour distinct wars between -u^ 

nies are commonly named as: 

, ^ir r. A. D. 1689-1697 

King William's War . • • • ^'^^ ,^,U^,^ 

Queen Anne's War • • • • ^^ 1744-1748 

King George's War . • _ • 'l.-n6x 

„ ^ _ -r-^^..^.. A xm Indian War i754 ^voi 



The Old French and Indian War 

A^A ;r. Fiirone bv treaties of peace, but, 

seventy-four years. . u \. A 

173. AtUck OB Scheneotady.-Durmg that time no "-^ ^"^^ J 

H52fSiSls.3 

inhabitants of 5«</.^ Ls-g^ war-whoop, to find their 
wmtry n.ght, m '690, ^X *e sa g ^^^ ^^^^^^^^_ ^^^^ 

village m flames. The few ^ho J ^^ ^^^^ ^^ 

half-clothed, over the snow to Albany. 



(104) 



CONGRESS OF THE NORTHERN COLONIES. 



105 




attack gained 
nothing but sixty 
scalps to repay 
them for twenty- 
two days' march 
through snows 
and frozen for- 
ests from Mon- 
treal. Similar 
attacks were 
made all along the north- i 
ern frontier. Hundreds 
of captives were dragged away on the 
rapid return-march to Canada, and a 
single cry of pain or fatigue was an- 
swered by a blow from the tomahawk. 

174. Congress of the Northern Colonies.— 
To put a stop to such outrages, a con- 
gress at New York of the 
northern colonies planned 
the conquest of Acadia and Canada. 
The first was accomplished by volun- 
teers from Massachusetts, who con- 
quered Port Royal; but the attempts 
against Montreal and Quebec ended in failure. At the end of 
the war all conquests were restored, but a few years later Port 
Royal was retaken and named Annapolis, in honor of the queen 
of England. Acadia also changed its name to that of Nova 
Scotia, by which the English had always called it (§88). 

175. Queen Anne's War was called in Europe the *'War of 
the Spanish Succession," and it ended in placing 
a French prince on the throne of Spain. This 
was a serious matter for the English colonies, as it united their 
French and Spanish rivals, who hemmed them in on the north, 



A. D. 1690. 




Escaping from Schenectady. 



I06 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

west, and south. Spaniards as well as French now stirred up 
the Indians to attack the English towns. 

176. In return, Governor Moore, of South Carolina, led a 
company of volunteers through the pine forests which then 

covered Georgia, and attacked the Spanish settle- 
ments on Appalachee Bay. A force of twenty- 
three Spaniards and four hundred Indians was defeated; six 
towns submitted to the English, and many of their people 
joined the South Carolina colony. A French fleet from 
Havana attempted the next year to capture Charleston, but so 
brave was the defense that the invaders had to retire with 
immense loss. The boundary between Georgia and Florida 
was pushed far south of the limit which Spain had claimed 
before the war. 

177. The settlements on Albemarle and Pamlico sounds were 
nearly destroyed by the Tuscaroras. Their wrath had been ex- 
cited by a survey of their lands for a new colony of Germans, 

and they resolved to kill all the white men. The 

war was fierce and long, but at last the Indians were 

so far subdued that they left their old hunting-grounds, and 

moving northward became the sixth nation in the League of 

the Iroquois (§26). 

178. The Prenoh in Maine. — The French still claimed the 
greater part of Maine; and their western- 
most station was at Norridgewock, on the 
Kennebec. Here Father Rale, a pious and 
learned priest, had gathered a school of 
Indian converts, who looked upon him as a 
saint. The English colonists regarded him, 
however, as a promoter of savage 
raids upon their homes, and 
several attempts were made to 
capture him. In one of these 
raids an Indian village above Death 0/ Father Rdu. 




KING GEORGE S WAR. lOJ 

Bangor, on the Penobscot, was burned to the ground. At 

length Rale's settlement was surprised by a party 

from New England ; he made no effort to escape, but 

bravely met death in protecting the retreat of his flock. His 

chapel was burnt, with all the Indian cabins. 

179. A new war soon broke out between Florida and the 
English colonies at the south. General Ogle- 
thorpe besieged St. Augustine without success ; " ' *^^^^^^^' 
the Spaniards invading Georgia, were driven from Frederica 
with great loss. (See § 158.) All the colonies north of Caro- 
lina furnished men to a great English fleet for the conquest of 
Mexico and the Spanish West Indies. Carthagena on the South 
American coast was taken, and its fortresses were thrown down; 
but there was nothing gained to balance the loss of 20,000 men. 
Nine tenths of all the colonial troops fell victims to the un- 
healthful climate. 

180. King George's "War. — These colonial contests were only a 
part of the "War of the Austrian Succession," in which nearly 
all Europe was engaged. In America it was known as " King 
George's War." Its chief event in the north was 

the capture of Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, ' * ^^"^^"^^^ ' 
then the strongest fortress in America. The main burden of 
the undertaking was borne by the farmers and fishermen of 
New England; and their success was of great service as prov- 
ing their power. In 1748 peace was restored, one of its con- 
ditions being the restoration of all conquests. Thus, eight 
years of untold suffering and loss left the boundaries of all the 
nations unchanged. 

181. The Ohio Yalley. — French forts and English settlements 
had now extended so far as to meet in the Ohio Valley. In 
1753 Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, sent George Washing- 
ton, then twenty-one years of age, to know from the French 
commander at Ft. Le Boeuf, on the Alleghany, ' ' his reasons for 
invading the British dominions." It was replied that the whole 



io8 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




country was French by right of La Salle's dis- 
coveries, and that it could and would 
be defended. Washington re- 
^i tiuz^I turned, in great peril from 
Indian bullets and floating 
ice, and the next year was 
put in command of an ex- 
pedition to finish and de- 
fend a fort already begun 
by the English at the forks 
of the Ohio. 

182. Washington's Pailure.— 
Before his arrival the French 
had seized the fort, which 
they named Du Quesne 

iras/a^^^on at Fort Le Bc.u/. ]^^n€\ in hoUOr of the gOV- 

ernor of New France. Washington surprised and defeated a 
party of the enemy ; and while awaiting the promised aid from 
A. D I ^^ colonies, he fortified his little camp in the 

''Great Meadows," and named it Fort Necessity. 
No help came, excepting a company from South Carohna; and 
Its captain, who held a commission from the king, claimed to be 
the superior of Washington, who, though a lieutenant-colonel, 
had received his rank only from the governor of Virginia. 
This unhappy disagreement ruined the expedition. Attacked 
by the French and Indians, Washington was compelled, after 
nine hours' fighting, to retreat, leaving the whole Ohio basin to 
the enemy. 

183. Union of the Colonies.— The prospect of a general war 
was now so near that the English colonies were forced to unite 
for the common defense. A convention of all the colonies 
north of the Potomac was held at Albany, and a plan of per- 
manent union was laid before it by Dr. Franklin. (See §§ 203- 
205.) It was accepted by the convention, but rejected by the 



BRADDOCK S DEFEAT. 



109 



Board of Trade in England as tending toward American inde- 
pendence; while the people themselves feared that a central 
government would interfere with the rights of each colony. 

184. rrench and Indian War. — Though the colonial troops had 
borne so much of the labor and hardship of the wars with the 
French, they were despised by the regular British officers, who 
made no account of their better knowledge of Indian modes of 
fighting, and expected to enforce the same rules in the tangled 
forests of America as upon the fields of Europe. One result 
of the French and Indian War was that American 
soldiers, while profiting by British drill, learned 
something of their own value. 



A. D. 1755-1763. 



185. Braddock's Defeat. — In 1755 a force of British and colon- 
ists undertook the capture of Fort Du Quesne (§ 182). General 
Braddock commanded, and Washington was his aid. As they 
marched through the dense woods, suddenly a swarm of savages 




u. s. H.— 7. 



Braddock's Defeat. 



no 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



seemed to spring from the earth on every side. The British 
were allowed to fire only in platoons, hitting rocks and trees 
much oftener than Indians, while the colonists, springing behind 
trees, took aim with effect. Braddock was mortally wounded, 
and his men fled, while Washington and his ''continentals" 
covered their retreat with great bravery. 

186. Three other expeditions occupied the sum- 
mer of 1755. I. The forts in Nova Scotia were 
taken; but the honor of 
the victory was effaced by 
the cruel expulsion of the 
peasantry from their 
homes. 2 These poor peo- 
ple, to the number of 
more than six thousand 
men, women, and chil- 
dren, were driven on 
board the British fleet, and 
were scattered through the 
colonies, wherever it suited 
their conquerors to leave 
them, from Maine to 
Georgia. To prevent their return, their cottages were burnt. 
II. The attempt to seize Fort Niagara failed through desertion 
by Indian allies, and the discouragement caused by Braddock's 
defeat. III. The portage between Hudson River and Lake 
Champlain was of great importance to both nations. The En- 
glish built Fort Edward on the upper waters of the river, and 

met the French, under Baron Dieskau, near the head 
of Lake George. After a frightful slaughter, Dieskau 
was defeated, wounded, and captured. The English general, 
Johnson, built Fort Williatn Henry near the field of his victory. 

187. The next two years were disastrous to Great Britain. 
Fort Oswego, with ships, cannon, valuable stores, and 1,600 




Acadian Peasants. 



Sept., 1755. 



FORT WILLIAM HENRY. Ill 

men, was taken by the Marquis of Montcalm. The Indians 
of the Ohio Valley fell upon the western settlements and made 
great havoc of life and property. They were punished, how- 
ever, by a company of brave Pennsylvanians, who destroyed 
Kittanning, the chief village of the Delawares. 

188. In 1757 Fort William Henry was taken and destroyed by 
the French under Montcalm. The garrison were promised a 
safe retreat to Fort Edward, but as soon as they came out from 
the surrendered fortress they were attacked by the savages, and 
many were killed. The French officers risked their lives and 
received many wounds in trying to put a stop to the brutality 
of their allies. ''Kill me," cried the brave Montcalm, "but 
spare these English who are under my protection." 

189. Of all North America, France now owned twenty parts in 
twenty-five, Spain y^z/r, and England one. But the misfortunes 
of the latter had arisen from the incompetency of her officials 
at home and abroad. In 1757 Williafn Fitt, a plain English 
commoner, came to the head of affairs, and soon new energy 
was felt in all English movements, from his cabinet in London 
to the battle-fields of Germany, America, and India. 

190. Englisli Disaster. — Before the tide turned, one great dis- 
aster befell the English. In July, 1758, General Abercrombie, 
with the largest army which had ever been in America, em- 
barked on Lake George for the capture of the French fort. 
Carillon, at Ticonderoga. More than a thousand boats con- 
veyed the soldiers; the cannon were mounted on rafts; and, as 
the whole force moved down the lake, with waving banners and 
gay strains of music, victory seemed certain. 

191. Montcalm commanded the French. His numbers were 
less than those of the English, but his works were strong, and 
he was foremost among his men, cheering them by example not 
less than by words, while Abercrombie remained out of sight 
and out of danger. In a skirmish, Lord Howe, 3 the bravest 




112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and best of the English officers, was killed. 
Two days later the main army was defeated, 
with a loss of nearly 2,000 men, and Gen- 
eral Abercrombie, though his force was still 
four times as large as that of the French, 
hastily retreated in ''fright and consterna- 
tion." 

192. Colonel Bradstreet, of New York, 
with difficulty obtained leave to go with a 
Montcalm. ^^^^^ colouial army against Fort Frontenac. 

He was completely successful ; the garrison surrendered, and 
an immense quantity of stores and cannon, designed for Fort 
Du Quesne, was captured or destroyed. A few 
A. D. 1758. j^onths later the last-named fort was taken by an 
advanced guard under Washington's command, and was named 
Pittsburgh in honor of the great English statesman. The same 
year Louisburg, with the islands of Cape Breton and Prince 
Edward, were conquered by the combined forces of Old and 
New England, and France never regained a foothold on the 
eastern coast. 

193. Capture of Quebec. — The great event of the war was the 
capture of Quebec in 1759. Quebec is the strongest natural 
fortress on the continent, 4 and the key to all Canada. Mont- 
calm, watchful and brave, made the most of every advantage 
for defense ; and for two months the British forces lay beneath 
the steep heights, surrounded by enemies and scarcely hoping 
for success. 5 The quick eyes of General Wolfe, the brave 
young British commander, at length discovered a path up the 
cliff so narrow as hardly to allow of two men walking abreast, 
and so steep that they needed the aid of projecting roots and 
branches in the ascent. Landing by night, Wolfe sent a small 
party up the cliff. These overpowered the guards on the 
heights, when Wolfe followed with his army, and surprised 
Montcalm at daybreak by the unwelcome spectacle of glittering 
rows of bayonets drawn up in perfect order on the "Plains 




WOLFE AND MONTCALM. II3 

of Abraham." The two armies were equal 
in numbers, but the EngHsh were superior 
in discipHne, and the French were soon 
thrown into confusion. Both Wolfe ^ and 
Montcalm 7 received mortal wounds. As 
Wolfe was carried off the field, he heard a 
shout, "They run! they run!" "Who 
run?" he whispered. "The French." He 
gave some last orders, then sighed, " Now 
God be praised, I die happy ! " and ex- 
pired. Montcalm asked his surgeon how iVoi/e. 
long he had to live. "Ten or twelve hours, perhaps less," was 
the reply. "So much the better," he rejoined. "I shall not 
see the surrender of Quebec." 

194. Treaty of Paris. — The attempt of the French, next year, 
to retake their great fortress was defeated by the arrival of a 
large British fleet. Three English armies were sent against 
Montreal, which surrendered in September, 1760. By the Peace 
of Paris, signed in February, 1763, France surrendered to 
Great Britain all the country north of the St. Lawrence and the 
Great Lakes, with the provinces south of that river, now in- 
cluded in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and eastern Maine, and 
all lands east of the Mississippi. Spain ceded Florida to En- 
gland, and received from France all the lands west of the Mis- 
sissippi. "Of all her boundless territories in North America, 
nothing was left [to France] but the two island rocks on the 
coast of Newfoundland that the victors had given her for dry- 
ing her codfish." (See §189.) 

195. The Conspiracy of Pontiac. — The Indian allies of the 
French did not at once accept the peace. Pontiac, the great 
Ottawa chief, enraged at the transfer of his lands from one 
European power to another, stirred up a great conspiracy of 
the tribes on the lakes for the destruction of all the English 
garrisons. Eight forts were captured. Hundreds of settlers 
were murdered along the western borders of Pennsylvania, 



I 14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Maryland, and Virginia. Detroit was saved by an Indian 
girl who revealed the plot in time, but it had to stand an eight- 
months' siege. At length the savage confederacy was broken 
tip, and Pontiac was slain while on a visit to the lUinois. 

Questions. — How did America suffer from European wars? What four 
wars in seventy-four years ? Describe an Indian attack. What was done 
to stop such attacks? What is now the name of Port Royal? Of 
Acadia ? What resulted from Queen Anne's War ? What was done in 
Florida? What became of the Tuscaroras? Tell the story of Father 
Rale. Where was war waged between Spaniards and Englishmen ? De- 
scribe the chief event of King George's War. What was gained by this 
war? Tell about Washington's errand in the Ohio Valley. What was 
done at Fort Necessity ? What attempt was made towards a union of 
colonies ? Why did it fail ? What did British officers think of colonial 
troops? Describe Braddock's defeat. What was done in Nova Scotia ? 
What at Niagara and Lake George? What was lost in 1756 and 1757? 
How was North America now divided ? Who was Pitt ? Tell the story 
of Abercrombie's expedition. Of Bradstreet's. What forts were taken 
from the French ? Tell about the siege and capture of Quebec. What 
was done in the treaty of Paris, 1763? Tell the story of Pontiac. 

Map Exercise. — Trace,on Map No. HI., the nearest route from Montreal 
to Albany. Point out Annapolis, N. S. Bangor. The Kennebec. The 
Penobscot. Cape Breton Island. Louisburg. Fort Du Quesne. Pitts- 
burgh. Lake George. Fort William Henry. Fort Edward. Oswego. 
Niagara. Detroit. Ticonderoga. Quebec. On Map No. I., Havana. 
The change of boundaries by the Peace of Paris. 

Read Volume I. of Irving's Life of Washington. Bancroft's History 
of the United States, Volumes II. and HI. Parkman's Conspiracy of 
Pontiac and Montcalm and Wolfe. Longfellow's Evangeline. 



NOTES. 

T. Many French officers regarded these Indian allies with a horror almost 
equal to that of the victims. The savages tormented. killed,and ate their English 
captives, in spite of the entreaties and commands of the French. They scorned 
all control ; the most important war-movement had to await their whims, and if 
they chose to butcher and devour the cattle provided for the army, no officer 
dared object, lest they should desert in a body. " Their paradise was to be 



NOTES. 115 

drunk," and, when mad with hquor, " they grappled and tore one another with 
their teeth hke wolves." 

2. Parkman ends his account of Acadia by saying: "The agents of the 
French court had made some act of force a necessity. They conjured up the 
tempest, and when it burst upon the heads of the unhappy people, they gave 
no help. The government of Louis XV. began with making the Acadians its 
tools, and ended by making them its victims." To do justice to both sides, one 
must read Chapters IV. and VIII. of Montcalm and Wolfe in connection with 
Evangeline. 

3. " Pitt meant that the actual command of the army should be in the hands 
of Lord Howe, and he was in fact its real chief, ' the noblest Englishman that 
has appeared in my time, and the best soldier in the British army," says Wolfe. 
The army felt him, from general to drummer-boy. While bracing it by stringent 
discipline, he broke through the traditions of the service and gave it new shapes 
to suit the time and place. ' In Lord Howe the soul of General Abercrombie's 
army seemed to expire.' The death of one man was the ruin of fifteen thou- 
sand." — Parkman. 

4. Quebec is built partly on and partly at the foot of a promontory, and is 
divided into what are known as the "Upper" and the " Lower" Town, — the 
Upper Town being surrounded by a heavy wall. The highest point of the 
promontory is 333 feet above the river, and here are built the fortifications which 
have given to Quebec the name, " The Gibraltar of America." " A hundred men 
posted there," said Montcalm, " would stop a whole army, for we need not sup- 
pose that the enemy have wings." The "Plains of Abraham" are the open 
fields on top of the promontory, outside the walls. 

5. On the 31st of July Wolfe made an unsuccessful attack on Montcalm's 
forces, which were drawn up in front of the Lower Town. The instant the 
English landed from their boats, they rushed forward without forming in line or 
waiting for orders. Volley after volley mowed them down, and a great storm 
bursting over the town made the steeps too slippery to climb. A retreat was 
ordered, but the flower of Wolfe's army was left on the bloody field. 

6. James Wolfe (1727-1759), entered the English army as a second lieu- 
tenant at the age of fifteen. He distinguished himself as a brigadier-general at 
the siege of Louisburg (^ 180), and Pitt selected him to command the expedition 
against Quebec, making him a major-general, with a force of 8,000 men and a 
strong fleet. 

7. Louis Joseph Montcalm de Saint-Veran (i7i2-i759),was a French 

marquis. He entered the army when fourteen years old, and gained distinction 
in several European wars. In 1756 he took command in Canada, and gained 
victories over the much larger and better forces of the English. His own troops 
were mainly raw Canadian volunteers, brave, but without experience or dis- 
cipline, poorly clad and half starved. Montcalm received his mortal wound 
within a few moments after Wolfe's fall. A monument common to the memory 
of the two generals now adorns Quebec. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



LITERATURE AND GENERAL PROGRESS. 




196. It may be supposed that 
the first settlers in America 
found enough to do in clearing 
the wilderness and making the 
laws under which their children 
were to live, without writing 
books. But so anxious were 
they to be remembered and 
understood in England, and to 
be strengthened by new parties 
of emigrants ; so full of wonder 
and delight in the new world 

An Early Printing Press. ^^^^ ^^g thrOWU OpCn tO them, 

and so desirous that their children should not lack the ad- 
vantages that they would have enjoyed at home, that a mass of 
literature does in fact date from the very earliest years of the 
colonies. 

197. The first book written in America was Captain John Smith's 
(§§61-64) True Relation of Virginia, which he sent home in 
1608. A few months later he dispatched to the London Com- 
pany a report of the Jamestown Colony, with a map of Chesa- 
peake Bay and the rivers flowing into it, and a very bVely 
description of the surrounding country. In spite of the hanger 
and hardship of those early years, he declares that "Heaven 
and earth never agreed better to frame a place for man's habi- 
tation." 



EARLY MINISTERS AND HISTORIANS. 



117 



198. Besides many other descriptive works, Virginia made 
one contribution to elegant letters; for George Sandys, treasurer 
of the colony, A. D. 1621-1625, amused himself during his 
absence from polished society, and the horrors of the Indian 
massacre (§69) by translating Ovid into English verse. The 
Roman poet had been an exile in a savage country near the 
Black Sea, and doubtless his translator sympathized with his 
condition. 

199. The Ministers. — No class of men 
contributed so much to the mental growth 
of New England as the ministers of re- 
ligion. All were educated men, and 
some of them were noted 
for great learning. As there 





were yet no newspa- 
pers nor courses of 

lectures and few new John Cottoti^s Church in Boston, Mass. 

books, ministers were the authors of public opinion, teaching 
their people how to think as well as how to believe and act. 
Among the greatest was Rev. John Cotton, who came to the 
Massachusetts Colony in 1633. He had been rector of St, 
Botolph's at Boston, in England, and it was in compliment to 
him that the chief settlement had received its name. He was 
thought to be the " mightiest man in New England," and 



Il8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

'* whatever he deUvered in the pulpit was soon put into an 
order of court." 

Next were Thomas Hooker (§93), whose saintly and kingly 
presence gave courage and hope to all ; Thomas Shepard, minis- 
ter of Cambridge; President Chauncey, of Harvard; — all men 
of great learning. Increase Mather, another Harvard president, 
represented his fellow colonists in England during the trouble- 
some reign of James H. (§§ 141-143). His son, Cotton Mather, 
entered Harvard College at eleven years of age, already a great 
reader of Latin and Greek. In later life he wrote a vast 
number of books, of which the chief was his "Magnalia," or 
rehgious history of New England. Another was named 
'' Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcraft." 

200. Historians. — Goi^ernor Bradford, of Plymouth (§ 85), may 
be called the father of American history. His "History of 
Plymouth Plantation " is a noble record of events in which he 
took part. The "Journal" and "Addresses" of Governor 

Winthrop, of Massachusetts Bay, are interesting memorials of 
that fine lawyer and good man, who gave large wealth and 
great abilities to the service of the colony. His son, John 

Winthrop, Jr., rendered equal service to Connecticut (§94). 

201. Yale College. — Elihu Yale, a later governor of Connecti- 
cut, gave generously to the college which bears his name; but 
its origin is due to ten clergymen, who, bringing each a few 
books from his own scanty library, met at Branford, in 1700, 
and laying their gifts upon a table, said, "I give these books 
for the founding of a college m this colony." The first terms 
were held at Wethersfield, later ones at Saybrook; but in 17 16 
the college was planted on its present site at New Haven. 

College of William and Mary. — ^The desire of the Virginians to 
have a college for their sons was long baffled by such govern* 
ors as Berkeley (see note 2, page 52). The House of Bur* 
gesses, however, set apart lands for the support of a college, 
and in 1692 the long wished-for charter was obtained from King 



JONATHAN EDWARDS. II9 

William and Queen Mary, together with grants of money, land, 
and permanent duties on tobacco. The college took the name 
of its royal benefactors, and was established at Williamsburg, 
A. D. 1693. 

Other Colleges. — Four more colleges were founded during our 
second colonial period: at Ffinc^ton, N. /., in 1746; King's, 
now Columbia, College, in New YorK, 1754; one at Philadelphia, 
now the University of Pennsylvania, 1755; and that of Rhode 
Island, now Brown University, 1764. These colleges, even in 
their early years, did good service by training the men who 
were to be the fathers of the Republic.^ 

202. Jonathan Edwards. — Among the writers of the later 
colonial period the greatest, perhaps, was Jonathan Edwards 
(1703-1758), whose "Essay on the Freedom 
of the Will" revealed to the world the most 
acute and original mind which America had 
produced. It was written at the little village 
of Stockbridge, Mass., where he was acting 
as missionary to the Indians. His childnood 
was remarkable. Before he was thirteen 
years old he had read many works in Latin, 
Greek, and Hebrew, besides the most learned 
of English books; while his observations in Jonathan Edwards. 
Natural History show that his studies had not been confined to 
printed pages. He was graduated at seventeen from Yale Col- 
lege, preached in New York before he was twenty, was twenty- 
four years pastor at Northampton, Mass. , and became president 
of Princeton College two months before his death. His won- 
derful power as a preacher was thought to be due to his "im- 
mense preparation, long forethought, careful writing of every 
word, touching earnestness, and holy life." 

203. Franklin. — But the mind which most perfectly repre- 
sented and most strongly influenced the American character 
was that of Benjamin Franklin,'' the printer-boy of Boston, the 




I20 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



self-taught sage of Philadelphia, the representative of the col- 
onies at London, the embassador of the United States at Paris, 
whose plain good sense, genial humor, and honest self-respect 
made him the favorite of all ranks and classes. He had accus- 
tomed himself from boyhood to write on public affairs, and his 
pamphlets on the interests of England and the rights of the 

colonies were read with 
great attention on both 
sides of the ocean. Ex- 
amined by Parliament in 
1765 concerning the prob- 
able effect of the Stamp 
Act in America (§220), 
he replied with so much 
firmness, dignity, and in- 
telligence that even the 
bitterest enemies of the 
colonies were forced to 
heed his arguments. 

204. His most popular 
work was "Poor Rich- 
ard's Almanac," whose 
numbers were afterwards shortened and reprinted in one volume 
called "The Way to Wealth." It contains a fund of homely 
wisdom, and Franklin himself believed the rapid increase of 
prosperity in Philadelphia was due to the fact that the people 
read and followed his good advice. (See note 4, page 175.) 

205. Among his great services to his country was the postal 
service, which he organized as early as 1754- "Every penny 
stamp is a monument to Franklin." His simple experiment 
with the kite, proving lightning and thunder to be caused by 
electric currents, and his invention of the lightning-rod, gave 
him a high place among scientific men. His philosophical 
writings are in the same clear language as his charming story of 




Benjamin Franklin. 



SCIENCE. 



121 



his own life and his almanac, for he aimed to make wisdom use- 
ful rather than stately. 

206. Science. — From the beginning the colonies contained 
many noted students of natural science. The soils, minerals, 
plants, and animals of the new continent were all objects of 
keen research. Linnaeus, the noted Swedish naturalist, declared 
John Bartmm, the Quaker gardener of Philadelphia, to be the 
"greatest natural botanist in the world." Virginia and the 
more southerly colonies had several botanists of European fame. 
But the scientific reputation of America was established when 
Franklin, \n 1744, drew about him other gentlemen of like 
tastes, and formed the American Philosophical Society. It was 
an important bond of union among the best men in all the 
colonies. 

207. John Woolman is known only by his '* Journal," with a few 
tracts and letters; but these are of value as expressing the pure 
uprightness of the early "Friends," and justifying the great 
influence they had upon the national character. Woolman's 
efforts went far to put an end to slave-holding among Quakers. 
He was born in West Jersey, 1720, and died in England, 1773. 

208. Pamphlets on (questions concerning government and popular 
rights were the most valuable part 
of American literature during the 
second colonial period. The theory 
of a great, free nation was slowly 
forming in some of the best minds 
of the age ; and the American state 
papers of the next generation were 
ranked in England among the wisest 
of all ages. 

209.' Colonial Habits.— All the col- 
onies had greatly increased in wealth 
by industry and frugal living, while Colonial Costumes 0/ n^o. 




122 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Still among the mass of the people food, dress, and furniture 
were of the simplest kind. Clothing was usually homespun 
and home-woven from the wool of their own flocks or the flax 
of their own fields. Yet there were some families in every 
colony that imported costly furniture and 
silver-plate from Europe, 
and even plain people often 
spent their slow savings in 
strings of gold beads or in 
laces and satins for great 
occasions. In some colo- 
nies clothing was limited by 
law to the means of the 
wearer : the grave magis- 
trates had much trouble 
with the silken hoods and 
gowns of the women, the 

*' great boots," gold but- Reding Flax. 

tons, and ornamented belts of the men; but if the accused 
could prove that their wealth warranted the cost, they were dis- 
missed without a fine. 

210. In New England especially "plain living and high think- 
ing " were the rule. Great respect was paid to educated men. 
Ministers and magistrates, — with their sons, if 
college-bred, — alone bore the title of Mister;^ 
Goody, — a* contraction for Goodman or Good- 
wife, — was the mode of address for ordinary 
people. Those who broke the laws were «— ^ 
punished without the least regard to their 
station in life. The Pillory was a wooden 
frame in which the 
head and hands of 
the offender were 
held fast, while he was ex- ^'^~^ 
posed to the taunts and sneers of the The stocks. 





EARLY ROADS AND MANUFACTURES. 



123 



crowd. In the Stocks, the feet were similarly held. In Vir- 
ginia, as in the mother-country, this was a common penalty for 
religious dissent. When two men quarreled in the Plymouth 
Colony, they were bound together, head to head and foot to 
foot, for twenty-four hours. In New York a scolding wife was 
made to stand all day before the door of her house, having her 
tongue held in a cleft stick. 

211. Eoads, in all parts of the country, were few and poor. 
Whole families went to church through the woods on horseback, 
the wife, sometimes with a child on her lap, sit- ^ i 
ting on a pillion behind her husband. In exposed ^' =^ 
settlements the father carried 
his gun and left it at the 
church door in the care of "-'A'^l^ 
the sentinel who watched ^-- 
for hostile Indians. Long 
journeys were made, if pos- 
sible, by water, but stage- 
coaches ran between Boston 
and Providence, and be- 
tween New York and Phila- 
delphia. Like English 
coaches of the same kind, 
they were called "flying-machines." 

212. Manufactures. — At first nearly 
all the people in the colonies were 
farmers or fishermen; but necessity soon compelled them to 
make salt, glass, paper, farmers' tools, shoes, hats, and gun- 
powder; and, though almost every home had its loom, cloth 
factories were also set up. Circumstances favored inventive 
talent, for which Americans have always been famous. New 
England had a saw-mill one hundred and thirty years before 
one was built in the mother-country. But England, far from 
encouraging manufactures in the colonies, checked and hin- 
dered them, lest they should become rivals of her own. 




Going to Church 



124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

213. Commerce and Piracy. — The first product of New England 
which reached Europe was a cargo of sassafras root, taken by 
Gosnold (§59) in 1602. Before long, furs, fish, lumber, corn, 
rice, and tobacco furnished freight for multitudes of ships ; and 
a lively trade sprang up with England and among the colonies. 
This was seriously molested by pirates, whose black flags were 
met on all the seas. To stop this piracy the British Admiralty, 
in 1696, ordered Captain Kidd^ with a ship to the East Indies. 
But Kidd, after retaking several prizes, turned pirate himself. 
For two years he pursued a reckless career of robbery, but he 
was at length brought to justice, and was hanged in London. 

214. Koyal Officials. — In a review of civil affairs, it can ijot 
be said that England ever sent her best men to govern in 
America. Younger sons of great families, who were too stupid 
or too vicious to find places at home, were made governors, 
secretaries, or treasurers in the colonies, and used their offices 
for making their fortunes as rapidly as possible. Such, in New 

York, was the haughty but imbecile Lord Corn- 

A. D. 1702-1709. , ■ r ^ K 1 T 1 • 

bury, a cousin of Queen Anne, who turned to his 
own use the funds voted for the defense of the harbor, and told 
the Colonial Assembly that it had no rights but such as the 
queen was pleased to allow it. He was more useful to the 
colony, however, than a better governor might have been, for 
he taught the people to stand for their rights. Here and there 
a royal officer may have been more just and kind, but as a 
class they regarded their own interests first, England's next, 
but a long way after, and those of the colonies last of all. 
Even at home those who had charge of colonial affairs were 
usually less wise than great. The Duke of Newcasde, who for 

twenty-four years was minister for British America, 
A. D. 1724-1748 ^^^^ j^.^ position partly to his stupidity, the prime 
minister fearing to have able men about him. The duke is 
said to have directed letters to the " Island of New England," 
and to have been unable to tell whether Jamaica is in the 
Mediterranean Sea or elsewhere. 



NOTES. 125 

Questions. — Did the first settlers in America write books ? Name some 
writings of John Smith. One, of George Sandys. What good was done 
by ministers in New England ? Name some of the more important ones. 
What governors have left writings ? How was Yale College founded ? 
How, when, and where was the College of William and Mary established? 
Name four other colleges in the colonies. What can be said of the life 
and writings of Jonathan Edwards? Describe Franklin's self-training 
and his influence. His writings. His public services and discoveries in 
science. What can be said of science in the colonies ? By what work is 
John Woolman known ? On what subjects did Americans write best, and 
why? How did the colonists clothe themselves and furnish their houses? 
What titles did they use ? What punishments were customary ? How 
did they travel to church and elsewhere ? What manufactures were car- 
ried on in the colonies? What products were sent abroad? Tell the 
story of Captain Kidd. What kinds of Englishmen tried to govern 
America? 

Points for Essays .—^c^n^% in the life of Franklin. Journal of a voyage 
from Boston to Philadelphia, calling at New York, in 1720. 

Read Volumes I. and II. of Tyler's History of American Literature. 
Volume I. of Duyckinck's CydopcEdia of American Literature. Franklin's 
Autobiography. Palfrey's or Elliott's History of New England. Irving's 
History of New York by Dietrich Knickerbocker. Longfellow's Courtship 
of Miles Standish and New England Tragedy. Whittier's Margaret Smith'' s 
Journal, Mabel Martin, and The Changeling. Hawthorne's Twice Told 
Tales, and other stories of the colonies in New England. McMaster's 
History of the A?nerican People, Vol. I., and articles on colonial manners 
and customs by John Fiske, T. V/. Higginson, John Esten Cooke, Geo. 
W. Cable, Edward Eggleston, and others, in Harper^s and The Century 
magazines, 1876-1883. 

NOTES. 

1. During the same period " there had been established in the American colo- 
nies at least forty-three newspapers, — one in Georgia, four in South Carolina, two 
in North Carolina, one in Virginia, two in Maryland, five in Pennsylvania, eight 
in New York, four in Connecticut, three in Rhode Island, two in New Hamp- 
shire, and eleven in Massachusetts." — Tylers History of American Literature. 

2. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), is described as "the most uniformly 
readable writer of English who has yet appeared on this side of the Atlantic. 
No man ever possessed in a greater degree the gift of putting an argument into 

U. S. H.-8. 



126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

an anecdote." During his long public career, Benjamin Franklin accepted very 
little reward for his services. He drew principally upon his private fortune for 
expenses. To show his faith in the value of the continental loan, he invested 
^15,000 in its bonds. When president of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 
he devoted his entire salary to charities. Franklin was a signer of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, and one of the framers of the Constitution. 

3. This honorable title was sometimes taken away for misdemeanor. Thus, 
a minute of a town-council reads : " It is ordered that Josias Plastowe shall (for 
stealing four baskets of corn from the Indians) return them 8 baskets again, be 
fined 5 pounds, and hereafter be called by the name of Josias, and not Mister, 
as he used to be." 

4. Captain Kidd is regarded as the ideal pirate, — a man without feeling, a 
buccaneer of the high seas ; but he probably was not so bad as is generally sup- 
posed. When Kidd set out under Admiralty orders to suppress piracy, King- 
William was to receive one tenth of the profits of the cruise, and Governor Bel- 
lomont of New York eight tenths, leaving but one tenth for himself. This 
proved so unprofitable to the captain that he sailed for the coasts of Africa and 
Asia, and began to privateer on his own account. In 1699 he boldly returned to 
American waters, and sailed into Long Island Sound, Delaware Bay, and several 
bays along the New England coast. He even appeared in the streets of Boston, 
when he knew a large reward was offered for his arrest. Within a week he was 
seized and sent to jail. He was taken to London, where his trial and execution 
occurred, A. D. 1701. 



English Sovereigns during the Second Colonial Period. 

William III., A. D. 1689-1702, and Mary II., 1689-1694, called by 
Whigs to the throne, gladly proclaimed by colonies (§§ 145, 148) ; charter 
William and Mary College (§201). 

Anne, A. D. 1702-17 14, takes contract for supplying Spanish West 
Indies with African slaves (§ 153) ; sends Lord Cornbury to govern New 
York (^214), 

George I., A. D. 17 14-1727, Elector of Hanover, in Germany. 

George XL, A. D, 1 727-1 760, grants Georgia to Oglethorpe in trust 
for the poor (^ 155) ; has part in the War of Austrian Succession, known 
in America by his name (^ 180). 

George III., A. D. 1 760-1820, of despotic temper, but loyally re- 
garded by Americans (^219). See also ^^231, 235, 244, 251. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.— Part II. 



Section 



1. What were the causes and results of the English 

Revolution of 1688? 

2. Describe the witchcraft delusion. 

3. Describe the policy of Parliament toward the colonies. 

4. How many American colleges and libraries in the 

time of Queen Anne ? 

5. Describe the founding of Georgia. 

6. Sketch the course of French discoveries in the Mis- 

sissippi Valley. 

7. Sketch the course of colonization on the Gulf. 

8. Name the chief French military stations. 

9. Name the four wars between the English and French 

colonies, giving their dates. 

10. Describe King William's War in America, and state 

its results. 

11. Describe Queen Anne's War. 

12. What were the chief events of King George's War? 

13. Give the preliminary events of the French and 

Indian War. 

14. Name the chief events in the French and Indian 

War. 

15. What territories were acquired by England, and 

what by Spain ? 

16. Describe the conspiracy of Pontiac. 

17. Name some of the first books written in Virginia. 

18. Who were some of the most distinguished clergymen 

in New England ? 

19. What can you tell of Governor Bradford and other 

distinguished governors ? 

20. Who founded Yale College ? 



45, 


148, 


149 




146, 


147 




150- 


■153 

154 




155- 


-159 




160-164 




165- 


-169 
170 



72 



171, 173, 
175- 
179, 


174 

-178 
180 


181- 


-183 


184- 


-193 


196- 


194 

195 
-198 



199 

200 
201 



(127) 



128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



21. What was the origin of the College of William and 

Mary? 

22. Name the first seven colleges in America. 

23. What can you tell of Jonathan Edwards? 

24. Describe the character and public services of Franklin. 

25. What is said of John Bartram ? 

26. What can you tell of other colonial writers ? 

27. Describe the customary dress, manners, and employ- 

ments in the colonies. 

28. What restrictions and interruptions to commerce? 133, 

29. What is said of the royal officials? 



Section 





201 


92, 


201 




202 


203 


-206 




206 


207, 


208 


209- 


-212 


152, 


213 




214 



PART III.-WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 




William Pitt. 



215. French Predictions.— '' We have caught 
them at last," said the French prime minister, 
as he signed away nearly half of North 
America to the English (§ 194). '' I am 
persuaded," said another French nobleman, 
when he heard of the act, *'that England 
will soon repent of having removed the only 
check that could keep her colonies in awe. 
They stand no longer in need of her protec- 
tion; she will call upon them to contribute 
toward supporting the burdens they have helped to bring upon 
her, and they will answer by striking off all dependence." 

216. Taxing the Colonies. — These words were fulfilled. The 
English public debt was doubled by the French and Indian 
War (§184), and a plan was revived for taxing the colonies 
with a share of the expense. Now it was well agreed in 
England that the "power of the purse" belonged to the peo- 
ple; /. <?., that taxes could be laid only by the representatives 
of the whole nation; and violation of this rule had cost one 
king his head (§§130, 131). 

217. The colonists insisted upon their privilege as English- 
men, — that as they were not represented in the British Parlia- 

(129) 



130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ment, they could not be taxed by it, but only by their own 
assemblies; and some of the best men in England said that 
they were right. 

218. Though hard things must be said of the British govern- 
ment as it was then carried on, we ought never to forget that 
our fathers were able to repel English injustice because they 
had been trained to the rights and duties of Englishmen. They 
hoped at first that the French colonists on the St. Lawrence, so 
few years subject to the heavy yoke of England, would join 
them in seeking independence. But under French rule there 
had been no town-meetings, no colonial assemblies; and the 
people lacked the spirit to resist even a government which they 
hated. 

219. George III., a narrow-minded and obstinate young king, 
was now on the throne of Great Britain. He hated Pitt,^ the 
friend of America; and his ruHng purpose was to exalt kingly 
authority at the expense of all popular rights. Yet Harvard 
College celebrated his coming to the throne by a volume of 
loyal poems in Latin, Greek, and English, promising so to train 
her sons ''that they may be in their future stations grateful as 
Avell as useful subjects to the best of kings." Harvard soon 
saw reason to change her mind. 

220. The Stamp Act. — In 1765 the famous "Stamp Act" was 
made a law. All law-papers were to bear a government stamp, 
costing from threepence to thirty dollars, according to their im- 
portance; every newspaper and pamphlet must be stamped, 
and every advertisement must pay a tax. The day set for the 
Stamp Act to go into effect was treated by the colonies as a day 
of mourning. Bells tolled, flags were lowered, and business 
was stopped. 

221. Declaration of Eights. — In the Virginia House of Bur- 
gesses Patrick Henry carried resolutions declaring that the right 
to tax the colonies rested solely with the Colonial Assemblies. 
Delegates from nine colonies met at New York in October, 



THE STAMP ACT. 



131 



1765, and prepared a Declaration of Rights, with addresses to 
the king and Parliament, protesting against the unjust Act. 

222. The Stamp Act was repealed a year after its passage, but 
new taxes were laid on tea, glass, paper, and painters' materials. 
The government was authorized to send soldiers to America, 
and the colonists were required to house and feed them. Two 
British regiments were sent to Boston, which was looked upon 
as a ''hot-bed of revolt." Fights took place, in one of which, 




The Boston Massacre. 



called the ''Boston Massacre," several citizens were killed. 
The soldiers who had fired on the mob were tried for murder 
in the colonial court, but they had a fair hearing, their cause 
being defended by some of the best lawyers in the colony. 
All but two were acquitted on the ground that they had fired 
in self-defense, and the two were only branded on the hand. 

223. In North Carolina the general discontent was made worse 
by the misconduct of the royal governor and his officials, who 



132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

shamelessly robbed the people. The "Regulators," — colonial 
volunteers who attempted to put a stop to this robbery, — were 
defeated by Governor Tryon with a British force, and many 
were slain, while their property went to enrich the governor. 
Disgusted with his tyranny, many of the planters left the setded 
limits of the colony, bought lands of the Cherokees to the west- 
ward, and founded what is now the State of Tennessee,'' A. D. 
1772. 

224. The old laws hindering colonial industry were in full 
force. Iron, which abounded in Pennsylvania, could neither 
be sent to England nor be manufactured at home. The rich 
pine forests of the southern colonies were made almost useless 
by act of Parliament, for neither tar nor turpentine nor staves 
could be made, nor could any tree be cut down without the 
king's permission. Foreign goods could be bought only of 
English merchants, and were loaded with taxes for the enrich- 
ing of the mother-country. The common sense of the people 
rebelled against such laws. 

225. Khode Island and the Eevenne Laws. — Rhode Island, with 
its bays and inlets, was well suited for smuggHng, /. ^., evading 
the revenue laws. Moreover, it was the only colony whose 
governor at the time of the Revolution was chosen by its own 
people. All other governors were appointed by the king. A 
governor had the right to grant flags of truce; and, during the 
French and Indian war, Newport merchants had sailed under 
these flags, not only as privateers but as smugglers. To stop 
this lawless traffic, the British schooner Gaspee was ordered, in 
1772, to lie at the entrance of Narragansett Bay, and question 
every craft that floated in or out, from tiny market-boats to 
great East Indiamen. 

226. Burning of the Gaspee. — Having run aground by accident, 
the Gaspee was seized by eight boat-loads of citizens from Prov- 
idence; her officers and crew were bound and taken on shore, 
and the schooner was burnt. Though a reward of $5,000 was 



THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. 



133 



offered for the detection of 
any of the citizens con- 
cerned in the affair, and 
though almost every child 
in Providence knew the 
open secret, not a name 
was ever reported to the 
king's commissioners, and 
the inquiry was dropped. 

227. Taxes on Tea.— Sur- 
prised at the firmness of the 
colonists, Parliament, in 
1773, repealed all taxes, 
excepting that of three- 
pence a pound upon tea, and so arranged mat- 
ters with the East India Company that this article 
could be sold cheaper in America than in En- 
gland. But the colonists were contending for princi- 
, ■;,' pies, not pence. New York aiid Philadelphia sent the 
■ , tea-ships home with all. their cargoes on board. Boston, 
being held by British troops, could not do this ; but 
after a great meeting in Faneuil Hall, 3 a party of men 
disguised as Indians boarded the vessels and threw all the tea 
into the harbor. 

228. The "Boston Tea Party" caused great wrath in England. 
Parliament forbade all vessels to enter or leave the port of 
Boston, and great distress fell upon the laborers who were thus 
deprived of work. Instead of profiting by their neighbor's 
loss, Salem and Marblehead offered their wharves for the use 
of the Boston merchants. Tokens of sympathy poured in 
from all the colonies : even far-off Georgia and South Carolina 
sent money and cargoes of rice to relieve the suffering poor in 
the northern city. 

229. The House of Burgesses in Virginia appointed a solemn 




134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

fast on the day when the " Boston Port Bill" was to go into 
effect. The governor then dissolved the assembly, but its mem- 
bers met in another building, and voted that the attack upon 
Massachusetts threatened ruin to all the colonies alike, and 
advised united resistance. In England Mr. Pitt, now the Earl 
of Chatham, urged Parliament not to oppress three millions of 
people for the acts of thirty or forty. 

230. First Continental Congress. — The ''Sons of Liberty," who 
had organized themselves in each of the colonies, now resolved 

to unite. In September, 1774, the First 
Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. 
Fifty-three of the best and ablest men in the 
country were there; men deeply learned in 
English law, and who knew well that king 
and Parliament were breaking the laws which 
they had sworn to execute. Awed by a 
feeling of the tremendous results which de- 
pended upon their conduct, a long and deep 
Patrick Henry, gileuce fell ou all the members of the As- 
sembly. It was broken by Patrick Henry, ^ of Virginia, — the 
greatest orator of his day, — who spoke of the wrongs of the 
colonies with fiery eloquence, and yet with strict truth. 

231. A petition to the king, and separate addresses to the 
people of Great Britain and of Canada, were voted. While de- 
claring their affection for the king, Congress protested against 
the keeping of armies in America without the consent of the 
people, and resolved to stop all trade with England until a 
different plan should be adopted. Companies of '■^ mi7iute- 
men " s were now formed and drilled in all the towns. In the 
midst of their preparations came a rumor that the British fleet 
was cannonading Boston. In two days 30,000 volunteers were 
on the march for that city. 

232. The Battle of Lexington. — On the evening of April 18, 
1775, General Gage, commanding the British forces at Boston, 




BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. 



135 




sent 800 men to destroy 
some military stores which 
the Americans had collected 
at Concord. The movement 
was detected by friends in Bos- 
ton, and they hung a beacon light 
in the North Church tower as a 
signal to those in the country. ^ 
All night long the farmers were 
mustering in arms. At dawn the British, arriving at Lexmgton, 
found a company of minute-men drawn up to receive them, 
and here the first blood was shed in the War of American In- 
dependence. 7 

233. The British pressed on and destroyed the stores at Con- 
cord ; but by this time the whole country was under arms, and 
on their return they were so hard pressed by the colonists that 
their retreat became a flight, and all would, perhaps, have been 
killed or captured had not fresh troops with cannon come out 
from Boston to aid and protect them. The news spread far 
and wide through the colonies. Israel Putnam ^ was plowing 



136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

on his farm, in Connecticut, sixty-eight miles away, when a 
mounted messenger drew rein beside his field, and shouted to 
him that war was begun. Leaving his plow in the furrow, and 
his oxen free, the farmer sprang to horse and never stopped 
until he reached the camp in Cambridge, the same day. Other 
recruits were moved by the same spirit, and before long 
General Gage was besieged in Boston by 20,000 men. 9 

For Questions, see page 146. 

Map Exercise. — Point out, on Map No. IV., Narragansett Bay. Provi- 
dence. Boston. Salem. Concord, Lexington. Cambridge. 
. '^t.2L^^\x\^% Life of Patrick Henry. Barton's Life of Jefferson. Jesse's 
Life of George ILL Greene's Historical View of the American Revolution. 
Lossing's Field-Book of the American Revolution. 

NOTES. 

I. William Pitt (1708-1778), first Earl of Chatham, was America's warm- 
est champion in England during the troubles that led to the Revolution. On 
January 20, 1775, he said in the House of Lords: " The Americans will never 
be in a temper or state to be reconciled — they ought not to be — till the troops 
are withdrawn. The way must be immediately opened for reconciliation. It 
will soon be too late. .... What foundation have we for our claims over 
America? What is our right to persist in such cruel and vindictive measures 
against that loyal, respectable people ? They say you have no right to tax them 
without their consent. They say truly. .... For genuiije sagacity, for singular 
moderation, for solid wisdom, manly spirit, sublime sentiments, and simplicity 
of language, for everything respectable and honorable, the Congress at Phila- 
delphia stands unrivaled. This wise people speak out. They do not hold the 
language of slaves ; they tell you what they mean. They do not ask you to 
repeal your laws as a favor : they claim it as a right, — they demand it. They 
tell you they will not submit to them ; and I tell you the acts must be repealed, — 
they will be repealed, — you can not enforce them." 

2. The most prominent among these settlers was James Robertson, who 
two years before this time had settled in Tennessee. 

3. Faneuil Hall was built in 1740, and was a gift to the town of Boston 
from Peter Faneuil. The latter was a Boston merchant, born at New Rochelle, 
New York, of a French Huguenot family. The lower floor of the hall was a 
market-house; above that was a town-hall, with other rooms attached. This 
hall was a great meeting-place at the outbreak of the Revolution, and came to be 
known as " The Cradle of Liberty." 



ii 



NOTES. 137 

4. Patrick Henry (1736-1799), was a man of limited education, and in 
early years gave few indications of his future greatness. He entered the profes- 
sion of law after only six weeks' study of .the subject, but his wonderful gift of 
oratory stood him in good stead, and after the first trial in which he appeared, 
at the age of twenty-seven, he never lacked for business. Henry was a man of 
high moral courage, and the champion of the wronged and the oppressed. His 
speech before the Virginia House of Burgesses (§221) thrilled the country, and 
gained him the reputation, at the age of twenty-nine, of being " the greatest 
orator and political thinker of a land abounding with public speakers and states- 
men." From this time forth he was prominent in the conventions and congresses 
of the colonies, and, in 1776, he was elected the first republican governor of the 
State of Virginia. 

5. The minute-men were so called because they were to serve whenever called 
upon, and at a moment's notice. 

6. This was the occasion of ''Paul Revere's Ride," made celebrated by 
Longfellow's poem. As soon as Warren, an American patriot in Boston, dis- 
covered Gage's plan, he dispatched William Dawes through Roxbury, and 
Revere by way of Charlestown, to spread the alarm. Revere had the beacon- 
lights hung in the North Church tower, and then with muffled oars rowed over to 
Charlestown only five minutes before the sentinels received orders to allow no 
one to pass. At Charlestown Neck he was stopped by two British officers, but 
escaped them through the speed of his horse, and proceeded on his way to Ixx- 
ington and Concord, rousing each household as he passed. 

7. Fights between the colonists and the British had occurred in the streets 
of New York and Boston, in Westminster, Vt., and in North Carolina, But 
these had a local character, while the armed resistance to a regular British 
army at Lexington was distinctly a battle for American independence. 

8. Israel Putnam was born at Salem, Mass., in 1718. Like many other 
heroes of the Revolution, he won his first laurels in the wars between the French 
and English colonies which so severely tried the spirit of American volunteers. 
He was the first to receive the rank of major-general in the Revolutionary army, 
and had part in several important battles, notably those of Bunker Hill and 
Long Island. Putnam's impulsive and reckless bravery fitted him better for 
bold and startling movements than for the careful combinations of a great 
campaign. Still he was one of the great leaders in the War for Independence. 
His tombstone, at Brooklyn, Ct., bears the appropriate words, " He dared to 
lead where any dared to follow." 

9. General Gage was not only commandant at Boston, but governor of 
Massachusetts. His arrogance and presumption far surpassed his abilities, and 
" he inspired neither confidence nor fear." It is mpossible to say how different 
might have been the result to the colonies if the king had been better served. 
America has reason to be thankful that her courage and resources were under- 
rated at this critical time, when even her own best men little understood the 
gravity of the conflict that was beginning. 



CHAPTER XV. 

OPENING SCENES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

234. Second Continental Congress. — In May, 1775, the Second 
Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. Never had a body 
of men such vast duties with so little power to do them. There 
was no public treasury, and no authority to make one ; war was 
already begun, while there was not a soldier nor an officer en- 
listed in the name of the whole country. Worst of all, Con- 
gress could not bind the people to any act; but could only 
advise the thirteen colonial governments what it seemed best 
for them to do. 

235. No wonder that their first steps were hesitating and 
weak. In setting a day of fasting and prayer for the ' ' restora- 
tion of the invaded rights of America," they desired the people 
to recognize ' ' King George the Third as their rightful 
sovereign." They took measures, however, for organizing a 
"continental army" for seven months, and appointed George 
Washington, of Virginia, to be its commander-in-chief; while 
they sincerely " labored for the restoration of harmony between 
the colonies and the parent state." Great Britain had the 
whole responsibility of the war. Americans only desired peace 
with justice, and Washington wrote at this very time that he 
''abhorred the idea of independence." 

236. The Earl of Chatham remarked to Franklin that the 
success of the American cause was the last hope of liberty for 
England. The debates in Parliament proved to the colonists 
that their contest was with the king and ministry, not with the 
English people. Several Englishmen of rank resigned their 

fi38) 



BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. 1 39 

places In the army and government rather than fight against 
America. One of them, Lord Effingham, received the pubHc 
thanks of the citizens of London for having acted ''as a true 
Enghshman." It was fortunate, however, that Lord Chatham's 
plan for peace failed. If it had succeeded, England might 
have kept her colonies on the condition of governing them 
justly. It was better for her, for them, and for the world that 
she should cease to govern them at all. 

237. The road to Canada by way of Lake Champlain was felt 
to be of great importance. In May, 1775, the forts at Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Point were surprised by Ethan Allen* and 
Seth Warner^ with a handful of ''Green Mountain Boys," and 
were surrendered without a shot. Ticonderoga had cost En- 
gland a very large amount of money and many lives (see pages 
Tii, 112). It was taken "in ten minutes by a few undisci- 
plined volunteers, without the loss of Hfe or limb." In it was 
an immense supply of cannon and other war-material, some of 
which were used later at Boston. 

238. Three British generals 3 soon to become well known in 
America, — Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, — now arrived with 
heavy re-enforcements at Boston. General Ward, in command 
of the Americans, resolved to push the siege more closely. To 
this end he ordered Colonel Prescott to fortify Bunker Hill. 
At the last moment Breed's Hill was chosen instead, as a still 
more commanding position, but the battle which followed took 
its name from the former. 

239. Battle of Bunker Hill. — During the night following June 
1 6, an earth-work was thrown up. As soon as the morning 
light showed it to the British, a cannonade was opened from 
their fleet and the opposite shore, and 2,000 men were sent to 
storm the work. The Americans had only dropped the spade to 
seize the musket. They waited until they could see the whites 
of their enemies' eyes, then fired with deadly effect. The at- 
tacking column broke and fell back to the foot of the hill. 



140 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



240. The village of Charlestown was then set on fire, 
cover of its smoke the enemy rallied and ascended 
only to be beaten back as before. 
Fresh troops came from Boston, and a 
third attack was made. The spirit of 
the defenders had not flagged, but 



Under 
the hill 




The Battle of Bjuiker Hill. 

their powder was nearly gone. Still 
the front rank of the assailants was 
again mown down ; and the Americans 
fought with the butt ends of their guns, until they retired in 
good order to Prospect Hill, only a mile in the rear. General 
Gage wrote home, "The trials we have had prove the rebels 
are not the despicable rabble too many have supposed them to 



WASHINGTON IN COMMAND. 



141 



be." His command had already been given to General Howe, 
brother of him who had fallen at Ticonderoga and whom Mas- 
sachusetts had loved and honored (§191, and note). 

241. Washington in Command. — On the 3d of July Washing- 
ton took command of the forces besieging Boston. They could 
scarcely be called an army : arms, uniform, and drill were lack- 
ing; each man had brought his own musket and powder-horn, 
if he happened to have them, and Uved mainly on food which 
he received from home. Washington's first task was to make 
an army out of these raw recruits, and happily the inaction of 
the British gave him a few months for the work. 

242. The Mecklenburg Eesolutions. — Still very few colonists de- 
sired a separation from England. The patriots of Mecklenburg 
County, in North Carolina, had, however, advanced to that con- 
clusion, in which the whole country afterwards joined them. In 
May, 1775, they met at Charlotte, and renounced their allegi- 
ance to king and Parliament. The "Mecklenburg Resolutions" 
were the prelude to the " Declaration of Independence." 

243. Kentucky Settled.— 
During the same year 
the foundations were laid 
of a new State west of 
the Alleghanies. Daniel 
Boone, the famous hunter, 
Henderson, Kenton, 
Floyd, Harrod, Logan, 
McAfee, and others, 
some with their families, 
setded the rich open country near the Kentucky River. Free 
from the first, they never owned the dominion of England; 
and they were among the earliest in America to declare their 
independence, on a footing of obedience to local law. Courts, 
churches, and schools were established, and order and justice 
were held as dear as freedom. (See § 277.) 




A Kentucky Block-house. 




E clecuc O.S.t'lJgt Map'No-4 Chap. XlV-XtX 

1142) 



144 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



244. Indians and Hessians.— Meanwhile King George, far from 
heeding the humble petition he had received from Congress, was 
sending agents to the Iroquois and Cana- 
dian Indians to stir up their savage wrath 
against the colonies. He was 
also making bargains with petty 
German princes, who sold' him 
the services of their subjects at 
a little less than thirty-five dol- 
lars per head. ' ' Every soldier 
killed was to be paid for at this 
rate, and three wounded were to be reck- 
oned as one killed." Acts of Parliament 
forbade any trade with the "rebels," and 
ordered that American vessels should be 
taken on the high seas and their crews treated as slaves. 




Hessiatis. 



245. Invasion of Canada. — These violent measures went far to 
destroy the love of Americans for England, and it was seen 
that independence was the only way to honor and safety. The 
common people in Canada wished well to the cause of separa- 
tion, but the rich and ruling class was content with the exist- 
ing order of things. To sustain the popular feeling, and 
prevent attacks from the north, a twofold invasion of Canada 
was planned for the autumn of 1775. 

246. Siege of Quebec. — General Montgomery, ^ of New York, 
descending Lake Champlain, captured St. John's and Montreal. 
General Arnold, ascending the Kennebec, made a toilsome 
march through the woods and marshes of northern Maine, and, 
though deprived by hunger and disease of nearly half his men, 
undertook the siege of Quebec, the mightiest fortress in Amer- 
ica. Climbing by Wolfe's path (§193) to the Plains of Abra- 
ham, he summoned the city to surrender ; but its commander 
had learned wisdom from Montcalm's disaster, and remained 
within his fort. 



SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 145 

247. Montgomery soon arrived and took command. The 
garrison numbered twice as many as the combined army of 
assailants, and had strong walls and two hundred cannon to 
oppose to the musketry and few small siege-guns from Montreal. 
The colonists intrenched themselves behind ramparts of ice, 
since the frozen ground defied their pickaxes. On the last 
morning of 1775 the as- /^^^^ sault was made. Mont- 
gomery led the advance, /'^^^M. crying out, "Men of 
New York ! you will /U^^^^^Rk ^^ot fear to follow where 
your general leads!" til ^^^m^ The attack was brave and 
spirited ; but Mont- T^&Jf ^, gomery fell dead, Ar- 
nold was dangerously j^^m ^' wounded, and the 
effort failed. Still y^^i ; ^ .^£-1^^ determined, the 
Americans turned /wL// J^lM^^^ ^^^ siege into a 
blockade, and held sR^^ "^^^K^^^P^ ^^^ until May, 
when they reluc- ^mllj^^^^ ' tantly retreated, 
wasted by disease ' and starvation. 
The British gov- ^^c/lard Montgomery. Qxiiox , pitying their 
sufferings and admiring their courage, offered to shelter and 
care for their sick until they were able to march, but the invi- 
tation was declined. (See §306.) A great British force arriving 
in the St. Lawrence, Montreal and St. John's were abandoned. 

248. DeliYerance of Boston. ■ — Washington had persevered 
through the winter in drilling and strengthening his army; and 
early in March he was ready for a decisive stroke. In a single 
night works were erected on Dorchester Heights, which forced 
General Howe to leave Boston. Taking on board the fleet not 
only his army, but eleven hundred Americans who chose to 
remain subjects of the king, he sailed away to Halifax, to the 
great joy of the Bostonians. Washington knew that the 
breathing-time would be short. New York was of the greatest 
importance to both parties from its central position, its easy 
communication with Canada, and the strong ToryS feeling 
among its people. Thither Washington soon marched in order 
to be there before the British. 



u. s. H 



146 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



249. Siege of Charleston.— 
Early in June a British 
fleet from Halifax sailed 
into Charleston harbor- 
bearing an army com- 
manded by General Clin- 
ton. Major-general Lee,^ 
second only to Washing- 
ton among American offi- 
cers, had been placed in 
charge of the army in the 
south. But he cared more 
for himself than for the 
success of the cause, and 
did more harm than good 
to the American service. 
He said Charleston could 
not be held, and was only 
anxious to secure the retreat of the garrison. Colonel Moul- 
trie 7 was of a different mind. From his fort of 
palmetto logs on Sullivan's Island, he kept up so 
steady a cannonade that the fleet, after ten hours' engagement, 
withdrew shattered and disabled, unfit even to convey the army 
to New York.s The fort has ever since borne the name of its 
brave defender. 




Hergeaut Jasper at Fort ISIoultris. 



June, 1776. 



Questions. — How and why was the Treaty of Paris a misfortune to 
England? What were the immediate causes of the Revolution? How 
were the tax laws resisted in the different colonies? Who was King of 
England at this time ? When and where did the first Continental Con- 
gress meet? What did it do? What were the people doing in the 
meantime? When and where was the first battle of the Revolution 

fought ? Give the immediate cause. When and where did the 

second Continental Congress meet? Why were its duties particularly 
difficult? Were the colonies struggling for independence at this time? 
Why was the success of the American cause " the last hope of liberty for 
England"? (§236.) Why was Ticonderoga an important point? De- 



NOTES. 147 

scribe the battle of Bunker Hill. When and where did Washington take 
command of the Continental forces ? In what condition did he find 
them ? W^hen and where was the first public movement in favor of the 
independence of the colonies? Where did King George ^nd soldiers? 
Describe the invasion of Canada. Why did Washington march to New 
York? Describe the siege of Charleston. 

Map Exercise. — Trace, on Map No. IV,, the two routes by which the 
Americans invaded Canada. On Map No. III., the retreat of Howe's 
fleet. 

Points for Essays. — A story of the Boston Massacre, — of the burning 
of the Gaspee, — of the Boston Tea Party, — of the battle of Lexington; 
all supposed to be written by boys or girls living in Boston or Providence 
at the time. 

Read for the whole Revolutionary period Irving's Life of Washington, 
Volumes II. -IV. The Lives of Generals Greene, Putnam, Arnold. Los- 
sing's Field-Book of the Revolution. Botta's History of the American Rev- 
olution, 



NOTES, 



1. Ethan Allen (1737-1789), was bom in Connecticut, but removed to Ver- 
mont when about twenty-four years of age. Before the Revolution New York 
and New Hampshire both claimed the territory which now forms Vermont, and 
the New York officers tried to enforce their authority, which the settlers resisted. 
The latter formed an organization known as the "Green Mountain Boys," of 
which Allen was the colonel. They succeeded in holding their farms, and Allen 
became so obnoxious that Governor Tryon of New York offered ^150 reward 
for his arrest. Just before the attack on Ticonderoga, Benedict Arnold (§292) 
appeared, and claimed command of the forces through a commission received 
from Massachusetts. Allen would not give way, however, and the two officers 
walked at the head of the column side by side. 

2. Seth Warner (1743-1789). was also a leader in the struggle between New 
York and Vermont, and like Allen he was outlawed. In the expeditions against 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point he was second in command, and conducted the 
attack on the latter place. 

3. " As they entered the harbor, they hailed a tender bound to Newport, and 
asked the news. When told that Boston was surrounded by ten thousand men 
in arms, they asked how large was the English force, and were told it was five 
thousand men. ' Ten thousand peasants keep five thousand king's troops shut 
ip ! Let us get in, and we 'II soon find elbow-room." The story was circulated 



148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

everywhere, and the nickname ' Elbow-room * was apphed to Burgoyne all 
through the war, never with more sting, of course, than at the period of his own 
reverses." — Bryant. 

4. Richard Montgomery (1736-1775), was bom near Raphoe, Ireland, 
and entered the British army at the age of fifteen. He distmguished himself in 
America during the " French and Indian War," but, disappomted at not receiv- 
ing a promotion, he sold his commission, and in 1772 emigrated to New York. 
Here he married a daughter of Robert R. Livingston, and in 1773 settled on a 
farm at Rhinebeck, hoping to lead a quiet, domestic life. At the breaking out 
of the Revolution he was appointed brigadier-general. The expedition against 
Canada fell to his command, owing to the illness of Major-general Schuyler, 
who was to have conducted the operations. Montgomery soon won the love 
and esteem of his soldiers, and distinction in the eyes of the country, by his 
energy and daring. He was made a major-general a few days before his death. 
Congress honored him with a monument, beneath which his remains now lie, in 
front of St. Pauls Church, New York. 

5. Tories in America were those who still considered themselves subjects of 
George III. Those who maintained the rights of the people were called Whigs 
(g 145). It is supposed that twenty-five thousand American Tories were enhsted 
in the British armies during the Revolution. 

6. Charles Lee (1731-1782), is said to have held a commission in the 
British army when but eleven years of age. His first actual experience in war- 
fare, however, was at Braddock's defeat (^ 185). At Ticonderoga, in 1758. he 
was severely wounded, but continued in service in America until 1760, when he 
returned to England. He distinguished himself in Spain, but failed in securing 
further promotion. In disgust he left England, and became a " soldier of 
fortune,'" serving in Germany, Poland, and Russia. He twice returned to En- 
gland, and tried in vain to secure advancement and active service. At the 
breaking out of the Revolution he took the American side. The Continental 
Congress gave him a high place under Washington, much to Lee s disappoint- 
ment, who had worked hard for the position of commander-in-chief. His 
jealousy carried him to the verge of treason (^257). At the battle of Mon- 
mouth {\ 272) he behaved so badly that Washington ordered him to the rear; a 
court-martial followed, which found him "guilty of disobedience, misbehavior 
before the enemy, and disrespect to the commander-in-chief." He was accord- 
ingly suspended from all command for twelve months. Finally Congress, pro- 
voked by an impertinent letter, dismissed him from the service. 

7. William Moultrie (1731-1805). was a South Carolinian by birth, and 
when thirty years old was made captain in a militia regiment which fought in the 
war with the Cherokees. He served in the beginning of the Revolution as 
colonel, and built the fort on Sullivan's Island. Having become brigadier- 
general, he was captured by the British at the surrender of Charleston in 1780. 
While a prisoner he was offered money, arid command of a British regiment at 
Jamaica if he would desert. His reply was : " Not the fee-simple of all Jamaica 



NOTES. 149 

could induce me to part with my integrity." He was exchanged for Burgoyne 
after two years' imprisonment ; rose to the ranlc of major-general ; and after the 
war was twice elected governor of South Carohna. 

8. The fort was built of two rows of palmetto logs, filled in with sand. Only 
eleven men were killed and twenty-six wounded out of a garrison of four hun- 
dred and thirty-five ; while in the ten vessels of the British squadron the loss in 
killed and wounded was two hundred and five. The British flag-ship was so 
badly shattered that " but for the stillness of the sea she must have gone down " ; 
another vessel, that had run aground, was set on fire and abandoned. 

" In the fort, William Jasper, a sergeant, perceived that the flag had been 
cut down by a ball from the enemy, and had fallen over the ramparts. 
' Colonel," said he to Moultrie. ' don't let us fight without a flag." 

"'What can you do?' asked Moultrie; 'the staff is broken off".' 

" ' Then,' said Jasper, ' I '11 fix it to a halberd, and place it on the merlon of 
the bastion next the enemy ; ' and leaping through an embrasure, and braving 
the thickest fire from the ships, he took up the flag, returned with it safely, and 
planted it as he had promised on the summit of the merlon." — Bancroft. 




•<.a^? 




^^^^ 



CHAPTER XVI. 

EVENTS OF 1776. 




Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 

250. Separation from G-reat Britain could no longer be delayed. 
In April, 1776, Congress abolished the "colonial system" by 
opening the American ports to free trade with all the world 
excepting the British dominions. On the 7th of June Richard 
Henry Lee^ offered a resolution in Congress, "that these 
united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and inde- 
pendent states." After due debate the resolution was adopted, 

(151) 



152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and a Declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, was published 
to the world on the 4th of July.^ It recited, in firm and manly 
terms, the acts of George III. which had made the separation 
necessary, and declared the United States of America ' ' absolved 
from all allegiance to the British crown." 

251. The Declaration of Independence was received with joy all 
over the land. It was read to every brigade of Washington's 
army at New York; and the soldiers, without leave, pulled 
down the leaden statue of George III. which adorned the 
Battery, and melted it into bullets for resisting that king's 
armies. All the colonies now organized themselves into states. 
Many of them seized this time to get rid of abuses which had 
been wrought into their governments. Virginia put an end to 
the importation of slaves; to all penalties for religious dissent; 
and to the law of entail, which had accumulated great estates in 
the hands of eldest sons. She also adopted a plan for universal 
education; but the means for its execution had to be long 
waited for, in the poverty caused by war. 

252. On the 12th of July Lord Howes arrived in New York 
Bay with a powerful English fleet. His brother, the General, 
was already encamped on Staten Island with 30,000 British and 
German troops, all thoroughly armed and well trained; while 
Washington's recent recruits were scantily supplied with cloth- 
ing, with weapons, and even with food. The Howes sincerely 
desired to restore peace without bloodshed; and they issued a 
proclamation offering ' ' pardon to all rebels who would return 
to their allegiance." Congress ordered this paper to be printed 
and distributed among the American people. 

253. Battle of Long Island. — On the 26th of August the En- 
glish general CUnton crossed the Narrows and marched north- 
ward to the neighborhood of Brooklyn. Two of three roads 
through the hills were occupied by the American generals 
Sullivan 4 and Stirling with about 8,000 men. Unhappily 
the Jamaica road had been left unguarded, and . that was 



BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 



153 



promptly seized by the enemy. There was brave fighting at 
''Battle Pass"; but, surrounded on all sides, the Americans 

___ ___ were forced at length to retreat 

or surrender. General Stirling 
held out longer on ground now 
within Greenwood Cemetery, and 
protected the retreat of the 
greater part of his force at the 
expense of his own capture and 
the death of two hundred and 
fifty-nine brave Marylanders. 
The Americans lost in all some- 
what fewer than a thousand men. 
Three fourths of these were cap- 
tives, doomed to the 
" prison-ships," where, 
during the war, eleven 
thousand perished o f 
Briiish ^' Przson-shzp," ^ver and starvation. 

254. "Washington's Eetreat. — Two days after the battle Wash- 
ington drew off his forces under cover of a heavy fog, and 
crossed East River in safety. It was now impossible to hold 
New York, and during September he intrenched himself on 
Harlem Heights. His army was disheartened, and nearly dis- 
solved by desertion; terms of enlistment were short, and the 
work of drilling fresh recruits had to be resumed continually. 

255. Howe took possession of New York, September 15. His 
entrance was followed by a fire in which five hundred houses 
were burnt. As Washington greatly desired news of the 
enemy's plans. Captain Nathan Hale, a Yale student who had 
quitted his college for the colonial service, volunteered to enter 
the British lines on Long Island and obtain information. He 
was recognized by one of his own kinsmen, who, being a Tory, 
betrayed him to the enemy. By Howe's order he was tried 





(154) 



WASHINGTON IN NEW JERSEY. I55 

and condemned to death as a spy. Even the common offices 
of rehgion were denied him, and his farewell letters were de- 
stroyed. His last words were, "I only regret that I have but 
one life to give to my country." Unable to dislodge Wash- 
ington from Harlem Heights, Howe resolved to reach his rear 
by landing in Westchester. Washington met him at White 
Plains, October 27, and suffered a partial defeat, but was able 
to withdraw in good order to North Castle. 

256. To protect Philadelphia Washington now removed his 
army to New Jersey. Contrary to his judgment, Fort Wash- 
ington was still held. It was captured by the British and 
Hessians, November 16, after a brave defense, and 2,600 of 
our much needed men went to crowd the prison-ships at 
Brooklyn. Fort Lee, on the opposite bank of the Hudson, 
was soon afterward taken, but its garrison was brought away in 
safety. 

257. General Lee, (§ 249 and note 5), who commanded the 
rear division, disobeyed Washington's orders to rejoin the main 
army, hoping by some brilliant stroke to raise himself to the 
chief command. Instead, he was taken prisoner, and tried to 
gain favor with his captors by advising them of the best means 
to conquer America. But Howe never trusted him, and gladly 
exchanged him a few months later for the British general 
Prescott, who was captured in Rhode Island. 

258. Lord Oornwallis,s with a large army, was in rapid pursuit 
of Washington. His German troops robbed and insulted the 
people; and many, believing the hope of freedom lost, ac- 
cepted the royal "pardon" for the sake of security. Wash- 
ington retreated across the Delaware, and seized all the boats, 
so that the enemy could not follow him. 

259. Battle of Trenton. — Colonel Rail and his Hessians were 
keeping Christmas at Trenton, when the American chief sud- 
denly recrossed the river, amid blocks of ice, in a furious 



156 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Storm, surprised and de- 
feated Rail, and returned 
to his camp with nearly a 
thousand prisoners, having 
lost only two men, who 




The Battle of Trenton. 



were frozen to 
death. Rail him- 
self was mortally 
wounded. This 
decisive stroke 
revived hope and 
courage m all true hearts. The enemy abandoned Burlington 
and Bordentown, and the people tore down from their doors 
the "red rags" by which they had claimed British protection. 
260. Washington Dictator. — Congress, finding that their gen- 
eral was not slow and cautious except by necessity, conferred 




FOREIGN AID. I 57 

on him extraordinary powers for six months to raise and main- 
tain a larger army. Washington returned to Trenton, where he 
was soon hard pressed by CornwaUis, with greatly superior 
forces. Leaving his camp-fires burning, he eluded his enemy, 
moved swiftly by night to Princeton and defeated 
three British regiments there, then hastened to the 
rugged heights of Morristown, where he was safe from pursuit. 

261. Foreign Aid. — These brilliant move- 
ments commanded admiration in Europe, 
and secret or open help began to reach the 
Americans. The young Marquis de La 
Fayette^ fitted out a ship at his own ex- 
pense, and came from France to serve as a 
volunteer in the American ranks. He was 
made a major-general, and became the 
intimate friend of Washington. Kosciusko 7 
and Pulaski, 8 Poles of high birth, who "^ ^^^ 

fought in vain for the freedom of their own land, now offered 
themselves as "soldiers of liberty," and rendered good service 
to our cause. Nevertheless, some of the darkest days were 
yet to be passed through. 

Questions.— '^X.z.^.Q, in review, the causes which led American colonists 
to break their connection with England. The successive acts which es- 
tablished their independence. Name and describe three battles in the 
early part of the Revolution. Describe Washington's first campaign in 
New Jersey. What foreigners fought for American independence? 

Map Exercise. — Trace, on Map No. V.,the movements on Long Island 
(§253). Point out Harlem. White Plains. North Castle. Forts Wash- 
ington and Lee. On Map No. IV., Burlington. Bordentown. Trenton. 
Princeton. Morristown. 

Points for Essays. — Letter from a Congressman in Philadelphia, June, 
1776, to his young son at home. From a prisoner in the British camp, 
describing the battle of Long Island. Journal of a farmer's daughter in 
New Jersey, autumn of 1776. 

Read Lives of Kosciusko, Pulaski, and La Fayette in Sparks's Amer- 
ican Biographies. 



158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



NOTES. 

1. Richard Henry Lee (1732-1794), was one of the foremost statesmen of 
American Revolutionary times. He was a native Virgmian, a brilliant scholar, 
a wise politician, an accomplished speaker, a tried patriot. One of his greatest 
addresses was that to the people of Great Britain in 1775, wherein, after stating 
the wrongs the colonies had endured, he wrote : " And shall the descendants of 
Britons tamely submit to this? No, sirs! we never will while we revere the 
memory of our gallant and virtuous ancestors. ... Of this, at least, we are 
assured, that our struggle will be glorious, our success certain ; since even in 
death we shall find that freedom which in life you forbid us to enjoy." 

2. " It was two o'clock in the afternoon when the decision was announced by 
secretary Thomson to Congress in Independence Hall. Thousands of anxious 
citizens had gathered in the streets of Philadelphia, for it was known that the 
decision was to be made on that day. From the hour when Congress convened 
in the morning, the old bellman had been in the steeple. He had placed a boy 
at the door below, to give him notice when the announcement should be made. 
As hour succeeded hour, the gray-beard shook his head, and said, ' They will 
never do it ! they will never do it ! ' Suddenly a loud shout came up from 
below, and there stood the blue-eyed boy, clapping his hands and shouting, 
' Ring! ring ! ' Grasping the iron tongue of the old bell, backward and forward 
he hurled it a hundred times, its loud voice proclaiming ' Liberty throughout 
all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof.' The excited multitude in the 
streets responded with loud acclamations, and with cannon-peals, bonfires, and 
illuminations, the patriots held a glorious carnival that night in the quiet city of 
Penn." — Lossing. It is a curious fact that this bell, now known as the " Liberty 
Bell," which was cast twenty-three years before the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, had around its crown the quotation from Scripture, " Proclaim liberty 
throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." 

3. Lord Richard Howe (1725-1799), was a noted British admiral. He 
entered the navy at fourteen years of age, and took part in many important sea- 
fights. His operations on the American coast continued for about two years. 

4. General John Sullivan was born at Berwick, Maine, in 1740, and was 
a successful lawyer both before and after the Revolution. At the battle of Long 
Island he was given command of the forces of General Greene, who was sick. 
Sullivan fought with valor, but was captured by the Hessians. He was not held 
long as a prisoner, and, returning to duty, did good service throughout the war. 
Afterwards he was a member of Congress and a United States judge. He died 
at Durham, N. H., 1795. 

5. Lord Cornwallis (1738-1805), was a prominent British commander in 
the Revolution from first to last. He opposed the action of the ministry which 
led to the war in America, but when the conflict opened he took the field with 



NOTES. 159 

his regiment, and was soon a major-general. After his career in America, Lord 
Cornwallis filled several public offices with distinction. He was made a Mar- 
quis, had a seat in the Privy Council and the Cabinet, became Viceroy of Ire- 
land, and was twice Governor-general of India. 

6. The Marquis de La Fayette, born in 1757, came of a noble French 
family, and to the close of his eventful life displayed a nobility of character 
rarely surpassed. He was an orphan from early childhood, and during his 
school-days in Paris and Versailles no studies interested him so much as the 
histories of the world's great struggles for freedom. Thus was kindled in his 
breast the military ardor which afterwards marked his career. When he heard 
that the American colonies had declared their independence, he fitted out a 
vessel at his own expense, and, notwithstanding the strong opposition of his 
friends, and the repeated efforts of the government to cause his arrest, he em- 
barked from a port in Spain early in the year 1777. In April he landed on the 
South Carolina coast, proceeded at once to Philadelphia, and tendered his 
services to Congress. From the first meeting he and Washington became warm 
friends, and their attachment lasted through life. Although young and inex- 
perienced. General La Fayette showed soldierly qualities of the highest order. 
His influence at the French court secured the aid of many thousand troops for 
the patriots' cause. After the Revolutionary War he revisited the United States 
in 1784, and again in 1824, receiving a warm welcome wherever he went (^405). 
La Fayette was a prominent figure in France during the French Revolution. He 
fearlessly denounced the wrongs practiced upon the people, and became their 
boldest champion. He was made commander of the National Guard, and sug- 
gested the national emblem of the tri-color. In 1792, during the war with 
Austria, he was captured, and confined for five years in a dreary dungeon at 
Olmutz. He was released upon the demand of Napoleon, but never was a 
partisan of the emperor. His death occurred in Paris, 1834. 

7. Kosciusko (1746-1817), left his native land in 1775 and came to America 
to join the patriot army. He fought valiantly in many battles, and returned to 
Poland at the close of the war. From 1791 to 1794 he was the leader and hero 
of the Polish forces in their efforts to regain independence, but fell severely 
wounded at the battle of Maciejowice. He was captured and imprisoned for 
two years by the Russians, revisited the United States soon after his release, and 
lived the rest of his days in France and Switzerland. 

8. Count Casimir Pulaski was born in Lithuania, 1747, and received a 
mortal wound in the attack on Savannah, 1779, (^285). His father and 
brothers lost their lives in the wars for Polish independence, and he himself was 
outlawed. In France he met Benjamin Franklin, and through him offered his 
services to the American army. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



EVENTS OF 1777 AND 1 778. 




Atnerican Flag. 



262. For the campaign^ of 1777 
two great movements were planned 
by the British. Howe was to seize 
Philadelphia, while Burgoyne, de- 
scending from Canada, was to meet 
Clinton ascending from New York, 
and secure the whole line of Lake 
Champlain and the Hudson, thus cut- 
ting off New England from the other 
States. 

263. Battles of Brandywine and Ger- 
mantown. — Washington, who had the care of the whole defense, 
detained Howe all summer in New Jersey, and prevented any 
march of British detachments to the north, while he sent 
Arnold, Lincoln, and Morgan, with troops he could ill spare, 
to aid Schuyler in opposing Burgoyne. He was himself de- 
feated at Brandywine; Congress hastily removed to Lancaster, 
and Howe entered Philadelphia, September 26. 
A bold attack, a few days later, upon the British at 
Germantown, raised the spirits of the Americans, though it did 
not regain the city. 

264. Battle of Bennington. — In the north Fort Ticonderoga 

was surrendered to Burgoyne, with all its cannon 

y> ^777. ^^^ storer ; Fort Edward was abandoned, and it 

seemed as if the whole State of New York lay at the mercy of 

the invaders. The Mohawk Valley was ravaged by a force of 

C160) 



A. D. 1777. 



SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE. 



I6] 




Tories and Indians in En- 
glish pay. The British, ^ 
however, were scantily 
supplied with food. Learn- 
ing that the Americans had stores at Bennington, Burgoyne 
sent Lieutenant-Colonel Baum with a force to 
capture them. But General Stark, with his New 
Hampshire militia, and Colonel Warner, with his "Green 
Mountain Boys," fought with such spirit that Baum and his 
entire command were either killed or captured. 

265. Pirst Battle of Saratoga. — At this point General Gates ^ 
took command of the army in the north; the New England 
farmers, gaining new hope from the victory at Bennington, 
flocked to his camp at Bemus's Heights near Stillwater. Bur- 
goyne came up, and a battle was fought September 19, of 
which both sides claimed the victory. While the two armies 
lay facing each other for a fortnight, militia-bands hovered 
about the British, cutting off their supplies, now and then 
capturing a picket-guard, and in many ways troubling them. 

266. Surrender of Burgoyne. — A second battle, 3 October 7, 
was more disastrous to the British, and hunger soon finished 
what the American arms had begun. On the 17th of October 



l62 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



AD. 1777. 




.-^^ 



The Surrender of Burgoyne. 



Burgoyne surrendered his whole 

army, numbering nearly 6,000 

men, with all their cannon, 

muskets, and war-material. The 

soldiers were to have sailed 
from Boston for Eu- 
rope ; but, some delay 

occurring, they were kept as 

prisoners of war in Virginia. 

The Hessian general, Riedesel, 

distributed a thousand dollars' 

worth of seeds among his men, 

and pretty gardens soon sur- 
rounded their barracks. Some 

of them liked the country so 

well that they remained will- 
ingly after the war was over, and became citizens of the United 

States. 

267. "Winter at Yalley Porge. — After remaining in the field 
until shelter became necessary for the preservation of his army, 
Washington went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, twenty 
miles from Philadelphia. Scantily supplied with food and 
clothing, and without even straw to sleep upon, 2,000 men 
were soon disabled by illness. Secret agents from General 
Howe offered them good pay and every comfort if they would 
desert to the British ; but though many of them had been born 
in Great Britain, scarcely a man accepted the bribe. 

268. The winter at Valley Forge was the severest agony of 
the war. Washington had to contend not only with cold and 
starvation, but with envious plots 4 against himself, quarrels 
among his officers, and weary indifference in the people. 
While his poor men were starving, farmers sold all their 
produce to the British, or even burnt it to keep it from being 
taken by his commissaries. Even the clothing and shoes which 



BARON STEUBEN. 



■63 



belonged to the army, failed to reach it through the disgraceful 
negligence of the quartermaster-general. Washington was too 
great to notice injuries which only concerned himself, and some 
of his secret enemies afterwards bitterly regretted the plots they 
had made against him. 

269. Baron Steuben. — Mean- 
while a most welcome volunteer 
presented himself at the camp. 
It was Baron Steuben s an officer 




Baron Steuben at Valley Forge. 



of Frederic the Great, ^ who came prepared to introduce the 
perfect drill of the Prussian army, and prepare the Americans 
for future successes. 

270. The good effects of the victory at Saratoga were yet to be 
felt. From the beginning France had wished well to the Amer- 
icans, chiefly through hatred of England, who had deprived 
her of so large a part of this continent (§ 1 94) ; and now that 

U. S. H.— 10. 



164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the tide seemed to have turned in their favor, she was ready to 
take their part. Benjamin FrankUn and Arthur Lee 7 were sent 
as commissioners to Paris. The good sense, plain dress, and 
simple manners of the former struck the fancy of the queen 
and the court, while his wise and brilliant conversation won the 
admiration of wits and philosophers. He knew how to turn 
^all his success to the account of his country, and soon money, 
powder, and arms reached America from France. 
Feb 6, 1778. j)m-ing the winter after the surrender of Burgoyne, 
the French government made a treaty of friendship with the 
United States of America, being the first to recognize that new 
nation among the powers of the world. 

. 271. Great Change in England. — The same events produced a 
great change in England. Burke, Fox, and many others in 
Parliament demanded that the Americans should be declared 
free at once. The king adjourned Parliament to prevent the 
spread of these sentiments, but sent commissioners to treat for 
peace, promising pardon for all offenses upon the return of the 
"colonies" to their allegiance. Congress resolved to hold no 
conference with the envoys unless the British fleets and armies 
should be withdrawn, or the independence of the United States 
distinctly acknowledged; and the war went on. 

272. Philadelphia Eegained. — General Howe resigned his com- 
mand, and Clinton, who succeeded him, was ordered to quit 
Philadelphia and make his headquarters in New York. Wash- 
ington pursued his retreating army, and, but for the failure of 
General Lee, might have won a great victory. As it was, he 

rallied Lee's flying brigades and gained the battle 
June, 177 . ^^ Monmouth ; but the British escaped to New 
York, leaving several hundreds of dead or wounded on the 
field. 

273. Attack on Newport. — Great preparations were made for a 
combined attack of the French and American forces upon 
Newport, Rhode Island, which was held by the British. Count 



MASSACRE AT WYOMING. 



165 



D'Estaing arrived from France with a strong fleet, and learning 
soon after that Admiral Howe was awaiting him on the open 
sea, he sailed out of Narragansett Bay for a fight. A terrible 
storm arose, however, and both fleets, shattered by 
the tempest, had to withdraw and put into port for "^'' *^^ ' 
repairs. The American forces, unsupported by the fleet, were 
now compelled to retire from the island, and during the retreat 
were attacked by the British. The latter, however, were re- 
pulsed, and the Americans withdrew in safety. 

274. Massacre at Wy- ' 
oming. — This sum- 
mer was signalized 
by a terrible massacre 
of old men, women, 
and children in the 
^!? valley of Wyoming, on the 
Susquehanna, by a combined 
force of British, and Seneca Indians. All 
the strong men were absent in the army, 
while their wives tilled the fields. The 
forts in which they had found refuge on the 
n^yomin^, Fa. Q^Q^y7^ approach, werc taken and burnt. Three 
hundred old men and boys fought valiantly until they were sur- 
rounded and slain. The British leaders could not, if they 
would, restrain their savage allies; every dweUing was burnt, 
and the beautiful valley became a solitude. 

275. Savages in New York. — The same dreadful scenes were 
repeated at Cherry Valley, in New York, by British and Mo- 
hawks in November, 1778. The Six Nations (§26 and note) 
had been friendly with the colonists until the year before, when 
the influence of the Johnson family ^ had made them alHes of 
the British. For his victory at Lake George (§186), Sir William 
Johnson had received an immense estate on the Mohawk, and 
reigned like a king over his tenants and the neighboring Indians. 
It is said that the old man died of apoplexy, occasioned by the 




1 66 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Struggle between loyalty to his king and love of his country. 
His sons were not troubled by the latter feeling, but let loose 
all the horrors of savage war against their countrymen. 

276. In the summer of 1779 a stern vengeance was inflicted 
for these outrages. The towns and villages, orchards and corn- 
fields of the Six Nations were ravaged, and their chiefs, Red 
Jacket, Brandt, and Cornplanter,9 were signally defeated. 
Finding that Great Britain was unable to protect them, they 
ceased from their ravages and remained neutral during the re- 
mainder of the war. 

277. Colonel Clark in the Northwest. — Virginia was now the 
most extensive and powerful of the colonies. All the land 

north of the Ohio, south of the Great 

Lakes, and east of the Mississippi was 

within her chartered limits. Late in 1776 

she had organized her settlements south of 

the Ohio River (see §243) as the "County 

of Kentucky." In 1778 Colonel George 

Rogers Clark led an expedition from Vir- 

Im'Sx^,.^^-^^ ginia to capture the British posts north of 

the Ohio River. Hamilton, the British 

George Rogers Clark, govcmor at Dctrolt, was Sending out parties 

of savages through all that region, offering a reward for every 

white scalp; and his cruel allies spared neither women nor 

babes. 

278. The County of Illinois. — Clark surprised Kaskaskia and 
Cahokia, whose inhabitants gladly declared themselves loyal to 
the United States. So did the people of Vincennes, who were 
mostly French ; but the fort, newly re-enforced by Hamilton, 
offered resistance. After a spirited fight it was taken, Hamilton 
himself and all his garrison becoming prisoners of war. A 
wagon-train of supplies from Detroit was also taken with forty 
prisoners. Virginia publicly thanked Colonel Clark and his 
brave officers and men for having gained possession for the 




NOTES. 167 

State of all the important posts on the Illinois and Wabash, 
and established republican government in place of the British 
dominion. Every soldier in the expedition was presented with 
two hundred acres of land. The whole territory north of the 
Ohio was organized as the "County of Illinois." 

279. Fort Jefferson was built on the Mississippi, five miles 
below the mouth of the Ohio. Natchez and other British set- 
tlements on the lower Mississippi were gained by the United 
States during the summer of 1778, and the great central valley 
was now held only by Spain and the new RepuWic, in more 
or less declared rivalry with the Shawnees, Miamis, and other 
savages. 

Questions. — Describe the British plans for 1777. How were they 
opposed ? Tell the whole story of Burgoyne's campaign. What diffi- 
culties had Washington to meet ? What part did France take in the War 
of Independence? What was done by Indians? Describe Colonel Clark's 
campaign. 

Map Exercise. — Trace, on Map No. IV., the main points in Burgoyne's 
campaign. The scenes of the Indian massacres. The western campaign 
of Colonel Clark. 

NOTES. 

1. It was during this campaign that the stars and stripes first appeared as the 
t'^deral flag. In August, 1777, when Fort Stanwix (now Rome, N. Y ) was 
besieged, " St. Leger still continued the siege of the fort, where now floated for 
the first time the American flag, just adopted by Congress, made of alternate 
stripes of a white shirt and a red petticoat, the field being cut out of an old 
blue overcoat." — Critical History of America. 

2. General Horatio Gates had been in command before General 
Schuyler. Schuyler's loss of forts Ticonderoga and Edward was the cause of 
Gates being replaced in r-.mmand. Both were brave soldiers, and had served 
with honor in the "French and Indian War." See also Note 4. 

3. This is variously called the FIRST BATTLE OF SARATOGA, battle of 
Bemus's Heights, Stillwater, and Freeman's Farm. It was a hard fight, lasting 
from noon until dark. The British lost 650 men, the Americans 325. The 
losses in the SECOND battle (October 7) on the same field were 150 m General 
Gates's army and 400 in General Burgoyne's. The death of General Fraser on 



1 68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

that day was a severe blow to the British. Arnold was promoted to the rank ot 
major-general for his bravery in this fight. The surrender of Burgoyne's army 
was to the Americans the most brilliant victory of the war. Sir E. Creasy, in 
Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, Chapter xiii., says: " Nor can any military 
event be said to have exercised more important influence on the future fortunes 
of mankind than the complete defeat of Burgoyne's expedition in 1777 ; a defeat 
which rescued the revolted colonies from certain subjection, and which, by in- 
ducing the courts of France and Spain to attack England in their behalf, in- 
sured the independence of the United States." 

4. The most serious plot against Washington, at this time, is known as the 
" Conway Cabal." Conway was an Irishman by birth, but had come to America 
with the French allies, and gained rapid promotion. He led a movement to 
remove Washington from the chief command and to appoint General Gates in 
his stead. When the plot became known, the people condemned it loudly, and 
ever afterwards were suspicious of all who had been connected with it. 

5. Baron Steuben was born in a Prussian fortress, A. D. 1730, passed his 
childhood in the camps, and entered the army at the age of fourteen. He re- 
ceived wounds at Prague and Kunersdorf, was taken prisoner in Poland, and 
was the hero of many European battle-fields. He displaced Conway as inspec- 
tor-general of the American army, and by his superior ability soon turned the 
raw recruits into well drilled soldiers. Steuben served to the close of the Rev- 
olution, received a pension and tracts of land from the government, settled in 
Oneida County, N. Y. in 1789, and died there in 1794. 

6. King Frederic II. of Prussia, called " The Great," was the greatest 
general of his age. He well knew what it was to fight under tremendous diffi- 
culties, for at one time all Europe was combined against him. He said of Wash- 
ington's movements in New Jersey, at the end of 1776, that they were the most 
brilliant in the annals of war. Of the American soldiers he said, " I like those 
brave fellows, and can not help secretly hoping for their success." " The British 
Parliament, said Frederic, " have acted like an infuriated fool in the American 
business." 

7. Arthur Lee (1740-1792), rendered important service to his country not 
only at the court of France, but also in those of Spain, Prussia, and Holland. 
He was the agent of the Massachusetts colony at London for a time ; and after- 
wards of his native State, Virginia, at Paris, for making loans and obtaining arms. 

8. The JOHN.SONS were leading Tories in the region where they hved. The 
secret of their influence over the Indians was that a sister of Joseph Brant, the 
most powerful chief of the Six Nations, was the Indian wife of Sir William 
Johnson. 

9. Red Jacket and CornPLANTEK were chiefs of the Seneca tribe. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



EVENTS OF 1779-1781. 




280. War in tlie South— j 
The main action was now 
in the South. Savannah, 
with all its cannon and 
stores, was taken by a 
British force, December, 
1778, after a brave re- 
sistance. Many people 
accepted the British protection, but 
those who were true to American free- 
dom took refuge in the highlands and in 
Carolina. Georgia became for three 
years a royal province. 

281. Major-general Lincoln^ was ap- 
pointed to command the American 
forces in the South. Port Royal hav- 
ing been taken by the British, was gal- 
lantly retaken by Colonel Moultrie. Charleston 
was threatened, but not then taken, for upon the 
approach of Lincoln the enemy hastily retreated. Thenceforth 
the British general contented himself with ravage and robbery, 
which only spurred the patriots on to sterner efforts, while they 
ruined the royal cause in the esteem of all right-minded people, 

282. Recapture of Stony Point. — The enemy now held the 
forts on the lower Hudson which guarded the communication 
between New York and New Jersey. In July, 1779, General 

(169) 



Feb. -May, 1779. 



I/O 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Wayne 2 — ''Mad Anthony" he was called — was sent by 
Washington to retake Stony Point. With a small number of 
chosen men he surprised the guard at the foot of the hill, 
climbed the rugged height surrounded on three sides by the 

river, and seized the fort. 
Though wounded in the 
attack, he was carried at 
the head of the storm- 
ing party. Six hundred 
British were either killed 
or captured. As Wash- 
ington could not spare a 
force sufficient to hold the 
fort, the stores were all 
removed and the works 
destroyed. At Paulus 
Hook, Major Lee, 3 called 
" Light-Horse Harry," 
captured what 
is now Jersey 
City, almost under the 
guns of the British in 
New York. 

283. The infant Navy of 
tlie United States made up 
in boldness and swiftness 
of movement what it lacked 
in size, even entering the British 
harbors in the West Indies, burning ships at the wharves, and 
carrying off powder and other stores. A swarm of privateers, 
commissioned by Congress, captured in three years five hundred 
English vessels. Captain Paul Jones, 4 on the Bon Homme 
Richard, is said to have taken sixteen prizes in six weeks. 
One of his most famous sea-fights took place at night with the 
British frigate Serapis. The two vessels were hooked to- 




Aug., 1779 



Richard and Serapis. 



OPERATIONS IN THE SOUTH. I7I 

gather, and both were on fire many times during their two- 
hours' combat. So desperate was the fight that the Serapis 
surrendered just as the Richard was about to sink. Next 
morning Jones had barely time to remove his men to the capt- 
ured vessel, which he sailed into a Dutch port. 

284. Winter at Morristown. — The winter of 1779-80 was the 
coldest in the eighteenth century, and Washington's army at 
Morristown suffered, if possible, more than it had two years 
before at Valley Forge. The longer the war lasted, the more 
bare of all supplies the country became. Bands of British and 
Tories ravaged all the coasts, entering the James, Potomac, 
Hudson, and Connecticut rivers, and burning houses, barns, 
and boats. 

285. Fall of Charleston. — During the autumn the French fleet 
of D'Estaing had joined with the land forces under General 
Lincoln in attempting to retake Savannah, but without success. 
In this siege Pulaski charged with his "legion" upon the forti- 
fications, and fell mortally wounded. A thousand brave men 
lost their lives, among them Sergeant Jasper, who died clasping 
to his heart the colors presented to his regiment at Fort Moul- 
trie. (See note, page 149.) In March, 1780, Clinton appeared 
before Charleston with a fleet and army. On the 12th of May 
the city was forced to surrender. The whole of South Carolina 
was overrun by plunderers; all men were ordered into the 
king's army, and many who refused were murdered in the 
presence of their wives and children. 

286. Sumter, Marion,5 and Pickens, with their 
spirited and devoted followers, gave the 
British little peace in their regained prov- 
ince. Knowing all the paths through woods 
and marshes, shrinking from no hardship and 
delighting in danger, they sprang upon 
the invaders at unexpected moments, 
and often captured numbers greatly 
superior to their own. Meanwhile the ^ , ,^ ■ 

*■ General Marion. 




172 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




A Brave Southern Woman. 



women of the South were 
equally firm in their share 
of the defense. One 
lady, whose house 
had been seized and 
garrisoned by a 
British force, sug- 
gested to the 
American officers 
the plan of set- 
ting it on fire, and 
brought with her ^^ , 
own hands the bow 
and arrows with which fire- 
brands were to be shot on 
the wooden roof. Then 
she stood watching the 
flames that were burning her home until the enemy were forced 
to surrender themselves as prisoners. 

287. Marion as a Host. — It is said that a British officer, sent 
to arrange some matters of business with Marion, was invited 
by him to dinner Already charmed by the grace and dignity 
of his host, he gladly accepted the invitation, but was amazed 
to find that the meal consisted only of baked potatoes served 
on bark. No apology was made, but the guest could not help 
saying, "Surely, General, this is not your ordinary fare?" 
"Indeed it is," replied Marion, "but having to-day the honor 
of your company, we are so happy as to have more than our 
usual allowance." The officer returned to Charleston and re- 
signed his commission, saying that America would never be 
conquered while served by such men. 

288, Gates and Greene. — Gates was this year appointed to 
command in the South, and came with much bluster about 
" Burgoyning Cornwallis," who was now the British chief. 
Gates was terribly defeated, however, at Camden, (August, 



WAR IN THE SOUTH. 1 73 

1780,) and his ''grand ^^^^. army" was scattered. 
The brave Baron De yC_ ""^^"^ Kalb, whose firmness 
had enabled the Con- ^^^^^M tinental troops to stand 
fast even after the (ifeji/f^ mihtia gave way, fell 
at last, covered with ^^:^;/ ^ wounds. He had been 

a comrade of La ^;'A\,7' ,^^^ Fayette, and his 
death was bitterly i^ , , . '' '^^^^\ lamented. A vic- 

tory gained at /^fe'^^P^'^''' ' King's Mountain, ^ 

October 7, revived '"' ^ the hopes of the 

patriots, but Gen- ^^'^^^^^ ^'''''''- eral Greene, 7 who 

was soon afterwards appointed to succeed Gates, found only a 
ragged and demoralized troop of 2,000 men at his disposal. 

289. In the battle of the Oowpens the American militia at first 
gave way, and the Continentals fell back to a better position. 
The British, supposing that they had gained an un- 
commonly easy victory, rushed forward, when they ^"*' ^^ ^' 
were surprised by the sudden facing-about of the Continentals, 
who poured upon them so deadly a fire that they had to run in 
their turn. They were pursued twenty miles by Colonel Wash- 
ington, ^ and lost eight hundred men, with all their arms and 
cannon, while the Americans lost only twelve killed and sixty 
wounded. This "most extraordinary victory of the war" was 
due to the spirit and ability of General Morgan,9 who was 
bravely supported by his of^cers and men. 

290. A Chase by Oornwallis. — When Cornwallis heard of it he 
burned his baggage and pursued Morgan, who was now joined 
by Greene and the main army. The Americans had just 
crossed the Catawba when the British came in sight, but night 
and a heavy rain checked the pursuers. Next morning the 
river was too deep to ford, and Cornwallis was delayed three 
days. Greene pushed on to the Yadkin and secured all its 
boats. Cornwallis followed and again came in sight of the 
Americans just as they had crossed the stream. Again sudden 
and violent rains came to their rescue and his defeat. Two 



1/4 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

days later a similar race was begun for the fords of the Dan, 
and a third time America was saved by the aid of Providence. 
In spite of poverty, suffering, and the frightful odds that were 
yet to be met, the brave people took heart again, and believed 
that their country was destined to be free. 

291. Southern States Kecovered. — Greene's army having rested, 
and being re-enforced by troops from Virginia and North Caro- 
lina, turned and gave battle near Guilford Court- 
^^' house. It was defeated, but Cornwallis was so 
much weakened by his losses in the battle, and in the previous 
pursuit, that he abandoned Carolina and withdrew into Virginia. 
General Greene, though suffering several defeats, managed to 
keep all his positions, and at Eutaw Springs he gained 
^''*' ' a brilliant victory. In pursuing the British after this 
battle great losses were sustained; but in nine months Georgia 
and the two Carolinas had been recovered, with the exception 
of the three cities of Savannah, Charleston, and Wilmington. 

Questions. — Describe the main incidents of the campaign in the South. 
How was the lower Hudson regained by the Americans ? Tell the story 
of Paul Jones (see note 4). What was the state of our country during 
the winter of 1779-80? 

Map Exercise. — Where was Stony Point ? Paulus Hook (now Jersey 
City) ? On Map No. IV., point out Savannah. Charleston. Camden. 
Battle-field of the Cowpens. Guilford Court-house. Eutaw Springs, 
Trace Cornwallis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene. \ 

Points for Essays. — Letter from a soldier in winter quarters at Morris- 
town to his mother at home. From an Englishman in Cornwallis's army, 
describing Marion's mode of warfare, to his friends in England. Look 
up incidents in the lives of Colonel Washington, Sumter, Marion, Paul 
Jones, Morgan, Greene, Cornwallis, and make sketches of their charac- 
ters. 

Read Simms's Life of Marion. Moultrie's Memoirs of the Revolution. 
Henry Lee's Memoirs of the War in the Southern States. Cooper's History 
of the American Navy. Mackenzie's Life of Paul Jones. Up the Ashley 
and Cooper y article in Harper'' s Magazine^ December, 1875. 



NOTES. 175 



NOTES. 



1. Major-general Benjamin Lincoln (1733-1810), was bom and died in 
Hingham, Mass. He was a sturdy farmer, — member of the legislature and of 
the provincial Congress. Early in the war he showed military ability, and 
gamed rapid promotion. After his capture at Charleston (^ 285) he was allowed 
to go home on parole, and was not exchanged for nearly a year. He then 
hastened to the front, and held important commands until the close of the war 

(?304)- 

2. General Anthony Wayne, by reason of his many brilliant feats at 
arms, became the popular hero of the Revolution, He was born in Chester 
County, Pennsylvania, 1745, and died at Presque Isle (now Erie, Pa.), 1796, on 
his return from a successful expedition against the western Indians. 

3. Major Lee — afterwards General Henry Lee — was one of the leading 
spirits in the southern department. He was a brave soldier and a skillful officer. 
He died in 1816. General Robert E. Lee (^523) was his son. 

4. John Paul Jones was born in the south of Scotland, 1747. For a time 
he was mate of a slave-ship, but soon recoiled from the horrors of the business 
and came to America to live. In 1775 he was appointed lieutenant in the navy. 
The capture of the Serapis was his last sea fight for the Americans, but his suc- 
cesses during the previous three years had been numerous and brilliant. The 
name of Jones's ship is an odd memorial of the circumstances in which he ob- 
tained it. While waiting at Boulogne, wearied with the delay of the French 
officials to give him a ship as they had engaged to do, he happened to open Poor 
Richard's Almanac (^204) at the sentence, " If you would have your business 
done, go; if not, send." He took the hint, hastened to Paris, got his ship 
assigned him, and asked leave to call it Bon Homtne Richard ; i. e., Goodman 
Richard, in gratitude to the author of his success. His uniform good fortune 
as a commander was, perhaps, another fruit of his obedience to Franklin's 
advice. 

5. General Francis Marion belonged to the Huguenot colony of the 
Santee, north of Charleston (§^139, 140). Having been a captain under 
Moultrie, he rose to a colonelcy before the fall of Charleston. After that disaster 
he collected the fragments of his regiment together in the recesses of the swamps, 
and became a dread to the whole British army in the South. " Marion made 
war in his own way: now here, now there, now seen, now gone, he was like a 
meteor in the night ; and the successes gained by his swiftness and daring seemed 
marvelous alike to friend and foe. He selected young men for his band, gener- 
ally from his own neighbors of French descent ; he lived in the swamps ; he 
swam rivers on horseback; his favorite encampment was a canebrake. Scouts 
were kept out constantly, and when word was brought in of a small party of the 
enemy anywhere, then went forth Marion's men like lightning after them. 



1/6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Marion's favorite time for starting was sunset, and then the march lasted all 
night. It is said that Cornwallis had an especial fear of Marion, and never sat 
down in any strange house in the neighborhood of Charleston, but always on the 
piazza or under a tree, that with his own eyes he could watch for the swift darting 
foe." — Harper s, December, 1875. 

6. King's Mountain is a mile and a half south of the line which divides 
the two Carolinas. The American forces consisted of three regiments of settlers 
west of the Alleghanies, and three of North Carolinians. Many of the latter 
had been driven from their homes by Cornwallis, choosing exile and poverty 
rather than submission to the king. When mustered at the Cowpens, on Broad , 
River, the patriot forces numbered more than 1,700 men; but for the swift 
movement that was planned, only 900 of the best horsemen were chosen. Rid- 
ing all night and half the following day, they reached the foot of the mountain, 
and dismounting, advanced in four columns up the steep ascent. The British, 
numbering 1,125, were posted on the craggy summit, approachable only by 
most difficult climbing. The conflict that ensued was sharp and brief. Fergu- 
son, the British commander, was killed, and Depeyster, his second in command, 
surrendered, his retreat being cut off, and a large part of his forces dead or 
severely wounded. Bancroft says : " The victory at King's Mountain changed 
the aspect of the war, ... It fired the patriots of the two Carolinas with fresh 
zeal. . . . The appearance on the frontiers of a numerous enemy from settle- 
ments beyond the mountains, whose very names had been unknown to the 
British, took Cornwallis by surprise, and their success was fatal to his intended 
expedition. ... He had now no choice but to retreat." 

7. Major-general Nathaniel Greene was bom of Quaker parentage, 
in Warwick, Rhode Island, 1742, and died near Savannah, 1786. He led a 
division at Trenton, at Princeton, and at Brandywine; and commanded a wing 
of the army at Germantown and at Monmouth. He is commonly considered 
the ablest of the officers of the Revolution, excepting Washington. 

8. Colonel William Augustine Washington had proved his bravery in 
several previous battles — Long Island, Trenton, Princeton. He was taken 
prisoner at Eutaw Springs (^291), and was held by the British "until the war 
closed. He was born in Virginia, 1752, and after the war settled in Charleston, 
S. C, where he died, 1810. 

9. General Daniel Morgan was a native of New Jersey, but soon became 
identified with Virginia, and died there in 1802. In Braddock's campaign of 
1755 he was severely wounded, and was taken prisoner at Quebec the next year. 
He had fought well in the New Jersey campaigns of 1776 and 1777 ; but his 
most valuable service was at " the Cowpens. ' 



CHAPTER XIX. 

END OF THE WAR. 




292. 
in the 
Arnold 



Arnold's Treason.— The summer nf o ' ^" ' 

north by a stran J .nH T . '^^"^ ^^' "^^'^'^ 



(X77) 



178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and at Quebec and Saratoga had won the admiration of all b)' 
his headlong bravery (§§246, 247, 263). But his honesty was 
not equal to his valor. He had made money by trading in the 
stores provided for the starving army, and lost it by gambling 
and luxurious living. He complained that other officers had 
been promoted to his disadvantage, and that his sacrifices to his 
country had not been recognized by Congress. 

293. After the retreat of Clinton he was placed in command 
at Philadelphia. Here he was tried by court-martial for dis- 
honesty, and was sentenced to be publicly reprimanded by the 
commander-in-chief. Washington performed the painful duty 
with perfect gentleness, giving to Arnold full credit for his great 
services, and sparing his feelings as much as possible. Never- 
theless, Arnold — to mend his ruined fortunes and avenge his 
injured dignity — made known to Clinton his wish to enter the 
British service. He obtained from Washington the command 
of West Point, then the most important post in the country, as 
controlling the whole line of the Hudson. Soon afterwards he 
agreed with the British general to surrender it into his hands. 
For fourteen months the shameful bargaining had gone on, 
Arnold trying to secure the highest price for his treason before 
he took the last fatal step. At length a meeting took place at 
midnight among the bushes at the foot of the ' ' Long Clove 
Mountain," below Haverstraw. CHnton was represented by 
his adjutant-general. Major Andre, a brilliant young officer. 
It was agreed that the British should attack West Point in force, 
and Arnold promised so to man the defenses that they must fall 
without a blow. 

294. Capture of Aiidr6. — The wicked plot was foiled by three 
honest countrymen, Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart,^ who, 
in spite of Arnold's pass, arrested Andre * at Tarrytown, on his 
return to New York. They found in his stockings plans of the 
works at West Point, notes of the garrison, cannon, and stores, 
and an engineer's report concerning the attack and defense of 



ARNOLD S TREASON. 



179 



the place. Refusing Major Andre's offers of immense rewards 
for his release, they led him to the nearest American post. 

295. Andre's Death and Arnold's Eeward. — Andre was tried by 
a court-martial of fourteen general officers, including La 
Fayette and Steuben. Time and opportunity were afforded 

him to prepare his defense, ^_____ __^ 

but he was found guilty and ■ = * ^ ~ ' 

sentenced to be hanged as a 
spy, October 2, 1780. Ar- 




Capture of Anare. 



nold escaped, and received his promised reward from the 
British, together with their open contempt. The next year he 
appeared with a marauding force of British and Tories in the 
Chesapeake, burnt Richmond, and ravaged the Virginian 
coasts. His native State of Connecticut suffered the same 

U. S. H.-ii. 



l80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

treatment when New London was plundered and burnt. But 
Englishmen of honor were unwilling to serve with a traitor. 
Arnold soon went to England, where he died, twenty years 
after, in poverty and disgrace. 

296. The greatest peril now arose from the want of a central 
government strong enough to provide for the common defense. 
The paper money issued by Congress had become so nearly 
worthless that a dollar was worth scarcely more than two cents 
in coin. Brave as they were, the soldiers of Washington could 
not live without food, nor escape disease and death while they 
must sleep in winter upon the frozen ground without straw or 
blankets. 

297. Mutiny in the Army. — In January, 1781, the Pennsyl- 
vania troops at Morristown rebelled and marched to Princeton, 
dragging with them six 
small cannon. They 
had had no pay for a 
year, and had been kept 
in service after their 
time, as they understood 
it, had expired. Hear- 
ing of the mutiny. Gen- 
eral Clinton hastened 
with British troops to its aid, sending 
his agents secretly among the discon- 
tented soldiers, and offering them good 
pay and comforts if they would enter Mutiny in the Army. 

his army. Angry at being regarded as traitors and deserters, 
the troops at Princeton gave up the agents to their officers to 
be hanged as spies. The State of Pennsylvania then came to 
the rescue of its suffering men, and provided pay and clothing 
for all who would continue in the service. 

298. Articles of a closer confederation had already been signed 
by twelve States. Maryland refused to join them excepting on 




A NEW CONFEDERATION. l8l 

the condition that the lands northwest of the Ohio River 
should become the common property of all. But these lands 
were included in the chartered limits of Massachusetts, Con- 
necticut, New York, and Virginia, and had lately been con- 
quered from the British by Virginian troops (§278). New 
York, moreover, had bought from the Six Nations all the lands 
between the Cumberland Mountains and Lake Erie. Not only 
did these claims conflict, but union was impossible while the 
smaller States were at such odds compared with their rich and 
powerful neighbors. Maryland, especially, saw that all her 
present and possible setders would be drawn to Virginia by the 
cheap lands and light taxes which that great commonwealth 
could afford. 

299. To promote union, New York set the example of ceding 
all her western territory to Congress for the 

general good. Maryland then signed the articles ^^'^ ^' ^^ ^' 
of union. The other three States soon afterwards yielded up 
their claims to the government of the western territory, but 
Connecticut reserved the ownership of certain lands in Ohio 
(§ 134) partly to repay her citizens who had suffered losses by 
Tory raids during the Revolution (§§ 284, 295), and partly to 
create a school-fund, which still forms a large share of her pro- 
vision for public education. Georgia and the Carolinas fol- 
lowed the example of their northern sister-states by ceding 
their lands beyond the mountains to the general government. 

300. The new confederation was far from being a strong gov- 
ernment, but it was a step toward a better union, and it in- 
spired greater confidence in foreign nations than Congress alone 
had been able to command. Spain had already declared war 
against Great Britain, but she bitterly opposed the independ- 
ence of the United States, lest their example should prove too 
tempting to her own colonies in America. (See §404.) 

301. The States of Holland had sympathized from the first with 
the new Republic, whose struggle for freedom recalled their 



1 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

own; but their chief magistrate was so controlled by England 
that they could never venture upon an American alliance. 
Their governor at St. Eustatius, one of the West India islands, 
was the first foreign power to salute the flag of the United 
States. England demanded an apology, and the governor was 
recalled. 

302. The end of the war was now near. After a series of 
plundering raids through Virginia, CornwalHs intrenched him- 
self at Yorktown, on the peninsula which separates the York 
from the James River. Here he was soon surrounded by the 
combined French and American armies under Washington and 
Rochambeau, and a French fleet commanded by Count de 
Grasse.3 The latter did such damage to the EngHsh fleet 
which came to the rescue, that it sailed away to New York. 

303. Siege of Yorktown. — To the last moment before marching 
southward, Washington had made Clinton believe that he was 

about to attack New York, and had thus pre- 
vented his sending any aid to Cornwallis. 
Night and day the fleet and army kept up the 
bombardment of Yorktown. Washington 
sustained and encouraged his men by his 
example, and French as well as Americans 
were proud to serve under such a leader. 

304. Surrender of Cornwallis. — On the 19th 
of October, 1781, Cornwallis found himself 

Lord Cornwallis . r i , i i • r. -,1 n 

lorced to surrender his 8,000 men, with all 
his artillery and stores. The scene was one to be remembered. 
On one side of the road the French forces stretched for more 
than a mile in a brilliant line ; on the other were Washington 
and his Continentals. Between these lines marched the British 
and Hessians, with slow and sullen step. Cornwallis did not 
appear, but sent his sword by one of his officers. Washington 
appointed General Lincoln to receive it, consoling him thus for 
having had to surrender his own sword at Charleston (§ 285). 




END OF THE WAR. 



183 




305. Effect of tlie News. — Phila- 
delphians first learned the good 
news from their watchman's cry, 
" Past two o'clock, and CornwalHs 
is taken ! " Early in the morning 
Congress went in solemn proces- 
sion to church, to render thanks to God for 
the deliverance of the nation. In England 
as well as in America it was felt that the 
question of independence was decided. Lord 
North received the news as if it had been 
"a cannon-ball in his breast." The House 
of Commons voted, March 4, 1782, that 
whoever should advise a continuance of 
the war was an enemy to ihv. king and 
country, 

306. Oarleton in New York. — Ba.ids of Tories 
still continued their ravages in the south, 
robbing, burning, and shooting without re- 
gard to any authority. In New York, Clin- 
ton was superseded by Sir Guy Carleton. 
This humane officer, when governor of 
Canada, had refused to execute the king's designs by setting his 
savage allies upon the defenseless farms and dwellings of the 
"rebels," and had offered to receive the sick soldiers of Mont- 
gomery and Arnold into his hospitals with free permission to 
depart as soon as they were well (§247). He now provided, 
at the king's expense, for the return of refugees who .ha.d been 
sent to the West Indies in violation of the terms of the sur- 
render of Charleston, and tried by many kindnesses to make 
them forget the unjust treatment which they had suffered. 

307. Preliminaries of Peace. — On the nth of July, 1782, the 
British departed from Savannah, and, during the following 
December, from Charleston. Preliminaries of peace were 




" Cornwallis is 
Taken!" 



184 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

signed at Versailles, near Paris, on the 30th of November. 
The independence of the United States was acknowledged, and 
their boundaries were settled. (See §309.) On the eighth 
anniversary of the battle of Lexington, April 19, 1783, Wash- 
ington disbanded his army, and the war-worn patriots were at 
length free to return to their homes. 

308. Departure of the British. — The final treaty of peace was 
signed September 3, 1783, and on the 25th of November all 
the British troops in America, — now collected in New York, — 
embarked from the Battery, while General Knox 4 entered the 
city on the north. On the 4th of December Washington took 
leave of his comrades s in so many perils and sufferings. A 
(ew days later he resigned his commission to Congress. Then 
he retired to well-earned repose upon his farm at Mount 
Vernon. 

Questions. — What train of events led to the execution of Andre ? 
What evils resulted from the weakness of Congress? How did the 
States secure a stronger central government ? What was the last decisive 
event of the war ? Describe the closing scene. 

Read Sargent's Life of Andre. Sparks's Life of Arnold. Raymond's 
Women of the South. Sabine's Loyalists of the American Revolution. 
Washington's Farewell Address to Congress. 



NOTES. 

1. Each of these patriots was pensioned for life by Congress, and awarded a 
medal of honor, for his refusal of the bribes offered. 

2. Major John Andre, born in London, 1751, was adjutant-general of the 
British forces in America, a brave soldier, and an accomplished gentleman. His 
conduct under trial was manly, and he frankly acknowledged the greatness of 
his offense. 

3. Count DE Grasse, at the early age of eleven years, served with the 
Knights of Malta against the Moors and Turks. He entered the French navy 
in 1749. His aid in the siege of Yorktown greatly hastened the surrender of 
Comwallis, Afterwards he sailed with his fleet to the West Indies, and gained 
some important victories over the British, 

4. Major-general Henry Knox (bom in Boston, 1750, and died in 
Thomaston, Maine, i8o6\ was the most noted artillerist of the Revolution. He 



NOTES AND QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1 8$ 

was aid to General Ward in the battle of Bunker Hill, where his bravery was 
conspicuous. At Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and many 
other of the hottest battles of the war, Knox directed the American artillery 
with wonderful effect. He was in the heaviest cannonading to the last at York- 
town. In 1785 he was appointed Secretary of War and of the Navy. He was 
chosen by President Washington as his first Secretary of War (§321), and re- 
mamed in his Cabinet* for six years, when he retired from public life to the quiet 
of a farm in Maine. 

5. Washington's words on this occasion were few, but full of feeling. He 
said to his fellow-officers : " With a heart full of love and gratitude I now take 
leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous 
'and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable. I can not 
come to each of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged to you if each will 
come and take me by the hand.'" Before separating, the officers formed them- 
selves into a friendly society called the Ctncinnatt, in memory of the noble 
Roman, Cincinnatus, who quitted his plow to serve his country in war, and re- 
turned to his peaceful pursuits as soon as the victory was won. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.— Part III. 



Section 



1. Name some of the causes of the American Revolu- 

tion. 215-224 

2. What resistance was made to the Navigation Laws? 225, 226 

3. Describe the causes and effects of the Boston Tea 

Party. 227-229 

4. Name the several steps of the colonies toward 1 102, 145, 151 

union. ^ 230, 298 

5. What was done by the First Continental Congress? 230, 231 

6. What, by the Second? 234,235 

7. Describe the first battle of the Revolution. 232, 233 

8. What did' Englishmen think of the war? 236 

9. Describe the battle of Bunker Hill. 238-240 

10. Describe Washington's army. 241 

11. What were the " Mecklenburg Resolutions " ? 242 

12. How was Kentucky founded? 243 

13. How did King George IH. prepare for war? 244 

14. What was done by Americans to prevent Canadian 

attacks? 237, 245-247 

15. How was Boston relieved and Charleston defended? 248, 249 

(185) 



1 86 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



16. By what acts were the colonies separated from 

England ? 

17. What changes were made in the several colonies? 

18. What occurred near and in New York? 

19. What in the Jerseys ? 

20. What foreigners enlisted under Washington ? 

21. Describe Burgoyne's campaign in 1777. 

22. Describe Washington's winter at Valley Forge. 

23. What led to the French alliance ? 

24. How long was Philadelphia held by the British ? 

25. Describe the attack on Newport. 

26. Describe the Indian massacres of 1778, and their 

punishment. 

27. Describe Clark's campaign in the West. 

28. What was done in Carolina and Georgia? 

29. What posts on the Hudson were retaken in 1779? 

30. Tell something of Captain Paul Jones. 

31. Describe the campaign of 1780 in the South. 

32. Tell the story of Arnold's treason. 

33. What induced the colonies to make a closer union ? 

34. What part did European nations take toward Englan^ 

35. Describe the last campaign of Cornwallis in America. 

36. What can you say of Carleton ? 

37. Describe the end of the war. 



38. Name, in review, the principal battles of the 
Revolution. 



39. What British generals were successively in chief | 

command ? i 

40. Who were the principal American commanders ? 



Section 



41. What representatives were sent by the United States 

to France ? 

42. What can you say of the naval actions of the Revo- 

lution ? 

43. What States had claims to western lands, and what 

disposal was made of those claims ? 





250 




251 




252-257 




258-260 




261, 269 




262-266 




267, 268 




270 




263, 272 




273 




274-276 




277-279 




280, 281 




282 




283 




285-291 




292-295 




296-299 


d? 


300, 301 




302-305 




306 




307, 308 


232, 


239, 249, 


253, 


259, 263, 


265, 


266, 272, 


278, 


282, 285, 


288, 


289, 291, 


303. 




232, 


240, 272, 


288, 


306. 


241, 


257. 265, 


281, 


282, 286, 


288. 






270 


273 


283, 302 




298, 299 



PART IV.-GROWTH OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER XX. 



ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 




309. By the terms of the 
Treaty of Versailles the United 
States reached from the At- 
lantic to the Mississippi, be- 
ing separated from the British 
dominions on the north and 
northeast by the Great Lakes, 
a few miles of the St. Law- 
rence, and the St. Croix 
River. Florida and the mouth 
of the Mississippi still be- 
longed to Spain. The diffi- 
culties and dangers which 
followed the return of peace 
The nation, as such, 



The United States in i-jSj. 

were almost as great as those of the war. 
was penniless and loaded with debt ; its armies were unpaid for 
the services to which it owed its very existence ; and though 
there was immense wealth in the soil and mines, years of in- 
dustry were needed to bring it to light. 

310. There was no general government, for the Articles of Con- 
federation (§ 298) had proved too weak for the purpose for 

(187) 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



which they were framed. The several States had adopted re- 
pubhcan constitutions ; but whether the thirteen republics were 
to exist as so many separate nations, or were to be united under 
a monarchy or in a federal league, no man knew. In the sum- 
mer of 1782 the unpaid soldiers had listened to the proposal 
of some ambitious officers that they should set up Washington 
as their king. The great general crushed the plot as soon as it 
came to his knowledge, and proved his hold upon the love of 
his men by keeping them in order and obedience during the 
trying year, while he was urging upon Congress their just de- 
mands. Instead of the half-pay for life, to which officers were 
entitled, he secured to them a sum equal to five years' full 
pay, — a necessary provision for those whose private fortunes 
had been ruined by the war. 

311. The Indians were still hostile 
along the western border. Among 
the first acts of the United States as 




Council with the Indian 

an independent power was a treaty at 
Fort Pitt with the Delawares, admitting 
their just claim to their lands until they 
In 1784 peace was made with the Iroquois 
by a grand council at Fort Stanwix, now Rome, New York, and 
within six years similar treaties were made with all the tribes to 



chose to sell them. 



MOVEMENTS TOWARD UNION. 



189 



the southward. Mutual forgiveness of injuries was promised, 
and peace was restored. 

312. The "treaty rights" thus yielded by the United States 
have been the basis of all official dealings with the natives of 
the far west. Unhappily, Indian agents have sometimes cared 
more for their own gains than for the honor of their govern- 
ment, and some private citizens have acted toward the barba- 
rians with reckless cruelty and fraud. 

313. Movements toward Union. — The jealousies already exist- 
ing among the States grew deeper and more violent with every 
year of their independence. At length the legislature of Vir- 
ginia invited all the other States to join her in a convention to 
agree upon a much-needed system of commercial intercourse. 
Only five States accepted the invitation, but their delegates at 
Annapohs, in 1786, advised Congress to call a general assembly 
to revise the Articles of Confederation. 

314. The Constitutional Convention. — This body met in Phila- 
delphia, May 25, 1787, and in it were found delegates from all 
the States excepting Rhode Island. Other nations have had 
their forms of government gradually shaped by circumstances 
through a course of centuries : — for the first 
time in the world's history four millions of 
people were, by their representatives, to 
choose a form of government for themselves. 

315. Washington was President of 
the Convention, and with him sat 
some of the wisest and best states- 
men that America or the world has 
known. There was Franklin, now 
more than eighty years old, who 
had done priceless service to his 
country in England and France, 
and whose practical wisdom made 
him one of the ablest framers of Costumes in lygo. 




190 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the Constitution; there was Robert Morris,^ who had raised 
money by his own credit to carry on the war; there were 
Hamilton, and Livingston, and Madison, who by their study 
of Enghsh law, had learned to apply broad principles of truth 
and justice to the needs of a free people. 

316. Differences of Opinion. — It was soon found that there were 
many parties in the convention. One desired only to ''mend 
the weak places" in the Confederation; another, to make a 
new and strong government. The representatives of Virginia 
and the larger States would have national officers elected by a 
majority of the people; those of New Jersey and the rest in- 
sisted that each State, whether great or small, should have an 
equal part in the general government. The former was called 
the National, the latter the Federal, plan. Some were in favor 
of three Presidents, each of whom would be a check upon the 
others, lest any one should gain supreme power. On the other 
hand, Hamilton declared that ''no good executive can be es- 
tabhshed on republican principles " ; but since a king could not 
be had, he desired that the new constitution should be "toned 
up " to the nearest possible likeness to a monarchy. Connecti- 
cut took the part of peacemaker between the opposing parties. 
Her three delegates,^ Roger Sherman, William Samuel John- 
son, and Oliver Ellsworth were eminent for their experience in 
governing. It was decided that all the States should have an 
equal vote in the Senate, while their importance in the lower 
House would depend upon the number of their people. The 
smaller States then became willing to grant lull powers to the 
general government. 

317. The Constitution of the United States, as reported after 
four months of earnest discussion, left to each State the charge 
of its own affairs, but gave to the Federal government the care 
of all matters which affected the nation as a whole. Such are 
coinage, postal service, the maintenance of army and navy, 
forts, arsenals, and magazines for the common defense, and the 



ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. I9I 

making of war, peace, or alliances with foreign powers. (See 
Appendix, pages xiv., xv.) 

The law making power is vested in a Congress, consisting of a 
Senate and a House of Representatives. Every State is entitled 
to two senators chosen by its own legislature : the number of 
representatives from each State, chosen directly by the voters, 
depends upon its pop-jlation. 

The executive power is intrusted to a President, chosen by 
electors in all the States, for a term of four years. He nomi- 
nates, and with the consent of the Senate, appoints, embassa- 
dors, consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and the members 
of his own Cabinet, and gives commissions to officers in the 
army and navy. 

The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court and such 
lower courts as Congress may establish. 

318. Opinions of the Constitution. — A great English statesman 
of our own time (Mr. Gladstone) has pronounced the Constitu- 
tion of the United States to be " the most wonderful work ever 
struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man." 
Washington wrote of it: ''It appears to me little short of a 
miracle that the delegates from so many States, different from 
each other in their manners, circumstances, and prejudices, 
should unite in forming a system of national government so 

little liable to well-founded objections It is provided 

with more checks and barriers against the introduction of 
tyranny than any government hitherto instituted among mor- 
tals." Should it "be found less perfect than it can be made, a 
constitutional door is left open for its amelioration." 

319. Adopted by the States. — The constitution thus framed was 
submitted to the people, who, in each State, chose delegates to 
consider and pronounce upon it. After severe discussion, in 
which Hamilton, Madison, Jay, 3 and Patrick Henrys took a 
leading part, it was accepted at last by all the States. On the 
first Wednesdav in January, 1789, the first general election was 



192 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



held under the constitution. A month later the electors met, 
and George Washington s was chosen to be the first President of 
the United States without one dissenting voice. John Adams, 
of Massachusetts, was declared Vice-President. 

320. "Washington's Inau- 
guration. — Washington's 
journey to New York, 
then the seat of govern- 
ment, was like a triumphal 
progress. Crowds attend- 
ed him; young girls, 
clothed in white, scattered 
flowers along his way. 
The oath of office was 
administered by Chan- 
cellor Livingston,^ of 
New York, on the balcony 
of the senate-house, in 
the presence of throngs 
of people, who filled the 
street, the windows, and 
the roofs of surrounding 
buildings. And when Washington's voice was heard pledging 
himself to "preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of 
the United States," every one felt that the new Republic was 
safe. 

Questions. — In what condition were the States after the War of Inde- 
pendence ? By what steps was union attained ? What are the main 
points in the Constitution ? Describe the first inauguration. 

Map Exercise. — Point out all the boundaries of the United States in 
1784. 

Point for Essay. — Letter of a New England girl, present in New York 
at the inauguration of Washington. 

Read The Century, April, 1889, for full accounts of Washington's 
inauguration, and of his home- life at Mt. Vernon. 




Washington' s Journey to New York. 



NOTES. 1 93 



not: 



1. Robert Morris (1734-1806), " the patriot financier," was an Englishman 
by birth. He came to Philadelphia when thirteen years old, and there com- 
menced a wonderfully successful business career. He was a man of immense 
fortune at the breaking out of the Revolution, and his credit was better than that 
of Congress. In 1781 he was made superintendent of finance, and during that 
year he supplied all the wants of the army m the expedition against Cornwallis. 
To do this, Morris was compelled to give his own notes, which were all paid, to 
the amount of ^1,400,000, He supenntended the affairs of the navy, and sent 
out many privateers on his own account. In 1781 he established the " Bank of 
North America," which greatly helped the government. During the hard winter 
at Valley Forge, he sent as a gift to the army a ship-load of clothing and pro- 
visions. When an old man Morris lost all his fortune in a speculation, and was 
a prisoner (or debt from 1798 to 1802. 

2. Roger Sherman was now sixty-six years of age. In his youth he had 
been a shoemaker, but after careful study he became a lawyer at the age of 
thirty-three, and took a leading part in the events that led to the Revolution. 
His fellow-citizens " gave him every possible sign of their confidence. The 
church made him its deacon ; Yale College its treasurer; New Haven its repre- 
sentative, and, when it became a city, its first mayor, re-electing him as long as 
he lived. For nineteen years he was annually chosen one of the fourteen assist- 
ants, or upper house of the legislature, and for twenty-three years a judge of 
the court of common pleas or the superior court. A plurality of offices being 
then allowed, Sherman was sent to the first congress in 1774, and to every other 
congress to the last hour of his life, except when excluded by the law of rotation. 
In congress he served on most of the important committees, the board of war, 
the board of marine, the board of finance. He . . . was of the committee to 
write, and a signer of, the Declaration of Independence, was of the committee to 
frame the Articles of Confederation, and a signer of that instrument." g 298. 

William Samuel Johnson was now sixty, and had recently been chosen 
president of Columbia College. He had been educated at Yale and Harvard, 
and had been the " able and faithful agent of his State in England, where Oxford 
made him a Doctor of Civil Law." 

Oliver Ellsworth had been the attorney of his own State, a member of 
its assembly, one of its delegates in congress, a colleague of Sherman in its 
superior court, and now, rich in experience, he becomes one of the chief work- 
men in framing the federal constitution. " He was afterward," says John 
Adams, " the firmest pillar of Washington's administration." He became 
Chief-justice of the United States in 1796. 

3. John Jay (1745-1829), was one of the greatest statesmen of his time. 
He was of French descent, and was born in New York. In 1764 he graduated 



194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

at King's (Columbia) College, and then studied law. In the provincial congress 
of New York, and in both continental congresses, he was a member of the most 
important committees. The constitution of the State of New York is mainly his 
work. In 1778 he was president of the national congress, and the following 
year he was sent as minister to Spain. At the close of the Revolution he was 
one of five commissioners appointed to negotiate the treaty with Great Britain, 
but the entire work fell upon Jay and Franklin. After his return to America 
he was Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Washington made him Chief-justice of 
the United States, being the first to hold the position. Although Jay's treaty of 
1794 (^331) vv^ith England created such excitement in this country, time proved 
the wisdom of its conditions. On his return from negotiating this treaty he was 
for six years governor of New York. He then retired to his estate in Westchester 
County, where he quietly passed the remaining twenty-eight years of his hfe. 

4. Patrick Henry (^230 and note), objected mainly to the first three 
words, " We, the People," insisting that the convention was called only to form 
an alliance of states. Virginia ratified the constitution, however, with the full 
understanding that it united the people of all the States under one government. 

5. George Washington (born February 22, 1732 ; died December 14, 1799). 
His father died when George was eleven years old, so that his education de- 
volved upon his mother, a woman of noble character, who commanded the deep 
love and respect of her son. His attendance at school was from necessity 
limited ; however, he thoroughly fitted himself to be a surveyor, and while en- 
gaged in this work, shut off from civilization and compelled to undergo numerous 
hardships, the young man learned many lessons that afterwards proved useful to 
him. When Governor Dinwiddle arrived in Virginia he appointed Washington, 
with the rank of major, over one of the four military districts into which he 
divided the colony. It was at this time, and when only twenty-one years of 
age, that Washington was sent on his mission to Fort Le Boeuf (^ 181). The 
soundness of his judgment was shown on that occasion, and Braddock's expe- 
dition was afterwards ruined by disregard of his advice. When called upon to 
take command of the army of the United States, he accepted the post with his 
nsual modesty, but declined to receive any pay. He had married Mrs. Martha 
Custis, a wealthy young widow, in 1759, and, being heir himself to large estates 
at Mount Vernon, on the Potomac, he had devoted himself to agriculture and 
the improvement of his property. At the close of the war Washington looked 
eagerly for a renewal of his home-life, but again sacrificed his private desires 
for his country's good in accepting the presidency. In appearance Washington 
was of commanding presence. His face was calm and dignified, and his manner 
was formal. In private he was gracious and genial, especially with the young. 

6. Robert R. Livingston (1746-1813), was a cousin of William Livingston 
mentioned in ^315. He held many important political offices, and was the first 
chancellor of the State of New York. See ^355. He did much for the im- 
provement of agriculture in New York, and aided Fulton in his early experi- 
ments in steam navigation (§362). 



•CHAPTER XXL 



FIRST AND SECOND TERMS, A. D. 1789-1797. 

George Washington, President. John Adams, Vice-President. 



321. Washington's Cabinet con- 
sisted of Thomas Jefferson, Secre- 
tary of State ; Alexander Hamilton, ^ 
Secretary of the Treasury; Henry 
Knox, Secretary of War; and Ed- 
mund Randolph, 2 Attorney-gen- 
eral. John Jay was appointed 
Chief-justice of the United States. 




Co?itinental Currency. 



322. Hamilton's great financial ability soon brought confi- 
dence and prosperity into our commercial affairs. The general 
government took upon itself the war debts of the several States, 
and made arrangements to redeem all the certificates of debt 
issued by Congress. This was a severe test of pubHc honor, for 
the greater part of this paper was in the hands of speculators, 
who had bought it for almost nothing from the starving soldiers 
of the Revolution and from other needy creditors of the nation. 
Many thought the government should divide its payments be- 
tween the first and the present holders of the pledges, but this 
was impossible, and the new nation was not to begin its ex- 
istence by breaking its promises. 

323. The Bank of the United States was- established at Phila- 
delphia, and there, also, the national mint was set up. Taxes 
were laid on imports of foreign goods, and on the distilling of 
liquors. 



U. S H.— 12. 



^195) 



196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

In 1790 the seat of government was placed for ten years at 
Philadelphia, and a tract of land ten miles square on either 
side of the Potomac, which was given to the United States by 
Maryland and Virginia, was adopted by Congress as the site of 
the future capital. Washington himself chose the site for the 
city which was to bear his name, and laid the corner-stone of 
the Capitol in 1793. 

324. The Northwestern Territory. — The most important act of 
the last Continental Congress had been the organizing of a 

settled government for the territory north of the 
' Ohio River. It was, in fact, "the most notable 
law ever enacted by representatives of the American people." 
To insure its perpetual enforcement, it was not left as a mere 
act of Congress, which could be repealed at a later session; 
but its six main provisions were made articles of a solemn 
agreement between the inhabitants of the territory, present and 
to come, and the people of the thirteen States. No man was 
to be deprived of his liberty excepting as a punishment for 
crime; life, property, and religious freedom were protected by 
just and equal laws. A clause, which several western States 
have copied in their constitutions, declared that, '' Religion, 
morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government, 
schools and the means of education shall forever be encour- 
aged." For this purpose one square mile in every township 
(thirty-six square miles) was set apart for the support of com- 
mon schools, and two entire townships for the establishment of 
a university. Ohio University, at Athens, arose from this foun- 
dation, and was the first college west of the Alleghanies. 

325. The Ohio Company. — In consequence of this liberal con- 
stitution, which was partly suggested by himself. Doctor Cut- 
ler, 3 of Massachusetts, as agent of the new " Ohio Company," 
bought of Congress a million and a half acres of land on the 
Ohio and Scioto rivers. For other persons Doctor Cutler 
bought four millions of acres more. The whole vast Territory 



THE NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY. 



197 



was then known as ''The Wilderness," and contained no white 
inhabitants excepting a few French settlers on its western and 
northern borders. The few and scattered Indians offered little 
resistance to immigration. Attracted by the fertile soil and 
the assurance of good government, industrious settlers soon 
thronged to the new country. The five States ^ formed from 




Scttlets on the IVay to the Ohio. 

the Northwestern Territory now contain one fourth of all the 
population of the United States. General St. Clair s became 
the first governor of the Territory, and took up his residence 
at Marietta, the first town on the Ohio. 

326. The Indians on the Miami and Wabash rivers made fre- 
quent attacks upon the white setdements. They were supphed 
with powder and guns from forts which the British still wrong- 
fully held in the heart of the country. Several expeditions 
against these tribes were repulsed with great slaughter; even 
the one led in person by Governor St. Clair ended in surprise 
and disgrace. General Wayne, — the "Mad Anthony" of the 




198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Revolution, — had better success. Having 
defeated the savages on the Maumee, he so 
laid waste their country that they were glad 
to buy peace by removing west of the Wa- 
bash. 

327. Whisky Eebellion.— The whisky tax 
caused great discontent in western Pennsyl- 
vania, where whisky was largely made. The 
^ spirit of revolt was increased by artful men 

General St. Clair. , . , , , „ , ,„, 

who Wished to overthrow all laws. 1 he re- 
bellion made such headway that the President called out 
15,000 militia to put it down, and himself led the citizen-army 
as far as Fort Cumberland. There he gave the command to 
General Lee, — formerly ''Light Horse Harry," now governor 
of Virginia, — who marched into the western counties of Penn- 
sylvania. But no fighting was needed; frightened by this 
spirited action, the rioters laid down their arms and asked 
pardon from the government. 

328. During the Prench Kevolution, which was now in prog- 
ress, Washington and his advisers had a difficult part to play. 
La Fayette, one of the first and warmest friends of American 
freedom, was for a time a leader of the popular movement in 
France. Our people were strongly inclined to sympathize with 
the French in their resistance to a v/orse despotism than we had 
ever suffered; and when Great Britain took up arms to force 
the restoration of kings in France, some ardent spirits in 
America were eager to plunge into war and pay our debt of 
gratitude by helping to gain for our comrades in arms the same 
blessings which we were enjoying. 

329. But when the Eeign of Terror in Frarce had destroyed 
freedom instead of securing it, and shed torrents of innocent 
blood, wiser people were alarmed, and thought even tyranny 
was better than such mad violence. Besides, we had England 



jay's treaty. 199 

on our north and east, Spain on our south and west, stirring up 
the Indians to fierce warfare, while our eastern ports were at 
the mercy of EngHsh ships. In addition to this, the pirate 
states of the Mediterranean were preying upon all the com- 
merce of Christendom, and hundreds of American citizens 
were toiling as slaves under the burning sun of Algiers and 
Morocco. 

330. Great Britain still held Mackinaw, Detroit, Niagara, ' 
Oswego, and several other forts on our frontier, and gave still 
greater offense during her war with France by seizing American 
ships and forcing their sailors to serve on board her own ves- 
sels. On the other hand, English merchants complained that 
they could not collect debts due them in America. In some 
cases many years' interest was claimed on money due before 
the Revolution, while Congress insisted that the British govern- 
ment, having made payment impossible, was itself responsible 
for the delay. 

331. Jay's Treaty.— To arrange all these matters John Jay was 
sent as mmister to London, and there made a treaty which 
settled most of the points in dispute excepting the ''right of 
search." King George ^^^^ agreed to pay for the 
losses of American mer- ^^^^ % chant-ships caused by 
his privateers, and to l^^^P A give up the western forts 
(§326) which, with or 5^if''//ii^P without authority from 
him, had kept alive In- J^^^^^L dian hostilities against 
our pioneers in the ^f^^^^^W^^ new territory. On the 
other hand, Congress ^^B^V^R provided for the pay- 
ment of our English ^«'A 1% debts. The treaty was 
violently opposed by ^ ®^ j those Americans who 
still bitterly hated ,, , England, and wished 

■' John Jay. . i • i i 

success to the French Revolution, which she 

was fighting to put down. Washington was greatly abused by 
these people, and was even accused of overdrawing his salary^ 
as President, and threatened with impeachment! He perse- 



200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

vered, however, in what seemed to him the course of duty, 
and with a majority of the Senate ratified Mr. Jay's treaty. 

332. Citizen Genet. — Counting upon the gratitude and affec- 
tion of our countrymen toward France, her envoy, ' ' Citizen 
Genet," who had landed at Charleston, raised troops and fitted 
out privateers in the southern States before presenting himself 
at the seat of government. A large party of American citizens 
upheld him, and demanded a declaration of war against Great 
Britain. Washington firmly resisted this wild policy, and soon 
Genet was recalled. He chose, however, to remain in this 
country, and became a citizen of the United States. 

333. Two political parties now became clearly divided. The 
Federalists, with Washington at their head, stood by the treaty 
with England, and desired a strong central government for the 
sake of commanding respect abroad and security at home. 
The Republicans, — or Democrats, as they were called later, the 
two names having nearly the same meaning, — were friends to 
France, and to the independent sovereignty of our States, while 
they violently opposed Jay's treaty, the United States Bank, and 
the payment of State debts by the general government. They 
were in constant dread that the government was drifting toward 
'' monarchy" when any new power was exerted by Congress or 
the President; and perhaps some of them really feared that 
Washington might become "King of America," though this 
apprehension was certainly not felt by the leaders, nor by the 
more intelligent members of the party. Alexander Hamilton 
and John Adams were leading Federalists ; Jefferson, Madison, 
and Monroe were the chief Democrats. 

334. A treaty with Spain, in 1795, setded the boundaries be- 
tween the United States on one side, and Florida and Louisiana 
on the other. The navigation of the Mississippi was secured to 
American citizens, and they were permitted to use New Orleans 
for ten years as a place of deposit. This treaty removed a 
great danger ; for the growing products of the West needed this 



TREATY WITH ALGIERS. 



20 1 



natural outlet, and some bold men had even plotted to seize 
New Orleans by force, — a movement which must certainly have 
brought on war. On the other hand, the Spanish authorities in 
that city were said to be sending spies through the southwestern 




Algerine Pirates. 

country, hoping to separate that rich territory from the Union 
and make it subject to Spain. 

335. Treaty with Algiers. — During the same year a treaty was 
made with the pirate government of Algiers, on terms which 
were humiliating but necessary, as we had no navy. $800,000 



202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

were paid to the Dey for the release of American seamen 
whom he held as slaves, and an annual tribute of $23,000 was 
promised in return for his engagement to leave our merchant- 
ships unharmed. During Washington's two terms of office 
Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee were organized as States and 
admitted into the Federal Union (§§223, 243, and note i, 
Chapter XV). 

336. As his second term of office drew near its close, Wash- 
ington declined a re-election, in an address to his fellow-citizens, 
which he caused to be published in a Philadelphia paper. In 
his last speech to Congress he recommended an increase of the 
navy, and the establishment of a military academy, a national 
university, and an institution for the improvement of agri- 
culture. His eight years of chief magistracy had been, if pos- 
sible, a yet greater service to his country than his eight-years' 
command of her armies. No man was probably ever more 
free from selfish aims; none cciild have held together so many 
discordant interests until they had time to become har- 
monious. 

337. Washington's plea for union may be given in his own 
words: *'The North . . . finds in the productions of the 
South great additional resources of maritime and commercial 
enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. 
The South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency 
of the North, sees its agriculture grow and its commerce ex- 
pand. . . . The East, in a like intercourse with the West, 
already finds, — ani in the progressive improvement of interior 
communications by land and water, will more and more find, — 
a valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad 
or manufactures al home. The West derives from the East 
supplies requisite to its growth and comfort, and . . . must 
owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for its own 
productions to the weight, influence, and future maritime 
strength of the Atlantic side of the Union." 



RESULTS OF THE FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 203 




Washington s Coach of State. 



338. The Eepublican Court. — Washington had maintained the 
dignity of the RepubHc by his grave and stately manners, and 
the style of his appearance in public. His own tastes were 
very simple; but some of his advisers doubted whether the 
people would respect and obey a government which was with- 
out the pomps and ceremonies that made an essential part of 
Old World customs. There were others who made sport of 
Washington's coach of state, drawn by six white horses; and 
regarded his formal receptions as ''aping the manners of 
royalty." We shall see that later Presidents found it possible to 
adopt simpler manners, but we may be sure that Washington 
did nothing from vanity. 

339. Eesults of the First Administration. — Under his faithful 
care, an era of prosperity had begun. The honor of the gov- 
ernment had been sustained by a secure provision for the pay- 
ment of its debts, confidence and order were established, 
commerce flourished, and the products of the soil had become 
a source of wealth. In spite of the complaints of restless poli- 
ticians, the people loved their government, for they found it 
well fitted to secure their peace and happiness. 



204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Questions. — What was done by Washington's Secretary of the Treasury? 
How was the Northwestern Territory organized ? How settled ? How 
was the peace of the country broken ? How were matters arranged with 
England ? What differences of opinion between parties in Washington's 
time ? What was his parting advice to the nation ? What good had he 
done? 

Map Exercise. — Point out, on Map IV., the boundaries of the North- 
western Territory and its first settlement. On Map VI., three successive 
seats of the Federal government. 

Read Volume V. of Irving's Life of Washington. Life of Hamilton. 
Griswold's Court of Washington. Goodrich's Republican Court. Omitted 
Chapters of History^ by M. D. Conway. 

NOTES. 

" 1. Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804), bom in the West Indies, was one 
of the most remarkable men of the Revolution. His mother died when he was 
a child, and his father being poor, Hamilton was left in the care of his mother's 
relatives. They placed him in a commercial house when twelve years of age, and 
although he did not like the life, he did his duties faithfully. He wrote a news- 
paper article when but fifteen years old that gave proof of so much ability that 
his friends determined to educate him, and he was sent to King's (Columbia) 
College, where he graduated. He became much interested in pofitics, and his 
speeches and political pamphlets soon gave him a high position in the com- 
munity. When nineteen years old he was commissioned as captain of artillery, 
and attracted the attention of Washington, to whom he finally became aid-de- 
camp. He conducted Washington's most delicate correspondence with the 
British commanders and others. After the war he studied law, in which pro- 
fession he at once rose to eminence, but much of his time was given to politics. 
He was a member of the Constitutional Convention (^ 314), and wrote the ma- 
jority of a series of papers called The Federalist, in defense of the Constitution, 
which were widely read. Hamilton's great ability and untiring energy won him 
many strong friends among the Federalists, and many bitter enemies in the 
opposite party. As Washington's first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton's 
career was brilliant and successful. A split occurring in the Federalist party, 
Hamilton, by his opposition, gave deep offense to Aaron Burr, who finally 
challenged him to a duel and shot him. Hamilton is described as being under 
the medium height and slight in figure. His complexion was fair and delicate, 
and his manners were most engaging. 

2. Edmund Randolph (1753-1813), was the son of John Randolph of 
Williamsburg, a steadfast RoyaHst and last Attorney-general of the Colony of 
Virginia. Upon his enlisting in the cause of the colonies against the mother- 



NOTES. 205 

country, the son was disowned by his father, but adopted by his uncle, Peyton 
Randolph, who was the first president of the American Congress. Edmund 
Randolph served on Washington's staff during the Revolution. In 1786 he was 
elected governor of Virginia, and the next year was a member of the convention 
which' prepared the Constitution of the United States. Though dissatisfied with 
some articles of the Constitution, and refusing it his signature, he yielded to the 
judgment of the majority and used his influence for its adoption by the Virginia 
Convention. In 1789 he was appointed Attorney-general, and tried to hold a 
neutral position in the rising dissensions in the cabinet between the Federalists 
and Republicans. Personally attached to Washington, he was politically allied 
with Jefferson, whom, in 1794, he succeeded as Secretary of State. He re- 
signed, however, the following year, owing to charges which there is every reason 
to believe false and malicious, but which circumstances then deprived him of the 
means of refuting. His vindication, published afterwards, was believed by all 
excepting his personal enemies. The last eighteen years of his life were occu- 
pied with the practice of law. 

3. Manassah Cutler was born at Killingly, Conn., 1742, and graduated at 
Yale College, 1765. Senator Hoar, in his centennial address at Marietta, April, 
1888, named as the two founders of the State of Ohio, General Rufus Putnam 
and Dr. Cutler. " Putnam was the great leader, the man of action ; but Cutler's 
portion of the work was the more important in its results. . . . Manassah Cutler 
was probably the fittest man on the continent, except Franklin, for a mission of 
delicate diplomacy. He was a man of consummate prudence in speech and 
conduct ; of courtly manners ; a favorite in the drawing-room and in the camp, 
with a wide circle of friends and correspondents, among the most famous men 
of his time. It now fell to his lot to conduct a negotiation second only in im- 
portance, in the history of his country, to that which Franklin conducted with 
France in 1778." The Ohio Company was composed of officers in the Revolu- 
tionary armies, who exchanged for these western lands the certificates of the 
arrears of pay due them from the United States. Dr. Cutler built the first 
emigrant wagon that penetrated the forests of Ohio ; and his son, Jarvis, cut 
down the first tree in the clearing made at Marietta. 

4. The five States formed out of the Northwest Territory are Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. 

5. General Arthur St. Clair (1734-1818), was of Scotch birth. He 
had served faithfully in the French and Indian War, and also under Washington 
during the Revolution. Having been appointed commander-in-chief of the 
armies sent against the Miamis, he keenly felt the failure of the expedition, and, 
on Washington's refusal of the investigation which he demanded, immediately 
resigned his commission. Later, Congress ordered the investigation, and 
General St. Clair was acquitted of all blame. 

6. It was answered by the Secretary of the Treasury that Washington never 
even touched the sum allowed him by the government, which was drawn and 
disbursed by the gentleman who had charge of the expenses of his household. 




CHAPTER XXII. 

THIRD TERM, A. D. 1797-180I. 
John Adams, President, Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President. 

340. The Second President. — John Adafns,^ 
of Massachusetts, was the second President 
of the United States, and Thomas Jefferson, 
of Virginia, having received only three 
votes fewer from the electoral college, ^ be- 
came Vice-President. These two great men 
were leaders of opposite parties, and during 
their four years of office the country was 
John Adams. disturbed by a violent conflict of opinions. 

The inconvenience of such a difference of sentiments in the 
administration led, a few years later, to a change in 
* ^ °^' the mode of election, — a distinct ballot being held 
for the Vice-President, who has ever since been of the same 
party with his chief. 

341. Abuse of Privileges. — It had been found that the welcome 
which the United States offered to refugees of all nations was 
gready abused. Men who had been expelled, sometimes for 
crime, from their native land, found homes and prosperity in 
America, and used their freedom in misrepresenting and em- 
barrassing the government which protected them. The true 
interest of our nation was peace and friendship with all others, 
but this was endangered by the rival partisans of France and 
England. 

342. Alien and Sedition Laws. — In these circumstances Con- 
gress passed an A/ien Law, empowering the President to send 



DIFFICULTIES WITH FRANCE. 20/ 

out of the country, at short notice, any foreigner whom he 
might consider dangerous, and lengthening the time requisite 
for becoming a citizen of the United States to fourteen years. 
It was followed by a Sedition Law, which limited the freedom 
of the press to criticise the government. Under this act it was 
a crime to ''write, print, utter, or publish any false, scandalous, 
or malicious statement " against either Congress or the Presi- 
dent. These laws were violently opposed, — as indeed they 
were contrary to the spirit of our Constitution, — and in the 
next administration they were repealed. The great Repubhc 
accepted the dangers with the blessings of perfect freedom, and 
rested her hope of security on the virtue and good sense of a 
majority of her people. 

343. Difficulties with Prance grew very serious. French men- 
of-war seized American merchant vessels on the high seas, and 
demanded ''enrollment papers" describing the nationality of 
every sailor. When, as usual, these were not found, — no 
American law requiring them, — the ship was sold for the bene- 
fit of her captors. 

344. Our minister to the Trench Eepnblic was insultingly dis- 
missed. When three special envoys were sent to 

, / A. D. 1797. 

re-open communications between the governments, 
they were not recognized in their public character, but were 
privately informed that a large loan to France, and liberal gifts 
to high French officials, would probably open the doors. 
"Millions for defense, not a cent for tribute," was the reply, 
and the sister- republics seemed to be drifting into war. 

345. "War Measures. — ^Trade with France was stopped; our 
army and navy were increased and re-organized, 

and Washington was called again to the head of the 
army. Though war had not been declared, six new frigates 
put to sea and captured several French prizes in the West 
Indies. But in 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte came to the head of 



208 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




the French government, and one of 
his first acts was a friendly settle- 
ment with the United States. 

346. Death ofWashington.— Scarcely 

had Washington retired to his home, 

'^j^ll in good hope of a peaceful old age, 

when a sudden illness of two days 

ended his grand and useful hfe. The whole country 

ec, 1799. niourned him as a father, and those who had been 

his opponents were most sincere in doing him honor. The 

British fleet lowered all its flags at receiving news of his death, 

and Bonaparte, in announcing the event to the French armies, 

ordered that tokens of mourning should drape all the standards 

in the public service for ten days. 

347. The City of Washington. — The next summer, 1800, the 
government was removed to its "palace in the wilderness," on 
the banks of the Potomac. There was litde yet to indicate 
that a beautiful and stately city was to occupy the site chosen 
by Washington. Mrs. Adams, 3 the President's wife, on her 
journey from Baltimore to her new home, was actually lost in 
the woods, and, with her escort, "wandered two hours without 



DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES. 



209 




Mrs. Adams Lost in the Woods 



finding a guide or path." She 
adds, " But woods are all you 
see from Baltimore until you 
reach this city, which is so 
only in name." 

348. The rich resources of the 
country were scarcely yet 
dreamed of. Anthracite coal 
had been discovered in Penn- 
sylvania, but its value was so 
little understood that it was 
used for mending roads. Cot- 
ton had been introduced into 
Georgia in 1786, and the 
southeastern States were found 
to contain the finest cotton 
lands in the world; but the separation of a single pound of 
cotton from its seeds required a whole day, and the woven 
fabric was more costly than finen. In 1793 Eli Whitney, of 
Massachusetts, while visiting in Georgia, invented a cotton-gin 
which could do the work of hundreds of men in clearing the 
fiber from the seed. Arkwrighf, in England, had already per- 
fected his machine for spinning cotton, and James Watt his 
steam-engine. These three inventions revolutionized the manu- 
factures of England and America. With the wonderful power 
of steam, England was now able to weave clothing for the 
world, and America was prepared to furnish all the raw material 
that English looms required. Cotton became one of the most 
important products of the United States, and a source of enor- 
mous wealth to the South. The first American cotton mill was 
set up in Rhode Island by Slater, a pupil of Arkwright. 

Questions. — What change has been made since Adams's day in the mode 
of elections, and why ? What led Congress to pass the Alien and Sedition 
Laws ? How was our peace with France disturbed ? What changes in 
cotton ? 



2IO HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Point for Essay. — The story of Washington's life and death at Mount 
Vernon. 

Read Life and Works of John Adams. Familiar Letters of John Adams 
and his Wife. Hildreth's History cf the United States, ajter Adoption of 
Federal Constitution^ Vol. I. 

NOTES. 

1. John Adams was bom at Braintree, Mass., in October, 1735. He was a 
graduate of Harvard College in the class of 1755, and was admitted to the bar 
three years later. He was an active member of both the first and second contmental 
congresses, and by his energy and eloquence did more, perhaps, than any other 
man to lead the American sentiment in favor of independence. As commissioner 
to France, Holland, and Great Britain, the diplomacy and practical wisdom of 
John Adams accomplished great results. He secured large loans, and persuaded 
leading European powers to make treaties of amity and commerce with the new 
American republic. With Jay and Franklin he framed the preliminary treaty 
of Versailles. After the declaration of peace, Adams was appointed minister to 
the English court, which position he filled until 1788. Congress passed a resolu- 
tion thanking him for the "patriotism, perseverance, integrity, and diligence" 
displayed during his career abroad. Bancroft says : " His nature was robust 
and manly, his convictions were clear, his will fixed. . . . He was humane and 
frank, generous and clement. . . . His courage was unflinching everywhere; he 
never knew what fear was." One of John Adams's grandsons writes of him: 
" Ambitious in one sense he certainly was, but it was not the mere aspiration for 
place or power. It was a desire to excel in the minds of men by the develop- 
ment of high qualities, — the love, in short, of an honorable fame, that stirred him 
to exult in the rewards of popular favor." Many of the acts of President 
Adams were violently denounced at the time, but the sober judgment of later 
years has approved most of his public measures. He and Jefferson became 
widely alienated, but before their death (§413) a happy reconciliation had taken 
place. 

2. The second clause of Section I., Article II., of the United States Constitu- 
tion begins thus: "Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature 
thereof may direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress." These 
Electors meet in their respective States at a specified time after a presidential 
election, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President. These bodies of 
Electors, taken together, are known as the Eleotoral College. 

3. Abigail Adams was a woman of strong character, sterling good sense, 
and marked intellectual ability. She shared her husband's tastes for books, 
sympathized with his high aims, made his home bright and happy, and won the 
esteem of all with whom she was associated. She died in 1818. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

FOURTH AND FIFTH TERMS, A. D. 180I-1809. 

THOMAS JEFFERSON. President GeJrge^Clinton. } Vice-Presidents, 

349. The Third President. — In the Presidential election of 
1 800, the Federalist party was defeated. Thomas Jefferson ^ 
and Aaron Burr^ received an equal number of votes in the 
electoral college; the choice between these two then fell upon 
the House of Representatives. After a close ballot Jefferson 
was declared President-elect, and Burr Vice-President. 

350. Jefferson may be considered as the founder of the Dem- 
ocratic Party. This party, from the beginning, claimed for the 
several States all powers which were not expressly given to the 
general government; aimed at the greatest possible simplicity 
and economy in public affairs; and insisted that all public 
works, such as canals and the clearing of harbors and river- 
beds, should be at the expense of the district to which they 
belonged. 

351. Jefferson was deeply learned in English law, while as the 
writer of the Declaration of Independence he was, perhaps, of 
all men then living, most familiar with the principles on which 
the Republic had been founded. Seven years' residence in 
France had filled him with hatred of absolute governments, and 
with zeal for the universal rights of man. 

352. In his style and demeanor as President he cultivated the 
extreme of republican simplicity, even receiving the British 
embassador in dressing-gown and slippers. On the occasion of 

U.S.H.-13 ^„i) 



212 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Jefferson receiving the British Embassador. 



his entering upon the highest office, he was escorted to the 
capitol by a throng of citizens and miUtia waving flags and 
beating drums. His inaugural address was a strong appeal for 
harmony and peace. Jefferson called about him a cabinet 
distinguished for high talents and education. James Madison 
was Secretary of State, and Albert Gallatin,3 a Swiss by birth, 
was in charge of the treasury. 

353. The Treasury. — Distrusting the Federalists, and especially 
Alexander Hamilton, their leader, Jefferson asked his new 
Secretary of the Treasury to look sharply into the records of 
his office, thinking that occasion might be found for charges 
against its late chief. Gallatin was no less keenly opposed to 
his predecessor on political grounds, but after a severe examina- 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



213 



tion he reported to the President that no improvement was 
possible in the management of the treasury, for that Hamilton 
had "made no blunders and committed no frauds." 

354. Indian Policy. — The difficult question of a method of 
treating the Indians was settled during this administration 
nearly as it has always remained. The leading points were to 
purchase their lands, excepting what they would themselves 
cultivate, to lead them to agriculture instead of war and hunt- 
ing, and to remove them west of the Mississippi as soon as it 
could be peacefully done. 

355. The greatest event of Jefferson's term of office was the 
purchase of the vast territory west of the Missis- 
sippi, lately ceded by Spain to France. Robert 
Livingston and James Monroe were the agents of the United 
States. Great anxiety was felt 
about the ownership of this ter- 
ritory, for France and England 
were again on the eve of war. 
England was the stronger on 
the sea, and might easily have 
taken from France all her re- 
maining possessions in Amer- 
ica. In that case the United 
States with British territory on 
the west and north, could 
scarcely have kept their dearly 
bought independence. 

356. Por the Territory of Loui- 
siana the commissioners agreed to pay fifteen millions of dollars. 
One fourth of this sum was due from the French government 
to American citizens for injuries to their commerce (§343). 
These claims were assumed by Congress and paid 
from the purchase-money. Upon signing the treaty, 
Bonaparte remarked: "This accession of territory strengthens 




Napoleon Signing Cession of Louisiana. 



A. D. 1803. 



214 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




The United States in 1803. 

forever the power of the United States, and I have given to 
England a maritime rival that will humble her pride." Living- 
ston said : ' ' We have lived long, but this is the noblest work 
of our whole lives. This treaty will change vast solitudes into 
flourishing districts, . . . and will prepare ages of happiness for 
innumerable generations of human creatures." 

357. Lewis and Clark's Expedition. — Captains Lewis and Clark 4 
were sent to explore the northern part of the new territory, 
which extended from the Mississippi westward to Texas and the 
Rocky Mountains. Ascending the Missouri to its sources, they 
plunged into a wilderness inhabited chiefly by wolves and 
bears. Crossing a portage of only thirty-six miles to the head- 
waters of the Columbia River, they descended to its mouth. 
The story of their travel during two years and three months is 
full of wild adventure. 



358. The Territory of Orleans was organized within the present 
limits of the State of Louisiana; the remainder of 
the new possession was known for some years as 
Louisiana Territory. 



A D 1804. 



ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 215 

359. The humiliating treaty s with Algiers (§335) had not 
stopped the attacks upon American ships by pirates from 
Tripoli, another of the Barbary states. In the sea-ports of New 
England it was no uncommon thing on a Sunday to hear a 
letter read in church from some honored citizen, now a slave 
on the northern coast of Africa, begging his old neighbors to 
advance money for his ransom. In 1801 the Pasha of Tripoli 
declared war against the United States, and Commodores 
Preble^ and Morris were sent to bombard his capital and bring 
him to terms. During the blockade the frigate Philadelphia 
was captured by the enemy and taken mto port. Lieutenant 
Decatur sailed into the harbor by night, with seventy-six men in 
a small vessel, surprised and recaptured the frigate, and burned 
her to the water's edge under the guns of the Pasha's palace. 
In 1805 that ruler was glad to obtain peace by promises of 
better behavior. 

360. Alexander Hamilton was killed in a duel 
with Vice-President Burr in 1804. The shock 
felt by the whole nation at this horrible event 
went far to put an end to the murderous cus- 
tom of dueling. Hamilton disapproved the 
practice, but when challenged by Burr on 
account of some political offense, he imag- 
ined that honor compelled him to accept. 
He purposely fired into the air, and at the 
same moment received a mortal wound. Alexander Hamilton. 

361. Jefferson was re-elected the following autumn to the head 
of the government, but with George Clinton, 7 of New York, 
as Vice-President. Burr's reckless spirit drove him into the 
wilderness, where he plotted the formation of a new and rival 
state from the southwestern territory of the Union. He suc- 
ceeded in ruining one ^ at least of his accomplices, but he was 
betrayed by another, 9 and his scheme came to naught. He 
was tried for treason at Richmond, Va. This crime 

was not proved, and he was released; but the 




2l6 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




The First Steamboat on the 



career which his brilHant talents might have made honorable 
and useful, was wrecked, and his old age was dismally un- 
happy. 

362. Steam Navigation. — The year 1807 is memorable for the 
earliest success of steam navigation. Several ingenious men^° 

had been trying to apply steam 
to modes of travel; but to 
Robert Fulton," a native of 
Pennsylvania, is due the credit 
of being the first who was 
practically successful. He was 
liberally aided by Chancellor 
Livingston of New York. His 
first boat, the "Clermont," 

ascended the Hudson from New York to Albany in 1807. 

Four years later he built at Pittsburgh the first Mississippi 

steamer, which, descending the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, 

reached New Orleans in December, 181 2. 

363. The infant commerce of the United States was nearly de- 
stroyed by the furious war now raging between France and 
England. Each nation desired to prevent supplies reaching 
its rival ; neutral vessels were forbidden to enter any European 
port ; and thus the American carrying trade was cut off at a 
blow. Equally vexatious was the pretended "right of search." 
In June, 1807, the British ship " Leopard" fired into the Amer- 
ican frigate "Chesapeake," near Fortress Monroe, killed three 
men, wounded eighteen, and carried off four under the pre- 
tense that they were British subjects. The king's government 
expressed "regrets," but re-affirmed the right of search. 

364. Congress retaliated by an Embargo Act, prohibiting the 

sailing of all vessels for any foreign port. This 
was injurious to British commerce, but it occa- 
sioned yet greater suffering in America. In New England, 
which was more dependent upon trade than the rest of the 



ADMISSION OF OHIO. 21 7 

country, It met with determined opposition. Jefferson always 
believed that if the Embargo Act had been faithfully observed 
by the whole people, the war of five years later might have 
been prevented. But the opposing interests were too strong, 
and after fourteen months the act was repealed. 

365. In February, 1803, Ohio, the first of five States formed 
from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union. 
Both French and English had held trading-posts on the rivers 
first visited by La Salle and the Jesuits (§§160-163), t)ut the 
earUest permanent settlement in Ohio was at Marietta, where 
the governor of the whole territory resided (§325). Fort 
Washington, near the junction of the Licking and the Ohio, 
was the beginning of the city of Cincinnati, which took its 
name from the military society formed by Revolutionary offi- 
cers. (Note 5, page 185.) 

Questions. — What were the political principles of Jefferson and his 
party ? Name the chief events of his administration. What Territory 
was organized, and what State admitted into the Union? What occa- 
sioned the Embargo Act? 

Map Exercise. — Compare Maps IV. and VI., and point out the two 
oldest towns in Ohio. On Map IX., show the boundaries of the land 
purchased from France. 

Point for Essay. — Write a story of the exploration by Captains Lewis 
and Clark. 

Read Tucker's Life of Jefferson, and Lord Brougham's review of it in 
Edinburgh Review, 1837. Lewis and Clark's Journal. Jefferson's Auto- 
biography. An illustrated article entitled And who was Blennerhasset? in 
Harper's Magazine, February, 1877. 



NOTES. 

I. Thomas Jefferson was born at Shadwell, Va., 1743, and died at Monti- 
cello, 1826. " No man of his century had more trust in the collective reason 
and conscience of his fellow-men, or better knew how to take their counsel. 
Born to an independent fortune, he had from his youth been an indefatigable 
student. Of a hopeful temperament, and a tranquil, philosophic cast of mind, 



2l8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

always temperate in his mode of life and decorous in his manners, he was a 
perfect master of his passions. . . . The range of his studies was very wide ; he 
was not unfamiliar with the literature of Greece and Rome ; had an aptitude for 
mathematics and mechanics, and loved especially the natural sciences. . . . Jef- 
ferson was a hater of superstition and bigotry and intolerance ; he was an idealist 
in his habits of thought and life. ... In his profession, the law, he was method- 
ical, painstaking, and successful. Whatever he had to do, it was his custom to 
prepare himself for it carefully ; and in public life, when others were at fault, 
they often found that he had already hewed out the way ; so that in council men 
willingly gave him the lead, which he never appeared to claim, and was always 
able to undertake, . . . The nursling of his country, the oflspring of his time, 
he set about the work of a practical statesman, and his measures grew so natu- 
rally out of previous law and the facts of the past, that they struck deep root 
and have endured. ' — Bancroft. 

2. Aaron Burr was born at Newark, N. J., 1756, and died on Staten Island, 
1836. His father and his grandfather, the distinguished Jonathan Edwards 
(§202), were both presidents of Princeton College, of which institution Burr was 
a graduate. Joining Arnold's expedition to Quebec (§ 246), he bravely led a 
forlorn hope in the assault on that citadel (^ 247), He left the army in 1779, and 
began the practice of law at Albany in 1782. As a lawyer Aaron Burr ranked 
among the foremost of his day : it is said that he never lost a case. His political 
life began in the New York legislature in 1784. Alexander Hamilton believed 
Burr to be a dangerous man to place in office, and it was his repeated utterances 
to this effect which provoked the fatal challenge. After the duel Burr was de- 
prived of his citizenship in the State of New York, and lost social standing and 
political influence. He plunged into the wild scheme of conquering Mexico and 
uniting it to a portion of the southwestern States, over which he was to rule 
supreme, and at his death his idolized daughter, Theodosia, was to become 
queen ! His plots were pronounced treasonable, and in 1806 President Jefferson 
authorized his arrest. After his trial at Richmond he went to Europe and wan- 
dered aimlessly from city to city, under constant watch, and at times in the 
depths of poverty. He returned to New York in 1812, and resumed the prac- 
tice of law with success; but his old friends and admirers, except a very few, 
shunned him. When seventy-eight he married Madam Jumel, a wealthy widow, 
to obtain a home during the few years he had yet to live ; but they soon quar- 
reled and separated, and Burr's last illness was in humble lodgings provided 
by one of his life-long friends. He was buried at Princeton by the side of his 
father and grandfather, 

3, Albert Gallatin was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1761, and died at 
Astoria, N. Y., 1849. In 1779 he graduated with honors from the University of 
Geneva, and the next summer left home and friends and brilliant prospects to 
try his fortunes in America. From 1801 he was for twelve years Secretary of 
the Treasury, and his able administration stamped him as one of the foremost 
financiers of his lime. Owing to his wise statesmanship he was frequently 



NOTES. 219 

chosen to make important treaties with foreign powers. He was United States 
minister to France from 1816 to 1823, and to England in 1826-27. " His emi- 
nent and manifold services to his adopted country, his great abilities and up- 
right character, assure him of a high position in the history of the United States." 

4. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were of Virginia birth, and 
both had abundant experience in Indian warfare, so that the perils of their long 
expedition merely added zest to the enterprise. Their return to St. Louis, Sep- 
tember, 1806, was nearly two and a half years after their departure from that 
point. Lewis was made governor of Missouri Territory, and died near Nashville 
in 1809. Clark afterwards became governor of Missouri Territory ; and, later. 
Superintendent of Indian Affairs. He died at St. Louis in 1838. He was a 
younger brother of George Rogers Clark (^^277,278). Many of the Indians 
met with on this journey were as much surprised at seeing white men as were the 
savages who greeted the landing of Columbus more than three hundred years 
before. In the history of their expedition they say: " The appearance of [our] 
men, their arms, their clothing, the canoes, the strange looks of the negro, and 
the sagacity of our dog, — all in turn shared their admiration, which was raised 
to astonishment by a shot from the air-gun : this operation was instantly con- 
sidered as a great ' medicine,' by which they, as well as the other Indians, mean 
something emanating directly from the Great Spirit, or produced by his agency." 

5. When Commodore Bainbridge presented himself on one occasion with the 
yearly tribute at Algiers, he was commanded by the Dey to proceed on some 
business of his to Constantinople. Upon his replying that such were not his orders, 
the Dey remarked : "You are under my orders; your people are my subjects, 
else why do they pay me tribute?" " Bainbridge sailed out of the harbor an 
obedient slave, but once on the broad sea he pulled down the evidence of the 
insult to his country, and put the American flag in its place. Arriving at Con- 
stantinople, he wrote to the Secretary of the Navy : ' I hope I shall never again 
be sent to Algiers with tribute unless I am authorized to deliver it from the 
mouth of our cannon.' But his mission to the Sultan was not without good 
results. That ruler and his great officers of state were astonished by the pres- 
ence of the American ship and her commander. They had never even heard 
of the United States. When the Sultan was informed concerning our country, 
Bainbridge and his officers were treated with marked courtesy. , . . On his de- 
parture the Turkish admiral gave him z. firman (imperial decree) to protect him 
from the Dey. When he reached Algiers, the Dey requested him to return to 
Constantinople on another errand. Bainbridge haughtily refused. The aston- 
ished Dey flew into a rage and threatened the captain with personal chastisement 
and his country with war. Bainbridge quietly produced the firman, when the 
fierce governor became lamblike, and obsequiously offered his 'slaves' his 
friendship and service. Bainbridge assumed the air of a dictator, and demanded 
the release of the French Consul and fifty or sixty of his countrymen who had 
lately been made prisoners. It was immediately done. When he departed he 
carried away all the French in Algiers without paying any ransom." — Lossing. 

I 



220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

6. Commodore Edward Preble (1761-1807), was bom in Maine. He did 
gallant service as an officer in the provincial navy during the Revolution, al- 
though then so young. In 1799 he was commissioned a lieutenant in the United 
States navy, and rose rapidly to the rank of commodore. For his services in the 
war with Tripoli Commodore Preble received a gold medal and the thanks of 
Congress. 

7. " George Clinton (1739-18 12), was the undisputed leader of the popular 
party. He had been governor of New York since 1777, and was re-elected 
every other year to that office for eighteen years. . . . Able, tough, wary, a self- 
willed man, wielding with unusual tact the entire patronage of the State, and 
dear to the affections of the great mass of the people, he is an imposing figure 
in the politics of the time, and must ever be regarded as the chief man of the 
State of New York during the earlier years of its independent existence," — 
James Parton. 

8. This refers to Harman Blennerhasset, an Irishman of good birth and 
education, who brought to America considerable wealth, and built an elegant home 
on an island in the Ohio River below Marietta. On his way west Burr stopped 
at Blennerhasset's house, and by his glowing representations and pleasant promises 
won the Irish gentleman's support in his wicked schemes. When Burr became 
emperor of the southwest, Blennerhasset was to be made a duke and given the 
principal foreign ministry ! His money and all his estates were lost in the fatal 
enterprise, and he died a broken-hearted old man, on the island of Guernsey, 
1831. 

9. General James Wilkinson, then governor of Louisiana, is the person 
alluded to. He was believed by many to have been at first a sharer with Aaron 
Burr in his treasonable designs, but was acquitted of such complicity in a trial 
held in 181 1. After Jefferson's proclamation, General Wilkinson used every 
means to arrest Burr and to defeat his plans. 

10. Among the most nearly successful of these were John Fitch of Connecti- 
cut, John and Robert Stevens of New York, and James Ramsay of Virginia. 
The latter obtained in 1784 an exclusive right to navigate the rivers of the State 
with " boats that could move up stream " ; and before 1790 one or more steam- 
boats were actually carrying passengers up Virginian rivers. But this navigation 
was slow and costly ; the principle was proved, but many years of experiment 
were needed before practical success was attained. 

11. Robert Fulton (1765-1815), was in his earlier years more of an artist 
than a mechanic, and he went to London to perfect himself in portrait-painting 
under the famous Benjamin West. While there he met Earl Stanhope, James 
Watt, and others engaged in finding practical uses for the recently invented 
steam-engine, and his mind was directed to the solution of the same problem. 
His first application of steam-power for moving boats was on the Seine, in 1803, 
but the experiment was not very successful. After the success of the " Cler- 
mont," Fulton built many river steamboats, and constructed the first United 
States steam war-vessel — named " Fulton the First." 



CHAPTER XXIV. 



SIXTH TERM, A. D. 1809-1813. 

James Madison, President. George Clinton, Vice-President. 



366. The Pourth President. — Jefferson, hav- 
ing declined a third term of office, was 
succeeded hj James Madison,^ of Virginia, 
who was inaugurated March 4, 1809. 
George Cli?iton., of New York, was re-elected 
as Vice-President. The same principles 
continued to control the government, and 
the same harmony was visible in the 
cabinet. 




James Madison. 



367. The difficulties with England grew worse. Our harbors 
were blockaded by British vessels, which stopped every Amer- 
ican ship entering or leaving, and forced seamen, who were 
claimed as British subjects, into their own service. Their say- 
ing was that a man born a subject must always obey his king, 
while the United States held then, as now, that a foreigner can, 
if he will, throw off his allegiance to his sovereign and become 
a citizen of the Republic. . 

368. At least six thousand of our seamen had been thus 
forced into the British navy, and nine hundred American ves- 
sels had been searched within eight years. President Madison 
made every effort to preserve peace between the two countries, 
but in vain. War was declared by the United States in June, 

181 2. The Indians of the Northwest were now united in a 

(221) 



222 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Strong confederacy un- 
der the Shawnee chief, 
Tecumseh,^ and their 
ravages upon our fron- 
tier settlements for a 
year past were sup- 
posed to have been 
incited by the British. 
General Harrison, 
having been sent to 
subdue them during 
the autumn of the pre- 
ceding year, had been 
surprised by a night 
attack near the Tippecanoe ; but he 
received it with such spirit, and 
his men fought so bravely, that the 
assailants were routed with great 
slaughter. 

369. The first movement against the 
British, was attended by the greatest disgrace that has ever be- 
fallen American arms. Marching from Dayton, Ohio, General 
Hull and 2,000 men toiled for a month through dense forests to 
Lake Erie, and thence to Detroit. An invasion of Canada was 
the object, and after a brief pause for refreshment Hull crossed 
the river. But learning that Mackinaw had been taken, and 
that a force of British and Indians was approaching, he hastily 
retreated. 

370. Hull's Surrender. — He was soon followed by General 
Brock, governor of Canada, and by Tecumseh, with their two 
forces. The Americans were eager for a fight, but to their 

amazement and grief Hull raised a white flag over 
the fort without firing a single cannon. Not only 
Detroit, but all Michigan Territory was surrendered to the 
British. Fort Dearborn, on the present site of Chicago, was 




Impressment of Seamen. 



Aug. 16, 1812. 




WAR OF I 8 12. 223 

taken by Indians about the same time, and its garrison were 
either murdered or made prisoners. General Hull was tried by 
court-martial and sen- 
tenced to be shot as a , -^ ^rr- r . \ _^_ 
coward, but the Pres- 
ident spared his life. ^ .^^^^^_^,^ _.__, _._ . ^^ ^ 

371. The invasion of 
Canada by General 
Van Rensselear's com- 
mand was less humiliat- 
ing, but scarcely more 
successful. Crossing Niag- ^VT"^'*^'*'^"-- 
ara River, his men drove the ^^^^ Dearborn. 

enemy from their position on Queenstown Heights, and might 
have held the post if he had been re-enforced; but the com- 
mander of the New York miHtia refused to leave that State, 
and though Colonel Scott 3 and his men fought 

1 r 1 , , , October 13. 

bravely, they were lorced to surrender themselves 

as prisoners of war. General Brock fell in the first action. 

372. Naval Victories. — These losses on land were compensated 
by brilliant victories on the sea. The American navy had for 
years been so neglected that it could hardly be said to exist. 
But what was wanting in material was made up by spirit and 
energy. Three days after the surrender of Detroit, Captain 
Isaac Hull, a nephew of the disgraced general, 
attacked the British frigate Guerriere, and in an 

action of two hours so crippled her that she could not be taken 
into port. Her crew and stores were removed to Hull's ship, 
the Constitution, better known by her nickname as "Old 
Ironsides." 

373. Soon afterwards the American sloop-of-war Wasp capt- 
ured the British Frolic, which was guarding a fleet of mer- 
chantmen. So fierce was the forty-five minutes' 

October 13. 

battle that the crew of the FrQU<; was almost cona- 



224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

pletely disaTbled. Before the lVasJ> could be put into a condi- 
tion to make sail, both she and her shattered prize were taken 
by a seventy-four-gun ship of the enemy. These are only two 
of many brilliant actions. The President gave letters of 
marque to a host of privateersmen, which scoured every ocean 
and captured in seven months three hundred British merchant 
vessels with 3,000 prisoners. These successes gave the more 
surprise because it had been supposed that Englishmen could 
not be conquered on the sea. 

374. The campaign of 1813 was arranged on nearly the same 
plan as that of the preceding year, but with different officers. 
General Dearborn, commander-in-chief of all the forces, was 
with the army of the center on Niagara River ; General Harri- 
son in the Northwest, and General Hampton on Lake Cham- 
plain. As before, the only successes of any consequence were 
on water; the actions of the eastern and central divisions of 
the army were so indecisive that they need not be recorded. 

375. In the west General Harrison undertook to recover the 
ground which Hull had lost. A part of his forces captured 
Frenchtown, on Raisin River, but were defeated a few days 
later by the British and Indians. The latter treated their pris- 
oners with the usual savage brutalities. General Proctor, who 
had pledged his word for the safety of the surrendered, so far 
from checking the Indians, drew off his white troops, leaving 
his allies maddened by liquor and excited to butchery by the 
bounty which he had offered for every scalp. A few Kentuck- 
ians were dragged as prisoners to Detroit and offered for sale 
from door to door. Tecumseh himself reproached Proctor as 
unfit to be a general, and used his own influence for the pro- 
tection of the captives. 

376. General Harrison was twice besieged in Fort Meigs, on 
the Maumee, by Proctor and Tecumseh. The enemy, twice 
repulsed, turned to attack Fort Stephenson, on the lower San- 
dusky, commanded by Major Croghan, with only one hundred 



NAVAL ACTIONS. 



225 



and fifty men; but here they were still more summarily de- 
feated, and retired into Canada. 

377. What the World thought of Americans. — During the first 
busy years when our new Republic was recovering from its war 
of independence, the taunting remark was often heard that 
Americans cared only for money-making, and had lost the spirit 
which had won their freedom. The gallantry with which the 
national honor was now maintained upon the sea caused both 
surprise and admiration; and among the heroes who regained 
for America the world's respect, none was braver than James 
Lawrence. 4 

378. In command of the Hornet^ he beat the British brig 
Peacock in a fifteen-minutes' fight off Guiana. Returning home 
he was transferred to the Chesapeake^ then be- 
ing repaired in Boston Harbor. Here 
was challenged by the British flag-ship 
Shannon to come out and fight. The Ches- 
apeake was only partly manned, and was 
unready for action, but boldly put to sea. 
Lawrence was mortally wounded early 
in the action, but as he was carried 
below he cried with dying breath, 
** Don't give up the ship!" That or- 
der could not be obeyed, but the spirit 
of it inspired many a future victory. 




James Lawrence. 



379. The United States brig Argus, after taking twenty mer- 
chantmen, was herself captured by the Pelican in August, 1813. 
Captain David Porter, of the Essex, passing around Cape Horn 
into the Pacific Ocean, made prizes of twelve English ships and 
several hundreds of sailors, many of whom were glad to take 
service as Americans. A little fleet was thus formed which 
protected the American whaling ships in the Pacific. The 
Essex was finally taken when in a friendly harbor, and Captain 
Porter wrote home. '*We are unfortunate, but not disgraced." 



226 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



380. The G-reat Lakes were still controlled by the British, who 
held Michigan and threatened Ohio. Captain Oliver H. 
Perry 5 was sent to drive them from the lakes. He had first to 
create a fleet from the forests on Lake Erie, while sailors were 
brought overland in stage-coaches. Scarcely were his nine 
ships ready for action when the British fleet bore down upon 
him near Put-in Bay. Perry's flag-ship, the Lawrence^ bore at 
her mast-head a pennon inscribed, ''Don't give up the ship!" 

381. Battle of Lake Erie. — The battle was severe, and the 
Lawrence^ having fought two of the British squadron at once, 
was riddled and shattered. Perry, seizing his flag, sprang into 
a boat and was rowed to the Niagara, whence he ordered a 

fresh onset upon the enemy's line. He won a 

ept. lo, 1 13. cQiyipiete victory, and went back to the sinking 

Lawrence to receive the surrender upon her deck. Then he 

wrote to General Harrison : ' ' We 
have met the enemy and they 
are ours, — two ships, two brigs, 
one schooner, and one sloop." 




Battle 0/ Lake Erie. 

382. It was the first time that a whole British squadron had 
surrendered, and the news was received with pride and joy 
throughout the country. This victory really ended the war, 
for it led to the breaking up of the Indian confederacy and the 
recovery of all the land lost by Hull's surrender. 



NOTES. 227 

383. Harrison crossed into Canada and hotly pursued the British, 
whom he overtook near the river Thames. The Kentuckians 
rushed into the battle crying, " Remember the Raisin! " Proc- 
tor fled. His men laid down their arms, and were spared. 
Tecumseh spurred on his warriors with his war-whoop, resound- 
ing above the roar of musketry; but suddenly it ceased. Then 
the savages knew that their leader was dead, and they sought 
refuge in the Canadian forests. In 181 2 the Territory of 
Orleans (§358) was organized into the State of Louisiana, and 
was admitted into the American Union. 

Questions. — What foreign meddling had the fourth President to deal 
with? Describe the chief land campaigns of the War of 1812. What 
was done upon the sea? What, on Lake Erie? 

Map Exercise. — Point out, on Map VI., General Hull's route in 1812. 
The points in General Harrison's campaign in 18 13. The scene of 
Perry's victory at Put-in Bay. 

Point for Essay. — Write the story of a Kentucky prisoner sold for 
service in Detroit. 



NOTES. 

1. James Madison (1751-1836), was bom at King George, Va., of English 
descent. After graduating at Princeton, when twenty years of age, he pursued 
an extensive course of study, embracmg law, theology, philosophy, and general 
literature. At the time of the Constituent Convention he was an ardent Fed- 
eralist, but later changed his views, and was before long recognized as the leader 
of the Democratic party. When Jefferson was elected President, Madison be- 
came Secretary of State, and held the office eight years. Madison's contribu- 
tions to the Federalist, and his state papers generally, are considered among the 
most able productions of American statesmen. His writings were purchased 
and have been published by the general government. 

2. Tecumseh was bom near the present town of Springfield, Ohio, about 
1768. He and his brother, who assumed to be a prophet, endeavored, in 1805, 
to unite all the western tribes into one nation against the whites. They had par- 
tially succeeded, when the defeat of the Prophet at Tippecanoe, in 1811, pre- 
vented further steps in that direction. 

3. This was Winfield Scott, who afterwards became a celebrated general. 
See note 4, page 272. ^ 



95 03 



83° Long. 81° West 79° I 




(1 77° Greenwich 




(229) 



230 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. James Lawrence (1781-1813), was born in Burlington, N, J., and 
entered the navy as a midshipman when seventeen years old. In the war with 
Tripoli he served with distinction, and took part in the destruction of the Phila- 
delphia (^359). Congress rewarded him with a gold medal for his capture of 
the Peacock. 

5. Oliver Hazard Perry (1785-1819), was born in Newport, R. I., and 
in 1799 first saw active service in the navy as a midshipman on the frigate Gen- 
eral Greene, under the command of his father. Of the battle of Lake Erie, 
Lossing says : " The Niagara had lagged behind — the swift, staunch, well-manned 
Niagara. She did not come to the relief of the helpless and severely wounded 
Lawrence, but Perry went to her, — an exploit, at that hour of peril, one of the 
most gallant on record. So certain did he feel of ultimate triumph, and of hav- 
ing occasion to receive guests, that he exchanged his sailor's suit for the uniform 
of his rank. Leaving the gallant and thrice wounded Yarnall in charge of the 
Lawrence, the colors of which were yet flying, he entered a boat with his little 
brother and four stout seamen, and, standing erect with the pennant and battle 
flag half folded around him, he pushed off for the Niagara half a mile distant. 
The hero, now so conspicuous, was made a general mark for the missiles of his 
antagonists. Barclay (the British commander) knew that if the man who had 
fought- the Lawrence so bravely reached the Niagara, the British squadron 
would be in great danger of defeat. For fifteen minutes, during Perry's fearful 
voyage in the open boat, the great and little guns of the British, by Barclay's 
order, were brought to bear upon him, but he received no harm. Oars were 
splintered, bullets traversed the boat, and his oarsmen were covered with spray 
caused by the fall of round shot near the boat, but not a person was hurt. 
Perry sprang on board the Niagara, took the command, bore down upon the 
British, and broke their line. For a while the whole American squadron was 
engaged in the combat. Eight minutes after Perry dashed through the British 
line, the colors of the Detroit were lowered, and her example was followed at 
once by all the other British vessels. The battle had lasted three hours. When 
the smoke cleared away, it was discovered that the vessels of the two squadrons 
were intermingled. . . . The next movement in the solemn drama was the re- 
ception of the British officers — the expected guests of Perry — who delivered to 
him their swords. Barclay had been severely wounded. All the captains were 
treated with great courtesy and kindness." 



CHAPTER XXV. 



SEVENTH TERM, A. D. 1813-1817. 
James Madison, President. Elbridge Gerry, Vice-Presiaent. 

384. The southern Indians, 
incited during the previ- 
ous year by Tecumseh 
(§368), acting for the Brit- 
ish, this summer surprised 
Fort Mimms, in 
Alabama, and 
murdered men, women, 
and children to the num- 
ber of nearly four hun- 
dred. The volunteer 
troops of Georgia, Missis- 
sippi, and Tennessee mus- 
tered to avenge the 
massacre, and among them 
General Jackson gained 
confidence by his quick, 
decisive movements. Sev- 
eral victories were won in 
the autumn of 1813, and in spite of hardships, — the men hav- 
ing sometimes no food but acorns, — Jackson held the country 
all winter. In March the last battle was fought at 
Horse-shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa River, where a 
thousand Creek warriors, with many women and children of 
their tribe, were slain without pity. The Holy Ground of the 

U S H —XX ( 231 ) 




Tecumseh Inciting the Creeks. 



A. D. 1814. 



232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Creeks, which they had thought could never be taken, passed 
into the possession of their conquerors. 

385. Burning of "Washington. — During these two years the 
British visited the coasts of Maryland, Virginia, and the Caro- 
linas, more in the character of pirates and plunderers than of 
honorable warriors, — burning villages and farm buildings, rob- 
bing churches, and even murdering the sick in their beds. 
Meeting httle opposition, General Ross, in 18 14, marched to 
Washington and destroyed most of the buildings and records be- 
longing to the government, together with much private property. ^ 

386. Bombardment of Baltimore. — Both fleet and army then ad- 
vanced upon Baltimore. The city was well defended by the 

Maryland militia, while Fort McHenry withstood a 
storm of balls and bombs, which lasted from sun- 
rise until after midnight, without the slightest apparent injury. 
It was during this bombardment that Francis S. Key, an Amer- 
ican prisoner on the British fleet, wrote the patriotic song of the 
"Star Spangled Banner." Failing of their purpose, the enemy 
withdrew. It is only fair to say that Admiral Cockburn, the 
chief marauder, was denounced by some of the best people in 
his own country as a disgrace to the British navy. 

387. The New England States suffered even more than the 
Southern, for their commerce and fisheries were broken up by 
a strict blockade. The light-houses were kept in darkness, as 
they served only as guides to the enemy. Peace being made 
for a while in Europe, several British brigades were sent to serve 
in America, and our operations in 18 14 were mainly defensive. 
Oswego was attacked in May by a force from Canada, and 
Colonel Mitchell, unable to defend it, withdrew his garrison. 
The enemy burned the barracks, dismantled the works, and re- 
tired. The spirit of the Americans rose with difficulties. On 
the third of July they captured Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo, and 
two days later defeated General Riall at Chippewa, after a 
hard-fought battle. 



BATTLE OF LUNDY S LANE. 



233 



July 25. 



388. Lundy's Lane.— 



Three weeks later 
Generals Brown and 
Scott gained a brill- 
iant victory at Lun- 
dy's Lane, 
near Niagara 
Falls, where General 
Riall was made a 
prisoner. Seeing that 
a hill crowned with cannon was the 
key to the British position, General 
Brown said to Colonel James Mil- 
ler, ^ '' Colonel, take your regiment, 
storm that work, and take it." '' I '11 
try, sir," was the reply, and, marching steadily up the hill, he 
took it. 




Battle of Lundy's Lane, 



389. The British made repeated attempts to regain Fort Erie. 
Early in August they began a regular siege which lasted more 
than six weeks; but on the 17th of September a spirited sally 
was made by the garrison, resulting, after a severe contest, in 
the capture of all the British works. Quitting the siege in dis- 
gust, General Drummond marched away, and the attempt was 
not renewed. In November the fort was destroyed, and the 
Americans went into winter quarters at Buffalo and Black Rock. 

390. War Unpopular in New England. — From the beginning; 
the war had been unpopular in New England, where the Fed- 
erahsts were most numerous. The English thought it possible 
to separate the eastern from the southern States, and even to 
win them back to their old obedience. To this end they 
planned, in the campaign of 18 14, to repeat the movement of 
Burgoyne (§262). An army of 14,000 men and a fleet of 
gun-boats entered the State of New York by way of Lake 
Champlain. 



234 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

391. Battle of Plattsburgh. — They were met near Plattsburgh 
by Commodore McDonoughs on the lake and by General 
Macomb 4 on land. The naval battle lasted only two hours, 

but the American victory was complete. The 

British commodore was killed; his larger vessels 

were captured. The combat on land was equally severe to 

the invaders, and it ended in success for the Americans. The 

British forces marched back into Canada. 

392. The Hartford Convention. — In New England the opposi- 
tion to the war had now reached its height. In December 
some of the leading Federalists held a convention at Hartford. 
Its doings were secret, and were supposed to be disloyal. In 
the joy of the success at Plattsburgh, most people had become 
better affected toward the war, and so the FederaHst party lost 
much ground in consequence of the Hartford Convention. 

393. Treaty of Ghent. — Before its sessions were ended, peace 

had been si^rned at Ghent between the United States 

Dec. 24, 1814. ^ . . 

and Great Britam. But as ocean steamers and tele- 
graphs were not yet in existence, a needless battle was fought 
below New Orleans before the news arrived in America. 

394. General Andrew Jackson, learning that the British were 
about to attack the city, marched thither with the same forces 
that had subdued the Creeks (§384). Nine miles below New 
Orleans he formed a breastwork, chiefly of cotton-bales and 
sand-bags. Here he was attacked, January 8, by General 
Pakenham and his veteran army of 12,000 men, most of whom 
had been trained in the wars with Napoleon. To oppose them 
Jackson had less than half that number of undisciplined troops, 
but among these were the hunters from Kentucky and Tennessee. 

395. Battle of New Orleans. — The British advanced in splendid 
order under the fire of the American cannon, but as soon as 
they came within rifle-range they wavered, and their brilliant 
columns were strewn upon the plain. They were rallied, but 
only to break again, and to fall under the deadly aim of the 



BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 



235 




Battle 0/ New Orleans. 



marksmen. Pakenham was killed, 
and his two next officers were 
severely wounded. The 
British captured one bat- 
tery, but they could not 
follow up their success, 
and the American victory 
was one of the most com- 
plete of the war. After a 
loss of more than 2,000 
men the invaders with- 
drew to Lake Borgne, and 
soon afterwards sailed for 
Jamaica. 

396. The news of peace was 
hailed with joy by the whole 
nation. Bells rang merrily; bon- 
fires blazed; messengers on fleet horses spurred to inland 
villages, shouting the glad tidings as they rode. The ' ' Sec- 
ond War of American Independence" had commanded the 
respect of other nations, and, though the "right of search" 
was not mentioned in the Treaty of Ghent, it was never again 
asserted by Great Britain. 

397. The Barbary States had taken advan- 
tage of the war to renew their attacks upon 
vessels of the United States. Commodore 
Decatur 5 was sent with a squadron to mend 
their behavior. Having captured two of the 
largest Algerine frigates, he sailed succes- 
sively into the harbors of Algiers, Tunis, 
and Tripoli. Here he obtained the release 
of all American prisoners, and payment for 
some, at least, of the losses caused by the 
pirates, and put an end forever to claims 
of tribute from the United States. 




Stephen Decatui 



236 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

398. G-reat distress followed the war. While cut off from all 
trade with Europe, Americans had employed their money in 
manufactures, which for a few years were very prosperous. As 
soon as the war was over, and the better but cheaper fabrics 
of France and England began to flood our markets, home man- 
ufactures were ruined. To protect our rising industries, and at 
the same time to meet the interest on a war debt of a hundred 
millions, duties were imposed on foreign goods entering our 
ports. This "American System," as it was called, of protec- 
tion for home industries, found favor with the Federalist party 
and the manufacturing States, while the agricultural States and 
the Democratic party have usually favored free trade. 

399. In 181 6 Indiana^ became the nineteenth State in the 
Union. Michigan7 had been organized as a separate Territory 
in 1805, and Illinois^ including Wisconsin, in 1809. 

Questions. — What part had the Creeks in the War of 18 12? What 
was done on the Atlantic coast? How was New England affected? 
What was done on and near Lake Erie ? What, on Lake Champlain ? 
What battle was fought after peace had been concluded, and why ? 
What were the results of the war? 

Map Exercise. — Point out the places of battles mentioned in this 
chapter. 

Read Jefferson^ s Works, Vol. I. Benton's Thirty Years in the United 
States Senate, Vol. I. Hildreth's History of the United States. Cooper's 
History of the American Navy. Lossing's Field Book of the War of 18 12. 
Life of Madison in National Gallery of Distinguished Americans, Vol. IL 

NOTES. 

1. The British force numbered 4,000. The news of their approach caused 
a panic, and the raw, untrained militia, hurriedly gathered to oppose them, fled 
at the first fire, " Such," says Hildreth, "was the famous battle of Bladensburg, 
in which very few Americans had the honor to be either killed or wounded." 

2. James Miller was born at Peterborough, New Hampshire, in 1776, and 
was educated for the profession of law : but entered the United States army in 
1808 as major. His exploit at Lundy's Lane won for him the rank of brevet 
brigadier-general, and a gold medal from Congress bearing the motto, " I '11 try." 
Miller resigned his commission in 1819 to accept the governorship of Arkansas; 



NOTES. 237 

he held this position six years, and was then made collector of the port at 
Salem, Mass. He died at Temnle. N. H., in 1851. 

3. Commodore Thomas McDonough (1783-1825), was born in New 
Castle County, Delaware, and entered the navy when sixteen years of age. He 
was one of the officers of the Philadelphia, and afterwards assisted, under De- 
catur, in recapturing and burning his old vessel (^359). His victory on Lake 
Champlain was rewarded by Congress with a gold medal. The State of Ver- 
mont presented him with a tract of land overlooking, the scene of his victory. 

4. General Alexander Macomb (1782-1841). a native of Detroit, was an 
officer of the United States army from his seventeenth year until his death. The 
battle of Plattsburgh was his greatest achievement, and won him a vote of thanks 
and a gold medal from Congress, as well .as his brevet of major-general. 

5. Commodore Stephen Decatur was the son of a naval officer of the 
Revolution, and was born at Sinnepuxent, Maryland, in 1779. When twenty 
years old he entered the navy, and a few years later recaptured and burned the 
Philadelphia (^359). His greatest victory in the War of 18 12 was the capture 
of the Macedonian, an English frigate. 

6. The first white visitors to Indiana were French missionaries (^§160, 161) 
who came by way of lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan. Tliey were soon fol- 
lowed by traders who established posts at Ft. Wayne, Quatanon, and Vincennes. 
Here, in their rough log warehouses, they exchanged blankets, knives, hatchets, 
and shot-guns for the rich furs of the northwest, while the land remained m un- 
disputed possession of the savages, most of whom belonged to the powerful 
Miami Confederacy. The French claims to all this territory were ceded to En- 
gland in 1763 (^ 194), but it was not until the victories of General Wayne (g 326) 
and his treaty of 1795 had removed the Indians west of the Wabash, that the 
land was thrown open to English-speaking settlers. After Ohio was organized 
under a separate government in 1803, the name of Indiana was given for some 
years to the remaining portion of the great Northwestern Territory, the capital 
being at Vincennes. Harrison's victory over the Prophet and his savage con- 
federates at Tippecanoe (§368) was gained November 7, 1811, a few miles north 
of Lafayette, Indiana. 

7. Michigan was visited in 1610 or 1612 by French explorers, and its straits 
and islands later became the sites of several important forts and trading-posts 
(g 161). The first permanent settlement of Detroit was in 1701, when one hun- 
dred French immigrants, led by Cadillac, built a few log houses inclosed by a 
stockade. The little town had its full share of suffering in the long wars be- 
tween the English and the French and Indians. Detroit was held by the British 
twelve years after the Revolutionary War had ended (§^ 326, 331). In 1812 it 
was again seized by them, but was regained, together with all Michigan, by 
Perry's victory at Lake Erie (§^381. 382). After peace was restored, eastern 
immigrants were soon drawn to the fertile lands of Michigan ; and in 1837, after 
two years' delay in the settlement of her southern boundary, she became the 
twenty-fifth in the Union of American States. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

EIGHTH AND NINTH TERMS, A. D. 1817-1825. 
James Monroe, President. Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President, 





James Monroe. 
(238) 



The United States in i8ig. 

400. ThePifth Y's:%^\^<s^\>,— James Monroe,^ 
of Virginia, the fifth President of the 
United States, had a happy and popular 
administration. The country speedily re- 
covered from the evil effects of the war; 
the fame of its rich, unoccupied lands drew 
a tide of immigrants from Europe, whose 
labor helped to develop the natural wealth 
of the country, and, by making roads, 
bridges, and canals, to supply outlets for its 
productions. 



THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE. 



239 



401. Slavery. — In colonial times negroes had been held as 
slaves in the North as well as in the South ; but while corn and 
most of the northern products could be more profitably raised 
by free laborers, cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco, the four 
chief staples of the South, were supposed to require the labor 
of slaves (§ 140). Notwithstanding this, there had been oppo- 
sition by the South itself to the introduction and extension of 
slavery from the earliest colonial times (§§ 153, 157). The Fed- 
eral Constitution did not mention slaves, but left to each State 
existing at the time of its adoption, the duty of making or mod- 
ifying laws concerning them. The territories being under the 
direct government of Congress, this question had to be decided 
for them and for all States to be formed from them. 

402. The Missouri Compromise. — Thomas Jefferson, a slave 
owner, made the first proposition in Congress to restrict slavery, 
in 1784. It then failed to pass, but when the Northwest Terri- 
tory was organized, in ^^^^ 1787, slavery was there 
prohibited by a unani- fj , ^^^ mous vote of Congress, 
and the act was ap- J'^^^-'r^L proved by Washington. 
One northern State after %'5,'^:, ''^^ another freed its slaves, 
and the boundary line ^^^^^ of slavery separating the 
North and the South ^jfl^Sfflilv became more strictly de- 
fined. In 181 7 the State ^^^^mff of Mississippi was ad- 
mitted to the Union; *^Af Jl/.^' /////?<?/> followed in 1818, 
Alabama in 1819, and "''''^^ ^^''^' Mai?te in 1820. Upon 
the application of Missowi for leave to form a State constitu- 
tion, the important question arose in Congress whether any more 
slave-States should be admitted. After long discussion it was 
supposed to be settled by the Missouri Compivmise^ 
which admitted that State with its slaves, but pro- 
hibited the extension of slavery into any territory of the United 
States north of 36° 30' north latitude. Henry Clay,^ of Ken- 
tucky, was the chief advocate of the compromise, and he used 
all his eloquence in calming the angry passions which the dis- 
cussion had excited. 



Aug. 10, 1821. 



240 




The First Ocean Sleamer, 



403. Events of 1819. — The first ocean steamer crossed the At- 
lantic, from Savannah to Liverpool, in 1819. The same year 
a treaty was made by which Spain ceded Florida^ of which she 
had again obtained possession (§ 194), to the United States, the 
latter undertaking to pay five millions of dollars due from the 
former power to American citizens. Florida became a territory 
under the control of Congress, and the President appointed 
General Jackson to be its governor. 

404. The Monroe Doctrine. — A ten-years' revolution had now 
resulted in the separation of most of the Spanish colonies from 
their mother-country (§ 300). In recognizing Mexico and five 
South American republics as independent states, President 
Monroe announced the principle of his foreign policy: "The 
American continents, by the free and independent condition 
which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to 
be considered as subjects for future colonization by any Euro- 
pean powers." " Friendship with all, entangling alliances with 



LA FAYETTE S VISIT. 



241 



none," has been the spirit of international relations founded 
upon the ''Monroe Doctrine." At the close of his first term 
Mr. Monroe was re-elected by the votes of every State. 

405. Visit of La Fayette. — In 1824 La Fayette, then an old 
man, revisited the country which in his youth he had aided to 
make free. Everywhere he was welcomed by tokens of the 
gratitude and love of the people. He stood with reverent 
affection at the tomb of Washington; he laid the corner-stone 
of Bunker Hill Monument on the spot where Warren had fallen 
fifty years before; and when he returned home it was in a 
national ship, named The Brandyivine^ in honor of his first 
battle in the cause of American freedom. (§§261, 263, notes.) 

406. Eemoval of Indians. — 
In 1825 Mr. Monroe rec- 
ommended to Congress 
the removal of all Indian 
tribes to the country west 
of the Mississippi, far 
beyond the limits of the 
States and Territories 
then existing. The Creeks 
and Cherokees of Georgia 
had so improved their 
lands that they were un- 
willing 10 remove. At last, however, terms 
were agreed upon, — a large sum of money 
Moving the Southern to be paid by the United States, with a 
Indians. guarantee of undisturbed possession of lands 

in the Indian Territory, — and under the two following Presi- 
dents the removal was effected. 

407. The Cherokees, owning immense numbers of cattle, 
horses, hogs, and sheep, were the most civilized of all the 
tribes. Mills, salt works, churches, schools, and well-ordered 
farms soon rewarded their industry in their western homes. 




242 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Native merchants sold the cotton and other products of their 
lands in southern markets, and carried home such goods as 
their Indian customers required. Spinning, weaving, and othei 
mechanical arts found place among them, though planting and 
cattle-raising were their chief employments. Many of their 
men were highly educated, and their government was carried 
on under written laws with a dignity and propriety not always 
to be found among people longer civilized. 

408. The Creeks were less united, each chief having his own 
village and retainers; but they, too, were peaceful cultivators 
of the soil, and exported great quantities of grain. They were 
less inclined to manufactures than the Cherokees. 

Questions. — What was the condition of the country under Monroe's 
administration? What had Congress to do with slavery? Name the 
chief events of 1819. Describe Monroe's foreign and Indian policy. 
Who visited the United States in 1824, and how was he entertained? 

Map Exercise. — Point out, on Map TX., the five States admitted to the 
Union, A. D. 1817-1821. (§402.) 

Point for Essay. — The letter of a schoolboy or schoolgirl in Boston, 
describing the visit of La Fayette. 

Read Monroe's Tour of Observation through ihe Northeastern and North- 
western States in 1S17. Life of Monroe in National Portrait Gallery of 
Distinguished Americans, Vol. II. 



NOTES. 

I. James Monroe (1758-1831), was a Virginian by birth, and was educated 
at William and Mary College. During the Revolution he fought as a subor- 
dinate officer at Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, and after 
the war took a prominent part in politics, both in the Virginia Assembly and in 
Congress. He appreciated the weakness and inefficiency of the general govern- 
ment under the first articles of confederation, and the Constituent Convention 
(^314) was the result of his motion in Congress to give that body the power to 
regulate all trade among the States. However, in the Virginia Convention he 
strongly opposed the adoption of the Constitution, thinking it conferred too 
much power on the general government. His conduct as minister plenipo- 
tentiary to France, in 1794, greatly offended the administration, whose policy he 



NOTES. 243 

opposed, and he was recalled. From 1799 to 1802 he was governor of Virginia, 
and was then sent by Jefferson to arrange for the purchase of Louisiana. In 
181 1 he was again elected governor of Virginia, and during the same year was 
appomted Secretary of State by Madison. He also acted as Secretary of War. 
and, finding the treasury empty, he pledged his own means in order to secure 
the defense of New Orleans. Under Monroe's administration party lines dis- 
appeared, and the period came to be known as " the era of good feeling," 

2. Henry Clay (1777-1852), was born near Richmond, Va. His father, a 
Baptist preacher, died when Henry was five years old. He became a copyist in 
a law office "while very young, licensed as a lawyer in 1797, he removed to 
Lexington, Ky., and soon gained a flourishing practice through his remarkable 
power of influencing juries. He took a prominent part in the discussion over 
the constitution drawn up for the State of Kentucky, and in 1803 was chosen a 
member of the State legislature. In 1806, although hardly of legal age. Clay 
was chosen to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. Here he made an im- 
pression by warmly advocating the policy of internal improvement. He was 
sent to the House of Representatives in iBil, and at his first appearance was 
made speaker, an honor unprecedented since the meeting of the first Congress. 
He was a strong advocate for the war against Great Britain, and, in fact, may be 
said to have forced Madison into his declaration ; at its close he was sent to 
negotiate the peace of Ghent (^393). Clay's weighty speeches also brought 
about the recognition of the South American states (^404). In 1824 five can- 
didates were nominated foi«the Presidency, Clay being one of them. As no one 
received the requisite number of votes, Congress had to choose among the three 
highest candidates, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William H. 
Crawford. Clay and his friends voted for Adams, who was elected, and when 
the latter appointed Clay his Secretary of State the cry of " Bargain ! " was im- 
mediately raised. This charge occasioned a duel between Clay and John Ran- 
dolph, in which neither was hurt. Clay had retired from public life in 1842, but 
in 1848 he was again sent to the Senate, where he struggled hard to avert the 
great battle on the slavery question. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 




John Quincy Adai 



TENTH TERM, A. D. ' 1825-1829. 

John Quincy Adams, President. John C. Calhoun, Vice-President 

409. The Sixth President. — Among four 
candidates for the presidency in the autumn 
of 1824, the electors failed to make a 
choice; the decision, therefore, devolved 
again upon the House of Representatives 
(§349)5 ^^^ John Quincy Adams ^^ of Mas- 
sachusetts, son of the second President 
(§ 340), received the highest office in the 
gift of the people. John C. Calhoun,^ of 
South Carolina, was Vice-President, and 
Henry Clay became Secretary of State. 

410. Character of the Younger Adams. — Trained from his child- 
hood in the service of his country, the new President was a 
statesman of great ability and of upright character. He had 
filled several important foreign missions, and had been at differ- 
ent times senator and Secretary of State. Yet his administra- 
tion, though peaceful and prosperous, was not altogether 
popular. Parties now became distinct; the President's friends 
called themselves National Republicans, while their opponents 
were known as Democrats. 

411. Public Improvements. — One party desired that the whole 
nation should pay for the great public works which were needed 
to develop the resources of the country ; the other insisted that 
each State must take care of itself. The greatest of these 

(244) 



THE ERIE CANAL. 



245 




works then in progress was the Erie 
Canal, which connects the waters 
of Lake Erie with Hudson River, 
and the grain-fields of the West 
with the markets of Europe. It 
was formally opened in October, 
1825, when the governor of New 
York and many guests sailed from 
Buffalo to the city of New York in 
a state-barge attended by music and 
the roar of cannon. 



Aug., 1829. 



412. Within a few years the Jirs^ steam locomotive in the United 
States was put in service on the "Delaware and 
Hudson Canal Railroad." Steam was soon intro- 
duced on the "Baltimore and Ohio" and the "Albany and 
Schenectady" railroads 
and on that of South 
Carolina from Charleston 
to Hamburg. Gradu- 
ally the iron net-work 
overspread the whole ;f;j., 

country, and the re- The First Locomotive. 




246 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

motest corners of the land were brought into swift communi- 
cation with the great cities of the coast. 

413. The semi-centennial of American Independence was cele- 
brated with joy and gratitude, July 4, 1826. On that day the 
President's venerable father and Thomas Jefferson died at their 
widely separated homes, in Massachusetts and Virginia. Fifty 
years before, each had set his name to the Declaration which 
gave their country her rightful place among the nations; each' 
had served her in missions abroad and in the highest office at 
home. 

414. The President absolutely refused to employ the influence 
of the government to secure his re-election; he was opposed 
by many of his own officers, and General Andrew Jackson re- 
ceived the greatest number of votes. Soon after leaving the 
presidency, Mr. Adams was sent back to Washington as repre- 
sentative from Massachusetts. He served his native State in 
that office until 1848, when he died at his post in the Capitol. 
He had been in high public service fifty-three years. 

Questions. — What were the character and history of the sixth Presi- 
dent? How did parties differ as to public works? What great improve- 
ments were made? What occurred July 4, 1826? 

Map Exercise. — Pomt out the site of the Erie Canal. Of the first 
three railroads in the United States. 

Hint for Essay. — Describe the condition and the hopes of the Amer- 
ican people July 4, 1776, and July 4, 1826, showing fifty years of 
progress. 

Read Life and Letters of John Quincy Adams, 



NOTES. 

I. John Quincy Adams was bom at Braintree, Mass., July, 1767. As a 
boy he possessed great vigor of mind and body. At the age of eleven he went 
with his father to France, and was placed at school in Paris. In 1780 he entered 
the University of Leyden. For fourteen months he was private secretary to the 
American Minister to Russia, and after this service he made the tour of Sweden, 
Norway, the Netherlands, France, and England. Returning to America, young 



NOTES. 247 

Adams entered the junior class at Harvard College, and graduated in 1788. 
Three years later he was admitted to the Boston bar. A series of political let- 
ters which he contributed to the newspapers about this time drew attention to 
Adams as a man of more than ordinary power. President Washington ap- 
pointed him Minister to The Hague, and later to Portugal. In 1797 he was 
transferred by his father— then President — to Berlin. In 1803 he was chosen 
United States Senator by the Federalists. In 1809 he was appointed Minister 
to Russia. He negotiated commercial treaties with Prussia, Sweden, and Great 
Britain, and was the most conspicuous of the American commissioners in the 
important treaty of Ghent, 18 14. He was President Monroe's Secretary of 
State during the eight years of his administration, which position he filled with 
signal ability. The friends of the defeated candidates united against President 
Adams, making his office very uncomfortable, and securing his defeat for a 
second term. (See note 2, page 243.) He entered Congress in 1831, and ably 
represented his district until stricken with death on the floor of the House of 
Representatives, February 21, 1848. 

2. John Caldwell Calhoun (1782-1850). This great statesman, and 
champion of southern rights and opinions, was born in Abbeville District, South 
Carolina. His ancestors on both sides were Irish Presbyterians. He graduated 
at Yale College in 1804, and studied law at Litchfield, Conn, In 1808 he was 
elected to the legislature of South Carolina ; and, three years later, he was 
chosen to the national House of Representatives, In 1817 he was appointed 
Secretary of War, and held the office seven years. From 1825 to 1832 he was 
Vice-President of the United States. He then resigned this office, and took his 
seat as senator from South Carolina. In 1844 President Tyler called him to his 
cabinet as Secretary of State ; and, in 1845, he returned to the Senate, where he 
remained till his death. During all his public life Mr. Calhoun was active and 
outspoken. He took the most advanced ground in favor of " State Rights," and 
defended slavery as neither morally nor politically wrong. His foes generally 
conceded his honesty, and respected his ability; while his friends regarded him 
as little less than an oracle. 



U. S. H -15. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH TERMS, A. D. 1829-1837 

Andrew Jackson. President. 



John C. Calhoun, | ,.. „ -^ * 

Martin Van BurEN. j V^'^e-Presidents. 




Andrew Jackson. 

tion. He filled 



415. The Seventh President. — President 
Jackson ^ differed from his predecessor in 
his lack of education and early advantages ; 
but he was a successful and popular gen- 
eral, and no one doubted his courage, 
honesty, or energy of will. He began by 
making sweeping changes in the public 
offices, dismissing ten times more men in 
one year than all former Presidents had re- 
moved since the adoption of the Constitu- 
these places with his political friends. This 

practice has been largely followed by all subsequent Presidents, 

but is opposed by the advocates of Civil Service Reform, who 

hold that offices exist for the convenience of 

the people, and not as prizes for politicians. 
416. Violent debates arose in Congress on 

questions concerning the public lands and 

the raising of a revenue for the government. 

The opposing opinions of the North and the 

South now became more plainly marked. 

Daniel Webster, ^ of Massachusetts, and 

Robert Hayne,3 of South Carolina, argued 

with great eloquence, the one for ** Liberty oamei Webster. 
{248) 




NULLIFICATION. 



249 




and Union, now and forever," the other for ''State Rights," or 
the right of any State to nuUify acts of Congress or to secede 
from the Union. 

417. In 1832 additional duties were placed by Congress upon 
foreign goods. A convention in South Car- 
oHna declared the act to be null, and pre- 
pared to resist at Charleston the collection 
of the duties. The legislature of that State 
even threatened to secede and place Mr. 
Calhoun, then Vice-President of the United 
States, at the head of a "Southern Confed- 
eracy" in case the government should at- 
tempt to enforce its laws. But the prompt 
appearance of war vessels and an army 
under General Scott proved the sincerity and the power of the 
government. Mr. Clay exerted his peace-making influence in 
another compromise bill, providing for a gradual reduction of 
duties, and the excitement died away. 

418. Several Indian disturbances occurred during this adminis- 
tration. The Sacs and Foxes of Illinois had sold their lands to 
the United States ; but they refused to remove, and, in concert 
with the Wmnebagoes of Wisconsin, attacked the miners who 
were now flocking to the rich lead region about Galena, Illinois. 
The Indians were defeated in several battles by government 
troops, and in 1832 their noted chief. Black Hawk, with others, 
was taken as a captive to Washington. Having seen the power 
and wealth of the United States as displayed in the eastern 
cities, the chiefs returned and advised their people to lay down 
their arms. The Winnebagoes, as well as the Sacs and Foxes, 
now exchanged their lands for tracts west of the Mississippi, 
with yearly supplies of money and food. 

419. The Seminole war was longer and more obstinate. The 
Everglades of Florida gave refuge to many runaway slaves, 
who, marrying Seminole Indians, were adopted by that tribe, 



250 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 







and increased its power. 
A daughter of one of 
these marriages was the 
wife of Osceola, a power- 
ful chief. In visiting with 
her husband a United 
States fort, she was seized 
and carried away as the 
slave of a family from 

whom her mother had es- _ 

caped. Her husband, ex- ^^^^^^ "f Osceoia. 

pressing his rage, was thrown into irons. 

420. Osceola's Vengeance. — Meanwhile a treaty 
had been made with certain chiefs for the removal of the Semi- 
noles to lands west of the Mississippi. Osceola pretended to 
consent, and was set free ; but it was only to plot a terrible 
vengeance against the whites. General Thompson, who had so 
grossly ill-used him, was surprised and killed; a hundred men 
under Major Dade were massacred the same day in Wahoo 
Swamp. The war was relentless on both sides. Osceola was 
taken at length by treachery, and died of fever in Fort 
Moultrie. His people kept up their resistance for seven years 
in impenetrable marshes, whose air, poisonous to white men, 
destroyed thousands of their assailants. Generals Scott and 
Taylor at length finished the work which Jackson had begun, 
and the war ended in 1842, after a cost of thirty millions of 
dollars and very many lives. 

421. No previous President made such use of his veto power 
as did Jackson. (See Art. I., Sec. 7, of Constitution.) Con- 
gress having passed an act renewing the charter of 
the United States Bank, which was to expire in 1836, 

he refused to sign it, and proceeded, against the advice of his 
cabinet, to remove the public money deposited in the Bank. 

422. Prosperous Times. — This money he ordered to be distrib- 
uted among eighty-nine banks of deposit in various States, 



A. D. 1832. 



PROSPEROUS TIMES. 



251 




Contuntes in i8jo. 



which lent it out to merchants and farmers, and thus increased 
the rage for wild speculations which had taken possession of 
every class. Public lands were bought to the amount of 
$24,000,000 in a year. Villages 
and even cities were laid out by 
hundreds; great works were pro- 
jected, and State debts were in- 
curred for their completion. Foreign 
goods were imported in greater 
quantities than ever before. Foreign 
immigrants thronged to the fertile 
lands of the Northwest. Foreign 
capital, disturbed by revolutions in 
Europe, was sent to America. Proud 
of its great, rich territory, and of 
its rapid growth in wealth, the "uni- 
versal Yankee nation" doubtless offended the taste of its less 
fortunate rivals, and acquired a reputation for conceit which it 
has not even yet lived down. 

423. A Pull Treasury. — The government was not only out of 
debt, but had in the banks $37,000,000 more than it needed to 
use. It was resolved to distribute this among the several States 
for public uses, the principal to be returned when called for. 
The Middle and Western States used this additional income in 
the improvement of roads and in the perfecting of their systems 
of public schools; the Southern States, largely, in increasing 
•the area of cotton production ; for the improved mill machinery 
of England demanded, at good prices, all the cotton that 
American fields could furnish. 

424. The Specie Circular. — While the banks were embarrassed 
by the withdrawal of the government money. President Jackson 
issued his famous Specie Circular, requiring all payments for 
public lands to be made in coin. This was only a reasonable 
precaution, for so many banks had been founded for mere 
speculation that their notes might easily become worthless. In 



252 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the excited state of the money market it hastened a crisis of 
which we shall learn in the next chapter. 

425. Troubles with France. — The President's foreign policy 
was equally energetic and decisive. The king of France had 
agreed, in 1831, to pay $5,000,000 for damage done to Amer- 
ican commerce during the wars of Napoleon. Payment being 
delayed, President Jackson proposed to make reprisals on 
French merchant ships. England then acted as peacemaker; 
France paid the debt, and the danger of war passed by. 

426. At the autumn election of 1836 Martin Van Buren^ 
of New York, was chosen to be President. The electors failed 
to elect a Vice-President, and the Senate chose for its presiding 
officer Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky. Arkansas was ad- 
mitted as a State in 1836; Michigan in the following year. 

Questions. — How did President Jackson's policy dififer from that of 
Civil Service Reform ? How did he deal with Nullification and Seces- 
sion ? How, with the Indians? How, with the money-markets? How, 
with France? 

Read Lives of Jackson by Eaton, Cobbett, or Kendall. Account of 
his administration m Williams's and Lossing's National History of the 
United States. Webster-Hay ne speeches in the Senate, Jan., 1830. 



NOTES. 

I. Andrew Jackson was bom at Waxhaw settlement, North Carolina, 
March 15, 1767. His father had died a short time before. At the age of thir- 
teen he volunteered under General Sumter, and was taken prisoner the next 
year. After the Revolution he supported himself by working at saddlery and 
teaching school, — his spare hours being employed in the study of law. He 
removed to Nashville in 1788 ; and, when Tennessee became a Territory, was 
appointed by President Washington district attorney. He was the first Repre- 
sentative in Congress from the new State of Tennessee. The next year he was 
made United States Senator, but soon resigned to accept a supreme judgeship in 
his own State. When Aaron Burr came west in 1805, and again in 1806, he 
was the guest of Jackson, who at first entered warmly into his plans, believing 



NOTES. 253 

them to mean simply war against Spain. But when Jackson discovered the 
treasonable designs of Burr he at once denounced him, and informed President 
Jefferson of his suspicions. Andrew Jackson's military career began in the 
Creek War in 1813. In May, 1814, he was made a major-general in the United 
States army, and won his famous victory of New Orleans January 8, 1815 (^ 395). 
In 1823 Jackson was again m the Senate, and in 1824 received fifteen more elec- 
toral votes for President than John Quincy Adams, but the decision of the House 
gave to Adams the high office. In the election of 1828, however, Jackson was 
made President. His strong common sense, unswerving honesty, indomitable 
energy, and shining patriotism made amends for the lack of softer and more re- 
fined traits; marked his administration with deeds of moral courage; and 
stamped it as a political and social era in the history of our country. The 
nullification movement, the bank war, the Indian troubles, and the hot debates 
on the currency, tariff, and slavery questions— all together made Jackson's term 
of office an exciting one. He was glad to retire to the quiet scenes of his 
" Hermitage," where he died June, 1845. 

2. Daniel Webster (born in Salisbury, N. H., 1782, died at Marshfield, 
Mass., 1852), had as a boy no educational advantages beyond the home instruc- 
tion of his father and mother, and a few terms in the district schools of the 
neighborhood. He passed nine months of diligent study at Phillips Exeter 
Academy, and graduated from Dartmouth with high honors in 1801. At this 
period he is described by his friend George T. Curtis, as having " a faculty for 
labor something prodigious, a memory disciplined by methods not taught him 
by others, and an intellect expanded far beyond his years. He was abstemious, 
religious, of the highest sense of honor, and of the most elevated deportment. 
His manners were genial, his affections warm, his conversation was brilliant and 
instructive, his temperament cheerful, his gayety overflowing. He was beloved, 
admired, and courted by all who knew him." In 1812 he was elected to Con- 
gress by the Federalists, and was a prominent member of the House for two 
terms. Then he removed to Boston, and. during the busy practice of his pro- 
fession for the next seven years, became by common consent the greatest lawyer 
of his time. In 1823 Webster was again sent to the national House of Rep- 
resentatives, and was twice re-elected ; but, in 1827, he was transferred to the 
Senate, of which body he was, perhaps, the most conspicuous figure during the 
next twelve years. As Secretary of State under Harrison and Tyler, and again 
under Fillmore, he managed the foreign affairs of the nation with consummate 
skill. He was returned to the United States Senate in 1845. See ^^464, 466. 

3. Robert Young Hayne (1791-1840), entered the United States Senate in 
1823, and served two terms. He was educated for the law, fought in the War 
of 1812, was speaker of the house in the South Car6lina legislature, and Attor- 
ney-general for the State before going to Washington. Before his senatorial 
term was ended he was chosen governor of South Carolina, and boldly defied 
President Jackson to enforce his proclamation in regard to the nullification acts. 
Hayne possessed brilliant talents, and was especially strong in debate. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 




Martin Van Bur en. 



THIRTEENTH TERM, A. D. 1837-184I. 
Martin Van Buren, President. Richard M. Johnson, Vice-President. 

427. The Eighth President.— President Van 
Buren ^ was of the same party as his prede- 
cessor, under whom he had been Vice-Pres- 
ident the last four years. His term began 
with panic and ruin in the commercial 
world, owing partly to the reaction that 
must always follow extravagant speculation, 
partly to bad harvests and high prices of 
food, partly to a check in the demand for 
cotton, and partly to abrupt money move- 
ments under Jackson's administration. 

428. Commercial Disasters. — A great firm in New Orleans 
failed on the day of Van Buren's inauguration; within two 
months New York merchants had failed to the amount of one 
hundred millions, and those of New Orleans to half that sum. 
Every part of the country shared the distress. Banks failed; 
mills were closed; public works ceased; hundreds of thousands 
of people were thrown out of employment, and multitudes lacked 
bread. Eight States were bankrupt, and even the general gov- 
ernment had to delay the payment of interest on its bonds. 

429. The Bank of the United States had been re-chartered by 
the State of Pennsylvania. It failed in 1841 for the third and 
last time, but all its debts were ultimately paid in full. So were 
those of the Union and of all the States excepting Mississippi 

(254) 



THE SUB-TREASURY LAW. 



255 



and Florida; but American bonds. long continued to be a name 
of reproach in the money-markets of the world. 

430. The Sub-treasury Law. — To prevent similar disasters in 
future, the President proposed an act requiring all public 
moneys to be kept, not in banks, but in the treasury at Wash- 
ington, or in sub-treasuries at other cities. Banks were re- 
quired to limit and secure their operations by depositing funds 
with the government. The "Sub-treasury Bill" was unpopu- 
lar, and prevented the re-election of the President; but it 
became a law in 1839, and though repealed in 1841, it was re- 
enacted in 1846, and time has proved its wisdom. 




The Caroline. 



431. In 1837 Canada 
was in rebellion against 
England, and many people 
on our northern border wished 
her success. But when good wishes took the shape of arms 
for the rebels, the President ordered all citizens to abstain 
from hostilities, and General Scott was sent to the frontier 
to preserve peace. The steamer Caroline^ which had been 
fitted out with supplies for the Canadians, was seized by a 



256 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

British party, and, having been set on fire, was allowed to drift 
over Niagara Falls. The boundary line between Maine and 
New Brunswick was another cause of trouble, and there was 
great excitement among restless spirits who were eager for a 
fight. Happily good sense prevailed; the President's procla- 
mation was obeyed, and the danger of war passed by. 

432. The Democratic party had now been in power forty years, 
with the exception of the four 7ears of the second Adams's 
administration. The IVhigs, who had lately taken this name in 
memory of revolutionary times (§ 145, and note 5, Chapter 
XV.), comprised all that were left of the Federalists, with those 
who for various reasons had become dissatisfied with Demo- 
cratic policy. 

433. General "William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate 
in 1840. Memories of his victories at Tippecanoe and the 
Thames (§§368, 383), together with the affection inspired by 
his benevolent and upright character, made the campaign a 
very enthusiastic one. Harrison's simple frontier life was ridi- 
culed by his opponents in the nick-names ''Log Cabin Candi- 
date" and " Hard Cider Campaign," but these were caught up 
by his partisans and made their rallying cries. They charged 
Van Buren, in their turn, with having lived in needless luxury 
and splendor in the White House, not caring that many people 
were starving through the mismanagement of public money 
by his party. These charges, though unjust, had great effect. 
Harrison was elected by an' immense majority, with John 
Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. 

Questions. — What was the condition of the money-markets at the be- 
ginnmg of Van Buren's term of office? How did the people suffer from 
the loss of public credit? Were the debts of the National Bank and of 
the State and Federal governments ever paid? What change was made 
in the disposal of public money? What was done by our government 
and people in reference to the Canadian rebellion? What change of 
parties in the election of 1840? 



NOTE. 257 



NOTE. 

I. Martin Van Buren (1782- 1862), was bom at Kinderhook, N. Y., and 
after being educated as a lawyer entered on his political career at the age of 
eighteen. In 1812, and again in 1816, he was elected to the Stale senate, and 
from 1815 to 1819 he was attorney-general of New York. Not being satisfied 
with some of the Democratic principles, he re-organized the party in his own 
State in 1818, and this new faction held control of public affairs there for twenty 
years. In 1821 Van Buren was elected a member of the convention called to 
revise the New York State constitution. During the same year he was elected to 
the United States Senate, and was re-elected in 1827. He, however, resigned in 
1828 to accept the office of governor of New York. President Jackson made 
Van Buren his Secretary of State in 1829, but the latter resigned in 1831, and a 
few months later was sent as minister to England. After his arrival in that 
country the Senate refused to confirm his nomination, claiming that as Secretary 
of State he had pursued a weak course toward England m reference to questions 
of trade between her West Indian colonies and America. In return for this 
piece of " party persecution," the Democrats elected Van Buren Vice-President 
in 1832 over the very Senate that had refused to confirm him. Although de- 
feated in 1840 by a sweeping majority. Van Buren's friends tried to efiect his re- 
nomination for the presidency in 1844, but they failed through his openly 
avowed opposition to the annexation of Texas. Van Buren and his followers 
withdrew from the Democratic party in 1848, disagreeing on the question of 
slavery in newly acquired territories, and formed ? new party known as the 
" Free Democrats." Van Buren was nominated by them for President, but was 
defeated. He then retired permanently from politics, passing his remaining days 
\Ki E-uaropean travel and in the quiet seclusion of his estate at Kinderhook. 



CHAPTER XXX. 



FOURTEENTH TERM, A. D. 1841-1845. 



William H. Harrison, President. 



John Tyler, Vice-President. 




William H. Harrison. 



434. The Ninth and Tenth Presidents.— 
President Harrison^ lived only one month 
after his inauguration. ^'Killed by office- 
seekers" would probably be the true ver- 
dict; for, anxious to do justice to all men, 
he gave to the throng of applicants time 
which he needed for rest. He died April 
4, 1 84 1. John Tyler,^ of Virginia, became 
President, keeping the same cabinet which 
Harrison had appointed and the Senate 
had confirmed. 

435. National Bank Question. — On the question of re-chartering 
a National Bank, President Tyler was in opposition to his party. 
Twice a bill for that purpose was passed by 
Congress, and twice it was vetoed by the 
President. All his cabinet then resigned, 
excepting Mr. Webster, Secretary of State, 
who was engaged in negotiating an im- 
portant treaty with Great Britain. 

436. This "Webster and Ashburton Treaty " 
settled two old and troublesome questions 
between the two countries. The north- 
eastern boundary-line of the United States 

was fixed where it still remains 

search" was formally given up by Great Britain; 



A. D. 184a. 




(258) 



THE MORMONS. 259 

and it was now agreed that the navies of the two nations should 
unite in the suppression of the slave-trade. 

437. Dorr's Eebellion. — Peace at home was broken by "Dorr's 
Rebellion " in Rhode Island. The constitution of that State 
was no other than the old colonial charter granted by Charles 
II. It allowed only owners of real-estate to vote, and in other re- 
spects was unsuited to the times. All parties agreed that there 
must be a change, but in choosing the manner of it, the "suf- 
frage party," with Thomas Dorr 3 at its head, was opposed to 
that of "law and order." Dorr and his partisans attempted to 
seize the State arsenal, but were driven away by the militia 
and afterwards dispersed by United States forces. The "law 
and order party" prevailed, and a new constitution was 
adopted in 1843. 

438. The Mormons. — Far more serious difficulty arose with the 
Mormons, a sect founded in 1830 at Manchester, N. Y., by 
Joseph Smith, 4 who pretended to have received a revelation 
from Heaven. Great excitement was caused by his strange 
teachings : he was mobbed and shot at, and narrowly escaped 
with his life. It was then decided to find a home for the 
"Latter Day Saints" in the newer lands of the West. It must 
be said that the Mormons were more orderly, sober, and in- 
dustrious than a large part of those who opposed them. 
Moving west from Ohio in 1837, and being driven from 
Missouri by the state militia in 1S38, they built a new city and 
a splendid temple at Nauvoo, in Illinois. 

439. Brigham Young in Utali. — Here again they came into 
conflict with the laws. Their "Prophet" and his brother were 
imprisoned, and were killed by a band of ruffians ^ ^ ^^^^^ 
who broke open the jail. At length the Mormons, 

under their new leader, Brigham Young, s went beyond the 
Rocky Mountains to the valley of the Great Salt Lake. Here 
their industry soon turned the dry plains (§ 15) into blooming 
gardens. Recruits flocked in from all parts of the world. 



26o 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 










Mormons Moving to Utah. 



chiefly from Great 
Britain and northern 
Europe. In 1850 
Utah was organized 
as a Territory of the 
United States, and 
Brigham Young was 
appointed by the President to be its governor. His opposition 
to judges and other officers of the United States caused him to 
be displaced the next year, but he continued to be the prophet 
and absolute chief of the Mormons until his death, in 1877. 

440. Texas. — The most exciting question of Tyler's term of 
office concerned the fate of Texas. Until 1836 that great 
country was part of the republic of Mexico, though the most 
powerful party among its citizens, both for numbers and energy, 
had of late been emigrants from the United States. Under 
their leadership Texas declared her independence in 1835, 
and secured it the next year by the decisive battle of San 
Jacinto. 6 She then asked admission to the United States, but 
was refused. The application was renewed in 1844, the Dem- 
ocrats strongly favoring acceptance and the Whigs opposing it. 

441. Annexation of Texas. — Mr. Calhoun frankly declared that 
the purpose in annexing Texas was '*to extend the influence 



THE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH. 



261 




The United States in 1845. 

of slavery, and secure its perpetual duration." This was not 
desired by the northern people, who also objected to the burden 
of the Texan debt, which the United States were to assume, 
and to the war with Mexico, which must grow out of the un- 
settled dispute as to boundaries. Henry Clay was the candi- 
date of the Whig party; James K. Polk, of Tennessee, that of 
the Democrats. The latter was elected, and as the question of 
annexation was thus decided by popular 
vote, Texas was admitted before his in- 
auguration. Florida was also made a State 
on the last day of Tyler's term of office. 

442. The electro-magnetic telegraph, in- 
vented by Samuel F. B. Morse, was now 
first put to practical use. Congress appro- 
priated $30,000 to test the invention, and 
a line was built from Washington to Balti- 
more. It had been found, by many ex- 
periments, that messages could be sent to great distances by 
means of wires and electric batteries. The first public dis- 
patch sent over the wires was the announcement of Polk's 
nomination, May 29, 1844. 




S. F, B. Morse. 



262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Questions. — What changes occurred in 1841 ? What agreements were 
made with Great Britain ? What was done in Rhode Island ? Tell the 
story of the Mormons in their different homes. Give the history of 
Texas. What great invention came into use in Polk's term of office ? 

Map Exercise. — Point out, on Map No. IX., the two States ceded to the 
Union in 1845. The present home of the Mormons (§439). 



NOTES. 

1. William Henry Harrison (1773-1841), was the son of Benjamin Har- 
rison, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and later governor of Vir- 
ginia. At the age of nineteen he entered the army, and served against the 
Indians under Governor St. Clair and "Mad Anthony" (§326). He thus be- 
came experienced at an early age in Indian warfare. At the age of twenty-two 
he was made a captain, and commanded Fort Washington, on the site of Cin- 
cinnati ; two years later he resigned in order to be secretary of the Northwest 
Territory. Later, he represented the people of that district as their delegate to 
Congress. In 1801 the Northwest Territory was divided, and Harrison was ap- 
pointed governor of the "Territory of Indiana," which included the present 
States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. During his governorship 
he made several important treaties with the Indians, and fought the celebrated 
battle of Tippecanoe (§§368, 375, 376, 383). After the war he turned his atten- 
tion to politics, and served in both branches of Congress and in the Ohio 
State senate. Under John Quincy Adams he was sent as minister plenipoten- 
tiary to Colombia, S. A. 

2. John Tyler (1790-1862), was bom in Charles City Co., Virginia. His 
father was a Revolutionary patriot, and for some years was governor of the State. 
Tyler graduated at William and Mary College, studied law, and shortly after 
being admitted to the bar was elected to the legislature. This was the begin- 
ning of a long political career, during which he served at various times in the 
House and Senate, in his State legislature, as governor of Virginia, and finally as 
Vice-President and President of the United States. When the Southern States 
seceded, in i86i, Tyler was sent as a delegate from Virginia to the Peace Con- 
vention at Washington, of which he became president. This convention failed 
of its purpose, and, returning to his native State, he espoused the Southern 
cause. At the time of his death he was a member of the Confederate Congress, 

3. Thomas Wilson Dorr, the leader of the suffrage party, was tried, and 
was convicted of treason. He was sentenced to imprisonment for life, but was 
released in 1847. 

4. Joseph Smith was of Scotch descent, and was bom in Sharon, Vermont. 
in 1805. He led a dissolute life when young, and was very ignorant. Wher 



NOTES. 263 

twenty-one years of age he pretended to have received from an angel tablets of 
gold upon which was written the " Book of Mormon." Smith attempted to 
introduce polygamy into the Mormon customs when they settled at Nauvoo, 
Illinois, but was resi-sted by some of the community, who established a press 
and published opposition articles. Smith headed a mob which demolished the 
press, but this act cost the " prophet " his liberty, and ultimately his life. 

5. Brigham Young was bom at Whittingham, Vermont, m 1801, and was a 
man of limited education. He first joined the Mormons while they were located 
at Kirtland, Ohio, and soon became a prominent leader among them through 
his eloquent preaching and strong personal influence. After Smith's death 
Young was the successful candidate for the presidency of the church. In 1852 
he introduced polygamy as "the celestial law of marriage" into the Mormon 
constitution, declaring that it had been revealed to Smith nine years before. 
Young died in 1877, and the Mormons are rapidly losing control of Utah. 

6, The most prominent American in the Texan revolt was General Samuel 
Houston. He was born near Lexington, Virginia, in 1793. His mother, a poor 
widow, removed to Tennessee in 1807, but her son shortly left her, and went to 
live with the Cherokee Indians in Arkansas, where he made many strong friends 
among the chiefs. Three years later he returned, and after teaching school for a 
time enlisted as a private in Jackson's campaign against the Creeks (§384). 
Retiring at the close of the war with the rank of lieutenant, he commenced the 
study of law, and was soon a prominent politician. He was elected to Con- 
gress, and kept his seat there for four years, when he was elected governor of 
Tennessee, at the age of thirty-four. Two years later he resigned the governor- 
ship, and went to live with his old friends, the Cherokees. In 1832 Houston 
went to Texas and took a prominent part in the revolutionary movement. 
After Texas declared her independence, Houston was made commander-in-chief 
of her army. Santa Anna, the Mexican general, butchered two American forces 
that had surrendered to him, in cold blood, and then attacked Houston, who 
had but 783 men, with a force of 1,600 men. This was the famous battle of 
San Jacinto, in which 630 Mexicans were killed, and nearly all the rest were 
captured ; among the latter was Santa Anna. The American loss was eight 
killed and twenty-five wounded. Houston worked earnestly for the annexation 
of Texas to the United States, and after it was accomplished was elected United 
States Senator. In 1859 he was elected governor of Texas, but, being opposed 
to secession, he was deposed from office when that State went out of the Union, 
and retired to private life. He died July 25, 1863, 




(264) 



CHAPTER XXXI. 




James K, Polk. 



FIFTEENTH TERM, A. D. 1845-1849. 
James K. Polk, President. George M. Dallas, Vice-President. 

443r The Eleventli President.— Early in Mr. 
Polk's ^ term of office the northern boundary 
of Oregon was settled by treaty with Great 
Britain. Columbia River had been first 
visited and named by an American sea- 
captain ^ in 1792. After its exploration by 
Lewis and Clark (§357) the colony of Astoria 
was founded on its southern bank by John 
Jacob Astor,3 of New York, as a depot for 
the fur trade. British subjects meanwhile 

settled on the northern branch of the Columbia and on the 

Eraser River. 

444. Boundary of Oregon and British America. — So long as the 
fur trade was the only object, the two nations could occupy the 
land together. But in 1834 the Willamette Valley began to 
be settled by American citizens, who desired the protection of 
their own government. Others were for claiming the whole 
coast to latitude 54° 40', and " Fifty-four forty, or fight," was a 
party cry in the election of 1844. But in 1846, after several 
years' negotiation, the boundary was drawn at 49°, and there 
it still remains. Oregon Territory was organized in 1848. In 
1859 the State of Oregon; and, later, the Territories of Wash- 
ington an(? Idaho were formed from this region. 

U. S. H -16. ( 265 ) 



266 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Uniforms during Mexican War. 



445. The southwestern boundary was not so peaceably settled. 
Mexico claimed the Nueces River, Texas the Rio Grande, as 
the dividing line; and the United States had now undertaken 
the Texan quarrel. General 
Taylor, with an ' ' Army of Oc- 
cupation," entered the disputed 
territory, and in April, 1846, 
built Fort Brown, near the 
mouth of the Rio Grande. 

446. War with Mexico.— The 
Mexicans began the war by 
surprising and killing or capt- 
uring a party of United States 
troops. Soon afterwards they 
attempted to cut off General 
Taylor himself, who had gone 
for supplies to Point Isabel; but 
they were defeated in a hard-fought battle at Palo Alto, and 
still more decisively the next day in the ravine of Resaca de la 
Palma. War was now formally declared, and fifty thousand 
volunteers were called for. Three hundred thousand pressed 
forward, eager for adventure. Crossing the Rio Grande, 
Taylor took Matamoras and several other Mexican towns. 

447. Three plans comprised the campaigns of 1846 and 1847 • 
(i) General Taylor was to hold the line of the Rio Grande. (2) 

General Kearny, with the Army of the West, 
was to cross the Rocky Mountains and con- 
quer New Mexico and Califorftia. (3) Gen- 
eral Scott, 4 commander-in-chief, was to 
advance from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. 

448. Capture of Monterey. — In September, 
1846, General Taylor moved upon Monte- 
rey. The city was protected by the mount- 
Winfieid Scott. aiu gorgcs which made approach difficult, 




THE MEXICAN WAR. 



267 



Feb., 1847. 



and by strong works manned by 10,000 Mexicans. It was 
taken, however, in four days, and the Americans fought their 
way from house to house until all had surrendered. 

449. General Santa Annas was then President of the Mexican 
Republic and at the head of her forces. With a fine army of 
20,000 men he marched to attack Taylor in the mountain-pass 
of Buena Vista. The Americans numbered fewer 
than 5,000, but they fought furiously, and at every 
charge the Mexicans were driven back. At length they fled 
to the southward, and general Taylor was left in possession of 
the valley of the Rio Grande. 

450. Capture of Vera Cruz. — He had already sent the greater 
part of his forces to the aid of General Scott, who landed in 
March with 12,000 men before Vera Cruz. This place was 
protected by the strong castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, but after 



Mexico. 




a heavy cannonade of 
four days both castle and 
city were surrendered. 
451. Advance on the Capital. — The 
main army then began its march to 
the capital, which lies 7,500 feet 
above the sea-level. On the heights of 
Cerro Gordo Santa Anna was found strongly 
' posted with 15,000 men. His positions were 
all stormed and taken; 3,000 Mexicans were made prisoners, 



268 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and the invading army pressed on. Pueblo^ a city of 80,000 
people, was taken without resistance, and here General Scott 
waited three months for additional forces. 

452, Arriving in August at the summit of the Cordilleras, the 
American army could look down upon the City of Mexico, lying 
in its beautiful plain dotted with lakes and hemmed in by lofty 
mountains. But all the roads to it were guarded by strong 
works and defended by Santa Anna with 30,000 Mexicans. 
Choosing a difficult route to the southward, Generals Pillow 
and Twiggs took the strongly intrenched camp at Contreras 
after a spirited fight of only seventeen minutes, and the same 
day captured the heights of Churubusco, while General Worth 
stormed San Antonio. 

453, Surrender of Mexico. — The way was now open to the 
gates of the capital, for the other forces of Santa Anna were 
beaten by Generals Shields and Pierce, and the city govern- 
ment sent to ask a truce. On the 7th of September the army 
was again in motion; the great fortress of Chapultepec, over- 
looking the city, was taken by storm; Santa Anna and his offi- 
cers fled; and on the 14th the flag of the United States floated 
over the old home of the Montezumas.^ 

454, Other Movements. — Meanwhile General Kearny had taken 
Santa Fe (§53), and sent Colonel Doniphan with a thousand 

men to conquer the province and city of Chi- 
huahua. He defeated the Mexicans in two 
battles, and did what he was sent to do. 
Kearny, with only 400 dragoons, went to con- 
quer California. This, however, was done 
before his arrival. 

455. Captain John 0, Fremont, with a party of 

engineers, was exploring the region of the 

John c. Fr'emont. Rocky Mountains for a new route to Oregon, 

when he heard that the Mexican commander in California was 

about to drive all Americans froni his province. At the same 




TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO. 



269 




The United States in 1848. 

time Fremont received orders from his own government to pro- 
tect its citizens as far as was possible. 

456. California Independent. — Many Americans were in Cali- 
fornia for purposes of trade. Raising a force of volunteers 
among them, Fremont defeated the Mexicans many times in 
the Sacramento Valley. In concert with Commodore Stockton, 
who was cruising with an American fleet off the Pacific coast, 
he gained complete control of the country. California declared 
her independence of Mexico, July 5, 1846. 

457. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. — With the fall of her capital, 
the power of Mexico was broken. By the treaty of Guadalupe 
Hidalgo, Upper California, with Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and 
New Mexico, was ceded to the United States. The latter 
agreed to pay fifteen millions of dollars for this territory, and to 
assume the debts of the Mexican government to American citi- 
zens. The other captured places were restored. 

458. Gold Discovered. — Scarcely was this treaty signed when 
news came that gold had been discovered on the American 
Fork of Sacramento River. The report spread around the 
world, and from every country a throng of excited adventurers 



270 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Gold Digging. 



rushed to the "gold diggings." Ships 
were deserted, while officers and men 
joined in the scramble for sudden 
wealth. From the Adantic States 
thousands embarked for the 
long voyage around Cape Horn ; 
others crossed the fever- 
haunted Isthmus ; while 
multitudes journeyed over- 
land, many of whom died 
of hunger and hardship 
on the plains. 

459. San Prancisco, from 
a sleepy Spanish ' ' mission " 
(§53), surrounded by a 
village of mud cabins, be- 
came in a year a busy town 
of 15,000 people. At first the rough and reckless crowd had 
its own way, and the worst disorders prevailed. At length the 
best citizens formed themselves into ''vigilance committees," 
and succeeded in enforcing justice; so that society became 
as peaceful as in older States. As the gold fever subsided, 
mining continued to be an important and regular industry of 
California, while the great wealth of her soil and the fame of 
her equable and healthful climate drew thousands of new citi- 
zens. 

460. The "Wilmot Proviso. — On the question of governing the 
great, rich region won from Mexico, violent contests arose. As 
early as 1846 David Wilmot 7 had brought before Congress a 
bill for excluding slavery from all future territories of the 
United States. This "Proviso" was defeated, but in the elec- 
tion of 1848 both Whigs and Democrats were opposed by a 
"Free Soil Party." It was not strong enough to secure even 
one electoral vote, but its principle — that of confining slave- 
labor to the States it already occupied — was gaining ground. 



NEW STATES. 2/1 

461. New States. — During Polk's administration Iowa (1846) 
and Wisconsin (1848) were admitted to the Union. Iowa was 
first settled by a Frenchman named Dubuque, who carried on 
trade with the Indians near the town which bears his name. 
The towns of Burlington and Dubuque were founded in 1833 
by emigrants from Illinois. French missions and trading 
stations were also the first white settlements in Wisconsin, 
whose name means "the gathermg-place of waters." In later 
years many industrious people from Norway, Sweden, Den- 
mark, and northern Germany have found homes in the State. 

Questions. — How was Oregon discovered and settled ? Why and how 
was war begun with Mexico ? What was done by Generals Taylor, 
Kearny, and Scott? What by Santa Anna? How was the war ended? 
What followed in California ? What new party was formed, and what 
new States admitted ? 

Map Exercise. — Point out, on Map No. IX., the Columbia River. The 
northern boundary of the United States, from the Lake of the Woods to 
the Pacific Ocean. On Map No. VII., the southwestern boundary as 
claimed by Mexico in 1845 ; as claimed by Texas. General Taylor's first 
position in 1846. The sites of his principal victories. The march of 
General Scott from the coast to the capital of Mexico. The route of 
General Kearny. The boundaries of the lands ceded by Mexico in the 
treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. San Francisco. Iowa and Wisconsin. 

Read Jay's Mexican War and Ripley's War with Mexico. Dawson's 
American Battle- Fields. Lowell's Biglow Papers^ First Series. 



NOTES. 

I. James Knox Polk (1795-1849), was bom in Mecklenburg County, 
North Carolina, his grand-uncle having been one of the promoters of the Meck- 
lenburg Resolutions (^242). The family moved to Tennessee in 1806, and 
Polk received his education at the University of North Carolina. After graduat- 
ing he studied law, and in 1823 became a member of the State legislature. 
From 1824 to 1839 he was a member of Congress, where he distinguished himself 
in his opposition to John Quincy Adams, and later by his support of Jackson. 
He was elected governor of Tennessee in 1839. As President, Polk displayed 
ability in public affairs. In character he was amiable, little given to display, 



2/2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

grave in manner, and irreproachable in his private life. Three months after his 
successor, Zachary Taylor, took the presidential chair, Polk died at his home in 
Nashville, Tenn. 

2. This was Captain Robert Gray, of Boston, Mass., who entered the river 
on the nth of May, in his vessel, " Columbia Rediviva," after which the stream 
was named. 

3. John Jacob Astor (1763-1848), was the son of a German peasant, and 
was born near Heidelberg. When sixteen years of age he went to London and 
joined his brother, a maker of musical instruments. He worked at that trade 
until the close of the American Revolution, when he started for Baltimore with 
some musical instruments, which he proposed to sell on commission. During 
the passage he became acquainted with a fur trader, who told him of the profit to' 
be made in furs ; and Astor, acting on this, exchanged his instruments for furs 
on his arrival, and thus began a business which before long became very exten- 
sive. At his death, in 1848, he was the richest man in the United States, his 
property being estimated at twenty millions, a sum which has many times been 
surpassed since his day. 

4. WINFIELD Scott (1786-1866), was born at Petersburgh, Va. After grad- 
uating at William and Mary College he adopted the profession of law, but 
almost immediately left it, entering the army as a captain in 1808. His brilliant 
career in the War. of 1812, the Creek War, and the war with Mexico, made him 
one of the most famous of American generals, while his tact and judgment in 
managing the delicate questions of the tariff trouble in South Carolina, and the 
Canadian agitation of 1837 (^431), marked him as a skillful diplomate. He 
was retired in 1861 on full pay and rank, and passed his remaining days at West 
Point. He has left behind him several military works, a few letters, and the 
memoirs of his life. 

5. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was one of the most prominent men in 
Mexico during the revolutionary times from 1810 to 1870. He commenced his 
military career in 1821, when only twenty-three years of age, and during his life, 
besides holding high military commands, was three times elected president and 
twice made dictator. He was compelled to leave the country no fewer than five 
times ; and once, being convicted of treason, his vast landed estates were taken 
by the state. They were never returned to him, and he died at Vera Cruz in 
comparative poverty and obscurity in 1876. 

6. The MONTEZUMAS were chief rulers of Mexico before the coming of 
Europeans. 

7. David Wilmot (1814-1868), was born at Bethany, Pa., and was a mem- 
ber of Congress from 1845 to 1851. The " Proviso " which has made his name 
celebrated was an amendment to a bill appropriating ^^2,000,000 for the purchase 
of Mexican lerritory, in nearly the language of the Ordinance of 1787, by which 
the Northwest Territory was organized (^324). It provided that "neither 
slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory 
except as a punishment for crime." 




CHAPTER XXXII. 

SIXTEENTH TERM, A. D. 1849-1853. 

Zachary Taylor, President. Millard Fillmore, Vice-President 

462. The Twelfth President.— 6'^;?<?r^/ Zachary 
Taylor^^ of Louisiana, a popular hero of the 
Mexican War, was elected by the Whig party, 
and became President of the United States in 
1 849. Soon afterwards California, having adopted 
a State constitution, asked for admission to the 
Union. This re-awakened the disputes be- 
tween the North and the South; for the Cali- 
zachary Taylor, foj-j^i^^s had dccidcd to havc no slavcs. The 
South opposed the admission of a free State as contrary to the 
Missouri Compromise (§402). The North replied that the 
Compromise appUed only to the Louisiana purchase; that a 
large part of California was north of 36° 30' north latitude; 
and that, moreover, the people of the new State had a right to 
choose for themselves. 

463. The Compromise of 1850. — Henry Clay acted the part of 
peace-maker, as he had done before, but his compromise only 
delayed war for ten years. Six things were proposed in his 
"Omnibus Bill": (i) California to be admitted as a free State; 
(2) The admission of new States legally formed by the division 
of Texas; (3) Utah and New Mexico to be organized as Terri- 
tories without mention of slavery; (4) The claims of Texas to 
New Mexico to be bought by the United States for ten millions 
of dollars ; (5) The slave-trade to be stopped in the District of 
Columbia ; and (6) Slaves escaping to free States to be arrested 

(273) 




274 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and returned to their owners. After long debate, in which 
Clay and Webster bore a distinguished part, the bill was passed. 

464. The Thirteenth President. — While it was under discussion, 
President Taylor died, after only sixteen months of office. 

Public duties, in the great excitement of the 

time, had weighed the more heavily upon 

him because he was unused to political life. 

His last words were, " I have tried , 

' . July, 1850. 

to do my duty ; I am not afraid to 

die." Millard Fillmore^'' of New York, the 

Vice-President, now came to the head of the 

government. Daniel Webster was made 

^ Secretary of State. Part of the duties of 

Millard Fillmore. . ^r- • ^ ^i ic-r\ i. 

that office were given to the new ' ' Depart- 
ment of the Interior," which has charge of the public lands, 
of dealings with the • Indians, and of the issuing of patents. 

465. Within less than three years three pubhc men died who 
were unsurpassed by any of their countrymen in eloquence or 
in their influence upon the future of the nation. Calhoun died 
in March, 1850; Clay in June, 1852; and Webster in the fol- 
lowing October. Though often strongly opposed on questions 
of policy, each thoroughly respected the personal character of 
the others. All had been unsuccessful candidates for the high- 
est office. Clay had given up his hopes in the effort to make 
peace between extreme parties, replying to his friends who re- 
monstrated, "I would rather be right than be President." 

466. The Fugitive Slave Law. — All party questions were now 
absorbed in the excitement concerning slavery. "The Fugitive 
Slave Law," a part of the "Omnibus Bill," was bitterly re- 
sented in the Northern States. Most northern people had been 
content to feel that slave-holding, whether right or wrong, was 
no concern of theirs, and to leave the responsibility to those 
who practiced it. It was a different matter to see runaway 
slaves hunted by officers of the United States in the streets of 



THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW, 275 

Boston, and to be even required to help in finding and catching 
them. On the other hand, the South felt that northern men 
were willing to accept a large share in the profits of slave-labor, 
while refusing to own slaves themselves. 

467. Personal Liberty Laws. — Several of the States made "Per- 
sonal Liberty Laws," practically annulhng the Fugitive Slave 
Law. While the excitement was at its height the election of 
1852 resulted in the elevation of Franklin Pierce, of New 
Hampshire, to the Presidency, by the Democratic party, which 
had an immense majority in the South. 

Questions. — What dispute arose about California ? How was it settled ? 
"What changes occurred in 1850? What public men died, 1850-1852? 
What was the Fugitive Slave Law? How regarded and met? 

NOTES. 

1. Zachary Taylor (1784-1850), was of Virginian birth: but his father, a 
Revolutionary officer, removed to a plantation near Louisville, Ky.. and became 
one of the prominent politicians of that State, Zachary entered the army as a 
lieutenant, and distinguished himself by the brave defense of a fort on the 
Wabash, against a superior force of Indians. This was at the opening of the 
War of 1812, and established Taylor's reputation as an Indian fighter. He was 
employed on the western frontier and in Florida until the opening of the Mexican 
War, when he had risen to the rank of brigadier-general. While Taylor 
accepted the nomination for President, he expressed his doubts as to his fitness 
for the position. He was conservative in his views; and was strongly opposed 
to the Secession party, which began to gain power in the South during his term 
of office. One of his daughters married Jefferson Davis, and his son, General 
Richard Taylor, was one of the last Confederate generals to surrender. 

2. Millard Fillmore (1800-1874), was bom in Cayuga County, N. Y. 
He was apprenticed to a trade when fourteen, but studied hard during spare 
hours, and finally entered a law office as a clerk. After two years he went to 
Buffalo, where his abilities soon made him known, and his rise was rapid. In 
1832 he was elected to Congress. He was a staunch Whig, and took an active 
part in the debates. As President, Fillmore won the sincere admiration of his 
cabinet. He signed the various acts comprised in Mr. Clay's compromise 
measures, being convinced that they agreed with the Constitution ; but the Fugi- 
tive Slave Law was so offensive to the Abolition Party that when he was again 
nominated for President in 1856 (§476), he received the electoral vote of only 
one State. He then retired to Buffalo, N. Y., where he died in 1874. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 



SEVENTEENTH TERM, A. D. 1853-1857. 
Franklin Pierce, President. William R. King, Vice-President 






^-^ U N I T d' 




The United States in 1833 

468. World's Pair at New Yox)l,— Two peaceful 
events marked the summer of 1853. Following 
an example set by London two years before, a 
''Crystal Palace" was opened at New York in 
July for an ' ' Exposition of the arts and indus- 
tries of all nations." Several ''World's Fairs" 
have been held since then ; and it may be hoped 
Frankhn Pierce. ^^^^ ^^^^^ friendly meetings, by promoting better 
knowledge of each other's resources, and of the 
common interests which may be founded upon them, have done 
something to promote among all nations unity, peace, and con- 
(276) 




PERRY IN JAPAN. 277 

cord. Prejudices that could only come of ignorance, have 
passed away. Working side by side, men have learned to es- 
teem each other as brethren. 

469. Perry in Japan. — During the same month, July, 1853, 
Commodore Perry, in command of an American fleet, entered 
the harbor of Yeddo, and announced the desire of his govern- 
ment to make a treaty with Japan. That interesting empire 
had kept itself shut up for centuries from all intercourse with 
other nations, and the doors were now opened only with caution 
and reserve. The great war-steamers, the first they had ever 
seen, filled the Orientals with surprise, which was not lessened 
by the bold and confident bearing of the American officers. 
The intruders were at first ordered to depart; but at length an 
interview was arranged with a great official of the Japanese gov- 
ernment, whom Perry was able to convince of the friendly 
purpose of his visit. In 1854 a treaty was made which admitted 
American merchants to Japanese ports, and a rich commerce 
soon sprang up, leading to wonderful changes in the policy and 
relations of Japan. 

470. The Gadsden Purchase. — Our western boundary being 
firmly settled on the Pacific, and friendly relations established 
with the people beyond it, our interests in the south-west were 
supposed to call for an extension of territory. By peaceful 
agreement with Mexico, a large tract of land south of the River 

Gila was added to the United States. Ten millions 
1853-54. ^^ dollars were paid by the United States for this 
*' Gadsden Purchase," so called because it was conducted by 
General Gadsden of South Carolina. The acquired territory was 
divided between Arizona and New Mexico. Its soil is very dry, 
but not wholly without fertility when irrigated, even sustain- 
ing the date palm, and other productions of northern Africa. 

471. Pacific Eailroad Explorations. — It had now become plain 
that great advantages would be gained if the rich Pacific coast 
could be reached from the East by railroads; and, although 



2/8 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Ferry in Japan. 

many thought the scheme absurd, Congress ordered surveys to 
be made. Accordingly, five different routes were explored 
during 1853-54, and it was found that such roads could be 
built. 

472. The Ostend Manifesto. — Some people had always wanted 
the United States to include Cuba, but several attempts to buy 
it failed, and a filibustering expedition,^ undertaken in 1851, to 
seize the island by force, ended in disaster. In 1854 another 
attempt to buy it was made. The American ministers to En- 
gland, France, and Spain met at Ostend, Belgium, and pub- 
lished a manifesto which set forth the advantages to be derived 
by both Spain and the United States from the transfer of Cuba, 
at a reasonable price, as well as the danger to botti nations of 
allowing it to remain in the possession of Spain. England and 
France, however, joined Spain in opposing the plan, and after 
some temporary excitement the matter was dropped. 



THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL. 2/9 

473. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — The great political events of 
Pierce's ^ administration arose from a bill introduced into Con- 
gress by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, 3 of Illinois, ''to organize 
the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska." In spite of the Miss- 
ouri Compromise (§402), this bill left to the majority of people 
in each Territory the choice whether to enter the Union as a 
slave or as a free State. It became a law after five months 
of violent debate. Then began a rush for the first possession 
of the land. 

474. Kansas was the immediate object. Missourians were 
first on the ground, and, guarding the nearest approaches, 
forced emigrants from New England to take a longer route 
through Iowa. In 1856 a convention at Lecompton framed a 
State constitution admitting slavery. Another convention at 
Topeka declared the first to be illegal, as the ballot had been 
controlled by armed voters from Missouri, and proceeded to 
organize Kansas as a free State. Two capitals and two legis- 
latures claimed to be the lawful centers of government of 
Kansas Territory. 

475. Civil war broke out. Lawrence, which had been settled 
by Massachusetts people, was plundered and burnt. Murder 
and all other kinds of violence were common. Congress re- 
fused a seat to the territorial delegate from Kansas, and sent a 
committee to investigate the manner of his election. It was 
made plain that he had not been fairly chosen. Governor 
Geary was appointed with a military force large enough to keep 
order. 

476. The Eepublican Party was now formed for more deter- 
mined resistance to the extension of slavery. It contained the 
greater number of Whigs, all the Free-soilers, and Abolitionists 
like WilHam Lloyd Garrison, 4 Wendell Phillips, s and Charles 
Sumner, 6 and those Democrats who opposed the extension of 
slavery in the Territories. John C. Fremont 7 was the Re- 
publican candidate for the Presidency in the year 1856, 



280 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and received the electoral votes of eleven States. One State 
voted for Fillmore, who had been nominated by the American, 
or *' Know-Nothing," ^ party. The remaining nineteen States 
gave their votes to James Buchanan^ the Democratic candidate, 
who became the fifteenth President of the United States. 

Questions. — Name some of the early events in Pierce's term of office. 
What was done about Cuba? Tell the early history of Kansas. How 
was the country divided in the election of 1856? 

Map Exercise. — On Map VIII., point out Topeka and Lawrence. In 
what direction is Iowa from Kansas ? In what direction, Missouri ? 



NOTES. 

1. The " Filibusters," as they were called, were a set of lawless men who, 
after the Mexican War, organized expeditions within the United States against 
Cuba and Central America. The expedition against Cuba consisted of 500 
men, commanded by a Cuban named Lopez. The Filibusters were defeated 
and imprisoned, and Lopez was executed. 

2. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was born in 1804, and died 1869. 
He graduated at Bowdoin College in the class of 1824, and was admitted to the 
bar three years later. He was very successful as a lawyer. His political life 
began in the legislature of his State, from which, in 1833, he was transferred to 
the lower house of Congress. In 1837 he was chosen United States Senator. 
He favored the annexation of Texas, and was among the first to volunteer for 
the Mexican War {\ 453). For bravery in action he rapidly rose from the ranks 
to a brigadier-generalship, and was commissioned by General Scott to arrange 

; an armistice after the battle of Churubusco. Pierce's entire administration was 
one of intense political excitement. The President was an advocate of the 
doctrine of " State Rights," and opposed every anti-slavery movement. 

3. Stephen Arnold Douglas was bom in Brandon, Vt., 1813, and died in 
Chicago, 1861. He emigrated to the West in 1833, and a year later began the 
practice of law in Jacksonville, 111. At the age of 22 years he was chosen attor- 
ney-general of the State. In 1840 he was appointed secretary of state, and the 
same year a judge on the supreme bench of Illinois. Douglas was elected in 
1843 to the House of Representatives. In 1847 he was promoted to the Senate, 
where he was an acknowledged leader for the remainder of his life. He was a 
master of constitutional law, a powerful debater, and exerted a strong personal 
influence over his audiences. He was a man of large frame, though not tall, 
and was popularly styled " the little giant." His Kansas-Nebraska bill was the 
cause of exciting controversy throughout the land, and led to the formation of 



NOTES. 281 

the Republican party. At the Baltimore Convention, in 1852, Mr. Douglas re- 
ceived 92 votes as candidate for the Presidency ; and at Cincinnati, in 1856, 121 
votes. In i860 he was the nominee of the northern wing of the Democratic 
party, and received a very large popular vote. He greatly deplored the out- 
break of the Civil War, and strongly denounced the doctrine of secession. 

4. William Lloyd Garrison (1804-1879), while a printer's apprentice, 
attracted attention by a series of ably written articles in the Salem Gazette. Be- 
coming his own master, he started a newspaper, called The Free Press, in his 
native town of Newburyport. This effort failed, but he soon became editor of 
The New Philanthropist of Boston, the first journal that advocated total absti- 
nence from intoxicating drinks. Removing to Baltimore in 1829, Garrison be- 
came joint editor of a paper devoted to the abolition of slavery. A libel suit 
followed, in which he was condemned, and he was imprisoned until Arthur Tap- 
pan, a merchant of New York, paid his fine. At Boston, in 1831, first appeared 
The Liberator, a weekly journal, in which for thirty-four years Mr. Garrison 
boldly combated slave-holding in all its forms. Violent excitement prevailed ; 
not only was a price set upon his head at the South, but even in Boston his life 
was not always safe. His lifelong desire was fulfilled, not, as he had hoped, 
through reason and conviction, but by war. In May, 1865, he resigned his pres- 
idency of the Anti-slavery Society, and in December of the same year discon- 
tinued The Liberator, its purpose having been fully accomplished. 

5. Wendell Phillips, born in Boston, 1811, graduated at Harvard, 1831, 
admitted to the bar 1834. Through witnessing the persecution of Garrison and 
others he became an Abolitionist. Believing in no half-way measures, he gave 
up his profession and even his vote as a citizen, because he would not act under 
a government which protected slave-holding. One of his first public addresses 
was before a mass meeting called in Faneuil Hall, in 1837, to assert the freedom 
of the press and denounce the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy by a pro-slavery 
mob at Alton, 111. Lovejoy was the editor of an anti-slavery journal, and was 
killed in the defense of his property. The eloquence of Phillips on this occasion 
caused him to be recognized as one of the greatest of American orators. He 
died in Boston, 1884. 

6. Charles Sumner was born in Boston, 1811, studied at Harvard College 
and Law School, and soon became distinguished as a lawyer. His fame as an 
orator began with a Fourth of July address in 1845 on the " True Grandeur of 
Nations" — a plea for peace. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and be- 
came a member of the new Free Soil Party in 1845. Sumner succeeded Web- 
ster as United States Senator from Massachusetts in 1850, and took the lead in 
opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law and to all compromises with the slave- 
holding interests. His speech on the contest in Kansas, 1856, so aroused the 
wrath of a southern Representative, Preston S. Brooks, that he attacked Mr, 
Sumner, while seated at his desk in the Senate, and by blows on the head dis- 
abled him from public service for several years. Sumner returned, however, in 
1859, and his speech on " The Barbarism of Slavery " showed undiminished elo- 

U. S. H.— 17. 



282 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

quence. He was one of President Lincoln's most trusted counselors. From 
1861 till 1871 he held the important position in the Senate of Chairman of the 
Committee on Foreign Relations. His speech on the Alabama Claims, 1869, 
made a great impression at home and abroad. 

7. John Charles Fremont, of French descent, was born in Savannah, Ga., 
1813. He died in New York City, July 13, 1890. To him are Americans in- 
debted for the early exploration and first intelligent survey of the vast territory 
between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. His proposal to the gov- 
ernment to explore the unknown region of the Rocky Mountains was accepted, 
and in 1842 he set out on his first expedition. Valuable information was gained, 
and after his return Fremont fitted out a second exploring party much larger 
than the first. During the next half dozen years he crossed the continent many 
times, often suffering extreme dangers from cold, and hunger, and the Indians. 
The American settlers on the Pacific slope elected him governor of California in 
1846, and the next January he dictated the terms of surrender to the Mexican 
forces. President Taylor commissioned Fremont to run the boundary line be- 
tween Mexico and the United States. In 1850 he was United States Senator 
from the new State of California. In the presidential election of 1856 he re- 
ceived 114 electoral votes to Buchanan's 174. During the Civil War he was a 
major-general in the Union army : his campaigns were in Missouri and Virginia. 
From 1878 to 1881 he "'as governor of Arizona Territory. 

8. The name " Know-Nothing" was a token of the mystery in which the 
early movements of the party — or, rather, secret political society — were in- 
volved. Its main principle was the exclusion of foreigners from public office, 
and even from citizenship in the United States, 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 




EIGHTEENTH TERM, A. D. 1 85 7-1 86 1. 

James Buchanan, President. John C. Breckenridge, Vice-President. 

477. The Pifteenth President. — Early in 
Mr. Buchanan's administration two northern 
States were added: Miiinesota in 1858, and 
Oregon in 1859, making thirty-three in all. 
The new President^ wished to quiet all 
strife, but the conflict of opinions was now 
too serious to yield to persuasion. The 
Supreme Court of the United States de- 
cided that the Missouri Compromise was 

James Buchanan. 

uncon- 
stitutional, and that slaves f\ 
might be carried into ^^■ 
any Territory of the 
Union. But this was 
contrary to the Ordi- 
nance of 1787, which 
prohibited slavery in 
the Northwest Terri- 
tory. 

478. The excite- 
ment became greater 
when John Browti, 
formerly of Kansas, 

invaded the 
Oct., 1859. ^^ ^ r^r • • 
State of Virgmia 

with a party of about twenty >'^« Brown at Harpers Ferry. 

(283) 




284 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

men, for the purpose of freeing slaves. He took the arsenal 
at Harper's Ferry, thinking to arm the negroes, whom he ex- 
pected to join him. He was easily captured, — his party being 
either killed or dispersed, — and was tried, convicted, and put 
to death under the laws of Virginia. Though this rash move- 
ment had no support, the news of it excited a rage of resent- 
ment throughout the South, where it was considered as an ex- 
pression of universal Northern feeling. 

479. The Democratic Party itself, in convention at Charleston, 

became divided on the question of slavery in the 
^" ' ' Territories. The majority adjourned to Baltimore 
and nominated Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, to be the next 
President. A number of the delegates withdrew from this 
Baltimore Convention and nominated John C. Breckenridge, of 
Kentucky. A third party named John Bell, of Tennessee, and 
Edward Everett, ^ of Massachusetts, for President and Vice- 
President. The Republicans meanwhile nominated Abraham 
Lincoln, of Illinois, and Hannibal Ha7nlin, of Maine. 

480. By dividing its forces, the Democratic Party lost the 
power which it had held for twelve out of fifteen presidential 
terms since Jefferson held the office. Mr. Lincoln was there- 
fore elected by a majority of votes. He was a native of Ken- 
tucky. He had educated himself, in spite of poverty and 
adverse circumstances, to be a successful lawyer and a popular 
representative in Congress, and had fairly won the confidence 
of his fellow-citizens by his energetic and upright character. 

481. Secession. — Immediately after the election of Lincoln, 
the pohtical leaders of South Carolina executed their plan of 
withdrawing from the Union. A convention, called for that 
purpose, passed an ordinance of secession, which was ratified by 
the State legislature December 20, i860. Within a few weeks 
Georgia and all the Gulf States had followed the example. 

482. The " Star of the West."— In Charleston Harbor Major 
Anderson, commanding the government troops in Fort Moultrie, 



FIRING ON "STAR OF THE WEST." 



285 




removed by 

night to Fort Sumter, ^^.^rsf^^' ,-^i^ \^ 

a much stronger -"'" ^ -^j^^^^^^ ^i'^-^^ ■ 

position. But ,--''-*' ^ s. 

his SUppheS were hinng on the " Stat of the We^t." 

low, and his men were few ; he could not long withstand an 
attack from the batteries which had been erected on the land. 
Early in January, 1861, President Buchanan determined to 
send re-enforcements and provisions to the besieged national 
fort. To this end, he ordered the steamer "Star of the West" 
to Charleston Harbor with men and supplies. But news of her 
coming reached South Carolina before the vessel; and, on at- 
tempting to approach Fort Sumter, the steamer 
was fired upon from Morris Island, and struck 
several times. She was obliged to put back to New York with- 
out landing. This was the opening act of the Civil War. 3 
Kansas was admitted to the Unicn as a free State on the 29th 
of this month, and took an active part in succeeding events. 
483. Confederate States of America. — A convention of dele- 
gates from six of the seven seceding States met at Montgomery, 
Alabama, in February, 1861, and formed a new government 
under the name "The Confederate States of America." Its 
constitution was much like that of the United States, but the 
sovereign rights of each State were more fully recognized; the 



Jan. 9, 1861. 



2S6 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




favor of foreign nations was sought by 
pledges of free trade; and slavery 
was guaranteed protection not only 
in existing States, but in territories 
yet to be acquired. Jeffe7'-son Davis ^ 
of Mississippi, and Alexander H. Ste- 
phens,^ of Georgia, were elected Pres- 
ident and Vice-President of the new 
Confederacy. 

484. Washington itself was full of 
opposing forces during the winter 
of 1 860-6 1. Some who were 
afterwards leaders of secession 
were in the cabinet of Mr. Buch- 
anan and in the Senate of the United 
States. The national government was 
paralyzed. On February 4, a Peace Convention representing 
twenty-one States, under the lead of Virginia, met at Wash- 
ington in the hope of at least keeping the Border States in the 
Union, and of winning back the rest in time. (See note 2, 
Chapter XXX.) But all efforts failed. Many southern officers 
in the army and navy, believing their obedience due to their 
native States rather than to the Union, resigned their commis- 
sions and offered their services to the Confederate govern- 
ment. 

485. Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, and Fort Sumter, in 
Charleston Harbor, were still held for the United States; and 
Fortress Monroe, the strongest work on the coast, was never 
lost, but served as a base of operations at sea. 



Jefferson Davis. 



Questions. — What caused excitement during Buchanan's term ? What 
three States were admitted? How many candidates in i860? How was 
war begun ? What new government formed ? 

Map Exercise.— Voxxii out, on Map VIII., Harper's Ferry. Forts 
Moultrie, Sumter, Pickens, Monroe. 



NOTES. 287 



NOTES. 

1. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, (1791-1868), was graduated at Dick- 
inson College, 1809; admitted to the bar, 1812 ; elected to the lower branch of 
Congress, 1828; appointed minister to Russia, 1831; was United States Senator 
from 1833 to 184s ; Secretary of State under Polk, and minister to England 
under Pierce. His administration covered the stormy political period just before 
the outbreak of the Civil War. He was blamed by the Unionists for not taking/ 
measures to prevent secession, but after his retirement from office he wrote a 
book explaining and defending his policy. 

2. Edward Everett (1794-1865), was a distinguished American statesman, 
orator, and writer, Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, sums up Everett's 
character thus: " He was an ardent and gifted scholar, an accomplished and de- 
voted professor, a cautious and conservative statesman, a sincere and earnest 
patriot, an exhaustless and consummate rhetorician. He was a true man, an 
ever-obliging and faithful friend, a good citizen." 

3. As has been the case in most wars, each side accused the other of begin- 
ning the strife. The Federal government claimed that the South began the war 
because South Carolina fired the first gun. The South, on the other hand, 
claimed that the Federal government really began the war by its attempt to re- 
enforce Fort Sumter, and that this attempt made the first gun fired by South 
Carolina necessary for defense. The student who wishes to learn more fully the 
causes of the war and the details of minor engagements, is recommended to 
read the larger and fuller works on this period. It is plain that it makes Httle 
difference which side struck the first blow: the war was then inevitable. 

4. Jefferson Davis (1808-1889), graduated from the United States Military 
Academy, West Point, 1828 ; was employed for a time in hard frontier service, 
and fought bravely in the Mexican War. He was severely wounded at the battle 
of Buena Vista. He first entered Congress in 1845, and was promoted to the 
Senate in 1847. Davis was Secretary of War under Pierce. Afterwards he re- 
turned to the Senate, and was a Democratic leader until the outbreak of the 
Civil War. He died at New Orleans December 6, 1889. 

5. Alexander Hamilton Stephens (1812-1883), was born near Craw- 
fordville, Ga. He was a graduate of the State University at the age of 20; was 
admitted to the bar in 1834 ; and entered the State legislature two years later. 
From that date he was actively engaged in political life. He was sent to Con- 
gress in 1843, arid remained for sixteen years — a statesman whose ability was 
recognized by all parties. After the Civil War the Georgia general assembly 
elected Mr. Stephens to the United States Senate; but, the State not having 
been fully restored to the Union, he was not permitted to take his seat. In 
1872, however, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, 
and held his place there until 1882, when he became governor of Georgia. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.— Part IV. 



13- 

14. 
15- 
16. 



19. 
20. 
21, 

22. 



309, 


310 


3", 


312 


3^3 


-319 


320, 


321 


322, 


323 




324 


326-330 


33^, 334, 


335 


33^, 33^, 


339 



Secfi'oH 

Describe the condition of the States at the close of 
the Revolution. 

What arrangements were made with the Indians ? 

Describe the formation and adoption of the Consti- 
tution. 

Name the first President and his cabinet. 

What was their policy in money matters? 

How was the Northwestern Territory provided for? 

What four causes of disturbance in Washington's 
time ? 

What three foreign treaties were made? 

Describe Washington's character and habits as Pres- 
ident. 

Describe the two political parties and their princi-"! 333, 340, 351, 
pies. i 390, 392, 398 

What three cities have been seats of the Federal 
government ? 

What occasioned the Alien and Sedition laws, and 
why were they repealed ? 

What troubles with France during Adams's adminis- 
tration ? 

How did cotton become profitable ? 

Describe the beginning of Ohio. 

What can you tell of Jefferson, his policy and char- 
acter? 

How was Louisiana acquired, and what was done 
with it ? 

Describe the successive dealings of the government 
with the Barbary States. 



320, 323, 347 

341, 342 

343-345 

348 

324, 325, 365 

351-353 

355-358 
329, 335, 359, 
397 



Tell the story of Aaron Burr. 
What caused the War of 1812? 
Describe the first campaign on land. 

What was done by the American navy ? 
(288) 



349 



N., 360, 361 
363-368 
369-371 

J 372, 373, 377- 

1382 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 



289 



23. What was done by General Harrison ? 

24. Describe two campaigns of Jackson. 

25. Describe the war on the coast. 

26. What was the cause of the Hartford Convention ? 

27. What occurred in 1814 in northern New York? 

28. Describe the return of peace. 

29. What seven States were admitted A. D. 1812-1820? 

30. Describe the progress of slavery. 

31. Describe the progress of steam navigation. 

32. What is the " Monroe Doctrine " ? 

^;^. What was Mr. Monroe's Indian policy ? 

34. Describe J. Q. Adams's administration. 

35. Describe the policy of Jackson. 

36. What was the subject of Webster's and Hayne's de- 

bate? 

37. Describe Indian affairs during Jackson's adminis- 

tration. 

38. Describe the financial condition and policy of the 

government. 

39. What changes during Van Buren's term ? 

40. Describe Harrison's election and time of service. 

41. Describe Tyler's policy. 

42. What happened in Rhode Island ? 

43. Tell the story of the Mormons. 

44. What treaties were made with Great Britain in 1842 

and 1846? 

45. What occasioned a war with Mexico ? 

46. Describe its main events. 

47. What were the terms of peace ? 

48. What were the consequences of the gold discovery? 

49. What was the Wilmot Proviso? 

50. How were Iowa and Wisconsin first settled ? 

51. Describe Taylor's administration. That of Fillmore. 

52. Foreign treaties made and attempted. 

53. Pacific Railroad explorations. 

54. Consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 

55. What were the great events of Buchanan's term? 



Section 

375. 376, Z^Z 

384, 394, 395 

385, 386 

z^i. 390, 392 

390, 391 
393> 396, 398, 
400 

383. 399, 402 
67, 140, 153, 
157, 251,401, 
402, 441 

362, 403 

404 

406 

409-414 

415, 421-425 

416, 417 

418-420 

422-424 
427-430 
433, 434 
435 
437 
438, 439 

436, 443, 444 

440, 441, 445 

446-456 

457 
458, 459 

460 

461 
462-467 
469, 472 

471 
473-476 
477-485 




Q^y^rQ6^*^^>^^<^cr^y 



PART V.-THE CIVIL WAR. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

NINETEENTH TERM, A. D. 1861-1865. 

Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President. 




The First L,i 



Bat iffy Sie7Jens. 



486. The Sixteenth President. — No President since Washington 
had taken upon him so heavy a burden with the oath to "pre- 
serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United 
States." That Constitution had secured great happiness to the 
people during seventy-two years of comparative peace : it was 



292 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Wm. H. Seward. 



tPW^ 



yet to be seen whether it would bear the strain of civil war, — 
such a war as the world had never known. 

487. In his inaugural address, President Lincoln ^ declared that 
he had neither the right nor the wish to interfere 

March 4, 1861. . , « , ... , ,1111 1 

With Southern institutions, but would hold and 
defend the property of the United States against 
any who should assail it. He threw upon the 
leaders of the South the whole responsibility of 
the evils which must follow the destruction of 
the Union, assuring them that there could be no 
conflict unless they themselves should choose 
to begin it. 

488. Miscalculations. — No one, probably, 
imagined the magnitude of the struggle then 
beginning. Mr. Seward, ^ the Secretary of 

State, predicted that the war, — if there was 
a war, — would not last more than ninety 
days. The South, on the other hand, 
relied upon the great number of her 
sympathizers in the North to pre- 
vent any energetic action on the 
-^— = part of the government. More- 
over, she believed that if her cotton 
was withheld from European facto- 
ries, France and England would 
combine to put an end to the war 
and procure the needed supply. 
489. Pall of Port Sumter. — Before 
daylight of the 12th of April, 
1 86 1, the first cannon-ball 
from a Confederate battery 
struck the wall of Fort Sum- 
ter. The bombardment was 
kept up for thirty-four hours, 
until at midnight of the 13th 




Wigfall at Sumter. 



FORMATION OF ARMIES. 



293 



Major Anderson found that longer resistance was impossible. 
By the terms of surrender he marched out with his eighty men, 
with all the honors of war, and spent the last of his powder in 
a salute to the stars and stripes. 

490. The news flew along the telegraph wires and aroused 
both divisions of the country to more decided action. Vir- 
ginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, which had 
hesitated, renounced the Union and joined their fortunes with 
the Confederate States. On the other hand, Missouri, Ken- 
tucky, Maryland, and Delaware refused to secede. The navy- 
yard at Norfolk, with its 2,000 cannon and immense stores of 
war-materials, was seized by Virginia troops. The United 
States arsenal at Harper's 
Ferry was burned by or- 
der of the Federal com- 
mander. 

491. Formation of Ar- 
mies. — Both Presidents 
called for volunteers, and 
both calls were answered 
with enthusiasm. For the 
defense of the national 
capital, which was in im- 
mediate danger, militia 
regiments hastened from 
Massachusetts, Rhode Is- 
land, and New York. The 
tacked in its passage through Baltimore, and several men were 
killed. It was the eighty-sixth anniversary of the battle of 
Lexington, where their great-grandfathers had shed the first 
blood in the struggle for freedom (§ 232). Even then it was 
felt to be unnatural and degrading that men of the same En- 
glish race should destroy each other. The present strife was 
more unnatural, and all who were not maddened by excitement 
felt that victory on either side must be mingled with regret. 




Sketch of Charleston Harbor. 

Sixth Massachusetts" was at- 



294 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



492. In the east the main field of war was Virginia; in the 
west, at first, Missouri. Though the latter State had voted 
against secession, it contained a strong Confederate party, and 
sixty battles were fought upon its soil within a year. In the 
part of Virginia west of the Alleghanies a majority of the 
people were attached to the Union. In 1861-62 the necessary 
steps for organization were taken, and the separate State of 
IVesf Virginia was admitted to the United States in June, 1863. 
Meanwhile General McClellan, with his Union army, gained 
repeated victories over the Confederate generals Garnett, 
Floyd, and Colonel Lee, who sought to retain West Virginia 
by force. 

493. Eichmond, the capital of old Virginia, was also 
the capital of the Confederate States. The 
Southern cry, '^ On to Washington ! " was echoed 
by the Northern shout, "On to Richmond!" 
The most serious battle of the year took place 
at Bull Bun, on Sunday, July 21. General 
Beauregard 3 commanded the Confederate army 
of about 30,000 men. General McDowell's 
p. G. T Beauregard forccs cousistcd of a nearly equal number, 
composed mainly of volunteers for ninety days; 
he had, however, one battalion of regulars and 
a few regiments of three- years' men. For six 
hours the Northern men stood their ground, and 
kept or regained all their positions. The Con- 
federates were once broken and driven a 
mile and a half from the field; but they 
were raUied by General T, J. Jackson, 
whose inflexible bravery there won for him 
the name of "Stonewall" Jackson. irvin McDowcU. 

494. A Southern Victory. — At the moment when the Confed- 
erate cause seemed lost, suddenly Generals Kirby Smith and 
Early arrived with fresh forces for its rescue. The Union 





THE BLOCKADE RUNNERS. 295 

troops, exhausted by intense heat and furious fighting, were 
thrown into confusion, and battle was changed to flight. A 
confused throng of fugitives filled all the roads to Washington, 
and never rested until they were safely over the Long Bridge 
across the Potomac. 

495. According to Mr. Pollard, the Southern historian, the 
victory at Bull Run was a misfortune to the Confederacy, for it 
led to ill-grounded confidence. Southern volunteers left the 
army in crowds, thinking that the war was over. The National 
government was roused to more serious effort. Congress voted 
five hundred millions of dollars and half a million of men. 
General George B. McClellan,4 who had distinguished himself 
in West Virginia, was called to command the Army of the Po- 
tomac; and when, a few months later, General Scott retired 
from active service, McClellan became commander-in-chief of 
all the land forces of the United States. 

496. Of the national navy only one war-steamer was on the 
Atlantic coast, and there was not a gun on the Mississippi or 
any of its branches. With wonderful energy the government 
formed a great steam-navy to blockade the Southern ports, and 
a fleet of gun-boats to guard the Mississippi. Though Euro- 
pean governments declared that a blockade of so long a coast- 
line could never be enforced, they acknowledged within a few 
months that it was complete and effective. 

497. The Blockade. — The South had been used to receive all 
made goods from Europe in exchange for her cotton and other 
products of the soil. Now that she was cut off from commerce 
with the civilized world, cotton could not go out and cannon 
could not come in; and though she had begun the war with 
large supplies of money and material, its continuance must de- 
pend on breaking, or "running," the blockade. 

498. Many a spirited chase occurred between the national 
steamers and the low, light, neutral-colored craft which 
swarmed in bays and sounds, and slipped out at night bound 



296 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




The Alabavia and the Kearsaige. 

for the West Indies or for Europe. The Confederacy issued 
''letters of marque" to privateers, who made reprisals upon 
Northern commerce. Captain Semmes,5 of the Sumter^ had 
many successes ; but at length he was blockaded in the port of 
Gibraltar, until he sold his vessel and went to 
England to buy a new one. This was the far- 
famed Alaba?na, so called, though she was 
registered only by her number, 290, on the 
builder's list. In her cruise of twenty months 
she almost drove American commerce from 
the sea, destroying sixty-five vessels and 
property worth $10,000,000. She was sunk 
at last in a batde with the United States war- 
steamer Kearsarge^ commanded by Captain 
Winslow, off the coast of France, June, 1864. 

499. Messrs. Mason and Slidell, envoys to England and France 
from the new Confederacy, were taken in the Ba- 
hama Channel from the English mail-steamer Trent, 
by Captain Wilkes, of the United States steam sloop-of-war 
San Jacinto. Great wrath was expressed at this ' ' msult to the 




Raphael Semmes. 



Nov., 1861. 



THE TRENT AFFAIR. 297 

British flag," and it was predicted that England within twenty- 
days would break the blockade and declare war against the 
United States. 

500. End of tlie Trent Affair. — The Federal government, how- 
ever, promptly disavowed the act of Captain Wilkes, and set 
the envoys at liberty, having no mind to assert a "right of 
search" which had been so justly resented when exercised by 
Great Britain before 1812 (§367). France, England, and 
Spain had proclaimed neutrality toward both " beUigerent 
powers," thus recognizing the Confederacy as on nearly the 
same footing as the United States, In fact, the Confederacy 
was most favored, for ships built, manned, and equipped for her 
service in British yards were permitted to slip out of English 
harbors protected by the British flag, and meet their Confeder- 
ate captains at the Azores or elsewhere. Our minister at Lon- 
don called the attention of the English government to these 
unfriendly proceedings, but the vessels were not detained. 
See, however, § 597. 

501. Before tte end of 1861 the National government had re- 
gained a considerable part of the Atlantic coast by the capture 
of the forts at Hatteras Inlet and Port Royal Entrance, and the 
occupation of Tybee Island, near the mouth of Savannah 
River. The army, which had numbered 16,000 at the begin- 
ning of the year, had risen to 600,000 by the first of Decem- 
ber, and the Secretary of War announced that the government 
was able not only to protect itself, but to attack any foreign 
power which should undertake to meddle with our affairs. 

Questions. — Name fifteen Presidents before 1861. What did the six- 
teenth President say on taking office? What followed the fall of Fort 
Sumter ? "What was done in Missouri ? What, in Virginia ? Describe 
the battle of Bull Run and its consequences. What was done by the 
Navy Department? What, by Confederate privateers and cruisers? 
What action was taken by foreign governments ? What resulted from 
the first year of the war? 



88° Longitude West ol < 8i 




MAP NQ 8. 

THE CIVIL WAR 

__ By Russell Hinman C.K 

50 100 li^O 200 250 Miles 



B.rr^<.y'-\/ 



U L F 

OF 



M E X I C 



Eclectic U.S.History Map No.ti.Chap. XXXIV-Xl. 



11° Longitude West of ^V^ 



(298) 




(299) 



300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Map Exercise. — Point out eleven seceded States. Four southern border 
States that did not secede. One new State and its boundaries. Fort 
Sumter. Norfolk. Harper's Ferry. Hatteras Inlet. Port Royal En- 
trance. Tybee Island. 



NOTES. 

1. Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), was bom in Hardin (now Larue) 
County, Ky. His father could neither read nor write ; when his son was in his 
eighth year he migrated to the backwoods of Indiana, and, later, to Illinois. 
In the succeeding years we find Abraham employed variously as a farm laborer, 
flatboatman, clerk, surveyor, postmaster, and river pilot. He faithfully used his 
scanty means for self-improvement, studying by the light of a pine torch after 
the hard labors of the day. Durmg the Black Hawk War {l\x%) he served as 
captain, and on his return, becommg interested in politics, he was elected to the 
Illinois State legislature in 1834. In the midst of his varied occupations he 
managed to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He settled at 
Springfield, Illinois, where he gained a great reputation as a lawyer. He took a 
prominent part in the Presidential campaigns of 1840 and 1844, and was elected 
to the House of Representatives in 1846. After the repeal of the Missouri 
Compromise (§402), he was called upon to reply to a speech made by Stephen 
A. Douglas at Springfield, 111., in support of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. The 
contest between these two for the United States Senatorship resulted in Douglas's 
favor, but brought Lincoln prominently before the country, and led to his nom- 
ination in i860 for the Presidency. In appearance, as in character, Lincoln was 
a most remarkable man. He was six feet four inches high, gaunt and rugged, a 
fitting type of the class from which he sprang. But the rough exterior covered 
a noble mind, and a heart that bore "malice toward none, with charity for all." 
In his death the South felt that it had lost its best friend ; the North, its grandest 
President ; and the colored people, their emancipator. His name is fitly coupled 
with that of Washington, and "The Martyred President" will ever remain 
sacred in the memory of the American people. 

2. William Henry Seward (1801-1872), was born in Florida, Orange 
County, New York, and after graduating at Union College commenced the prac- 
tice of law. He was soon drawn into politics, and before he was thirty years of 
age was elected to the State senate. From this time forward we find him promi- 
nent in the councils of both State and nation. Twenty-four years of his life 
were spent in the three important posts of governor of New York, Senator in 
Congress, and Secretary of State. In the latter position he had the most diffi- 
cult office to fill in Lincoln's cabinet, owing to the great importance at that time 
attached to our foreign relations. His keen, far-seeing judgment, and prompt, 
decisive action justified the President's selection. Mr. Seward was a man <-f 



NOTES. 301 

great perseverance and courage. While these qualities made him respected and 
admired by his friends, they roused the most bitter feelings in his opponents ; 
and during the latter part of his political career, as an adherent of Andrew John- 
son, he was repeatedly subject to savage attacks even by his own political party. 
Seward spent the declining years of his life in a trip around the world. This 
was followed on his return by the publication of a book describing his travels. 
He died at Auburn, New York, in the seventy-second year of his age. 

3. General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, one of the most 
prominent and efficient generals of the South, was born near New Orleans, in 
1818, and was educated at West Point, where he graduated in 1838. He was 
twice brevetted for gallant service in the Mexican War, first as a captain and 
afterwards as a major. At the close of that war he was made a member of a 
special board of engineers for the improvement of harbors and rivers, and the 
erection of defenses on the Gulf of Mexico. Later he had charge of the con- 
struction of the custom-house, quarantine warehouses, and marine hospital at 
New Orleans. In January, 1861, he was appointed superintendent of West 
Point, but almost immediately resigned the position and entered the army of the 
Confederacy with the rank of brigadier-general. At the time of the surrender 
he had attained the highest possible rank. He then retired to private life in New 
Orleans. He died in 1893. 

4. General George Brinton McClellan was born in Philadelphia in 
1826, and graduated at West Point with high honors. He saw his first active 
service in the war with Mexico, where he distinguished himself for gallant con- 
duct, and was brevetted first lieutenant and captain. The government ap- 
pointed him on a commission to visit the seat of the Crimean War in 1855, and 
on his return published his official report on the " Organization of European 
Armies, and Operations in the Crimea." In 1857 he resigned from the army, 
and interested himself in various railroad enterprises until the breaking out of 
the Civil War. Much dissatisfaction was felt at his dilatory conduct of the war 
in Virginia, and he was finally ordered, on November 7, 1862, to proceed to 
Trenton, N. J., and there await further orders. He took no further part in the 
war, and resigned his position in the army on November 8, 1864, the day he was 
defeated as the Democratic nominee for President. For the three years suc- 
ceeding January i, 1878, he was governor of New Jersey. He died October 
29, 1885. 

5. Raphael Semmes was born in Charles County, Maryland, in 1809, and 
entered the navy as a midshipman in 1826. He gained his first experience in the 
Mexican War, where he served both on board ship and on shore. He published 
several works giving accounts of the Mexican War, and the exploits of the 
Sumter and Alabama. He died in 1877. 



U. S. H 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 



NINETEENTH TERM EVENTS OF I 862. 



Abraham Lincoln, President. 



Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President. 



Bombardment of Fort 
Henry. 



502. Three objects were 

now kept steadily in 

view by the Union 

generals : (i) The 

opening of the 

^ Mississippi River; 

~ (2) The recovery 

of the coast; and 

(3) The capture of 

_ Richmond. The 

^' first was done by very 

■^ '"^ hard fighting during eighteen 

months. General Albert Sidney 

Johnston^ commanded the Confederate 

forces in the West, His main task was to 




guard the '' Memphis and Charleston Railroad,' 
which connected the country west of the 
Mississippi with Richmond and the coast, 
and carried suppHes of Texan beef to the 
Southern army. His line of defense reached 
from Columbus to Bowling Green in Ken- 
tucky; and its strongest points were near 
the center of the line, — at Fort Henry, on 
the Tennessee, and at Fort Donelson, on the 
Cumberland River. 
(302) 




A. S. Johnston. 



FORTS HENRY AND DONELSON. 



303 



Feb. 12, 1862. 



503. Port Eenry was first attacked by the Union gun-boats 
under Commodore Foote,^ and was taken after an hour's fight- 
ing; but the garrison made good its retreat to the stronger 
works of Fort Donclson. This was besieged by General Grant 
with a Union army, in concert with the gun-boats 
which arrived two days later up the Cumberland. 
An attack was made, but a heavy cannonade from the fort 
drove back the gun-boats, and Commodore Foote received a 
serious wound. Early the next morning the besieged attempted 
to break through the besieging lines and escape to Nashville; 
but though the fight was desperate, they were defeated and 
driven within, their trenches. The 

national soldiers lay three nights on 
the frozen ground, pelted by ter- 
rible storms of sleet and snow. 

504. Surrender of Donelson. — 
Before daylight of February 
15, General Buckner, com- 
manding the fort, sent to ask 
what terms of capitulation 
would be accepted. Grant 
replied, " No terms except 
an unconditional and im- 
mediate surrender can be 
accepted"; and added, "I pro- 
pose to move immediately upon 
your works." Fort Donelson was 
surrendered with 15,000 men, and the 
line of defense thus broken was necessarily given up. Nash- 
ville, Columbus, and Bowling Green were occupied by Union 
troops, and the Mississippi was open as far south as Arkansas. 

505. Grant was placed in command of the new military de- 
partment of Western Tennessee^ and the field of action was re- 
moved to the southern border of that State. The Memphis and 




General U. S Grant. 



4 

304 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Charleston Railroad was now the direct object of attack, es- 
pecially at Corinth, where it crosses the Mobile and Ohio Rail- 
road. Ascending the Tennessee River, Grant posted himself 
near Pittsburg Landing, at Shiloh, awaiting re-enforcements 
from Buell. 

506. Battle of Shiloh. — Here he was attacked by generals 
Johnston and Beauregard with a fine Confederate army of 
40,000 men. The battle raged all day mainly to the advantage 
of the assailants, who took the Union camp, with thirty flags, 
3,000 prisoners, and an immense quantity of war-materials. 
They fell back, however, with the loss of their general-in-chief, 
while generals Grant and Sherman rallied the Union forces, 
many of whom had never been under fire before, and saved 
the first day's battle from being an utter rout. 

507. The next morning the fight was renewed. Buell's fresh 
forces had arrived upon the field, and the tide 

turned in favor of the Federals. The second 
day's battle began before sunrise and con- 
tinued until late in the afternoon. At last the 
Confederates retreated in good order toward 
Corinth, and Grant remained in possession 
'> of the field. Island Number 

April 7, 1862. 

ir. ^iM\iji[ Ten was surrendered on the 

same day, after a three-weeks' bombard- 

Don Carlos BueLl. . 1 •, • r i, 

ment, and its garrison of 5,000 men be- 
came prisoners of war. 

508. A battle on the Mississippi between the Union gun-boats 
and the Confederate iron-clads resulted in victory to the former. 

Fort Pillow was abandoned, Memphis was taken, 
and the great river was open to the Union forces 
as far south as Vicksburg. All Kentucky and the western half 
of Tennessee were regained by the Union. Beauregard aban- 
doned Corinth, and fell back on his third line of defense, ex- 
tending through central Mississippi to Alabama. During this 





THE CAMPAIGN IN KENTUCKY. 3O5 

grand campaign for the Mississippi and the railway connections 
in the South, the war in Missouri had been ended by the ex- 
pulsion of General Price and the defeat of his army, — now 
commanded by General Van Dorn, — at Pea Ridge, in Arkan- 
sas. The Confederates had increased their numbers by several 
thousands of Indians ; but these were thrown into confusion by 
the terrific roar and fatal effects of the Federal artillery, so that 
they were no help to their allies. 

509. A Double Movement. — ''The war was in truth 
a vast siege," but the South was unwilling to have 
it so. After a preHminary raid by Morgans in 
Kentucky, a double movement was made to 
break through the besieging lines and carry the , , 

conflict into the North. On the same -^r* 
^^ ' ' day, Lee moved into Maryland and (fe^^^^^^A 
Bragg 4 into Kentucky. They hoped to secure ^ ^ ^^ 

those border States, — whose people were almost Braxton Bragg. 
equally divided in sympathy between the Union and the Con- 
federacy, — and then march on to dictate terms of peace in 
Philadelphia or New York. We will follow the western move- 
ment first. (See § 525.) 

510. The Campaign in Kentucky. — Bragg marched from Chat- 
tanooga to Frankfort, pursued by Buell, whose force was in- 
creased by all the men that Grant could spare. General Kirby 
Smith defeated a Union army at Richmond, Ky., and threat- 
ened Cincinnati. The first object of both Confederate generals 
was Louisville ; but this was saved by the arrival of Buell a few 
hours in advance, and the invasion of the North was aban- 
doned. Bragg and Smith set up a provisional government at 
Frankfort, and urged all the people of Kentucky to join the 
cause of the Confederacy. 

511. The Confederate generals enlisted many Kentucky re- 
cruits ; but these gains were more than offset by the number of 
soldiers who dropped out in the long and swift marches. They 



3o6 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



|iiH" iyj|//,/"*r^ 










Morning at Murfreesborough. 

had captured 10,000 prisoners, but 
the Federal forces were rapidly re- 
cruited and re-enforced. Kentucky, 
however, afforded a rich field for the 
collection of supplies. The Confederate 
armies not only supported themselves on '_.' ' •-■ 

the country, but collected much live-stock and 
vast quantities of stores. 

512. Perryville. — As Buell's forces advanced from Louisville, 
they met part of Bragg's army near Perryville, where a 
fierce battle was fought. The Confederates held the field, 

but soon withdrew. The two Confederate armies, opposed by 
greatly superior numbers, effected their retreat with a ' 'wagon- 
train forty miles long," laden with the spoils of the State. 
While Grant's army in Mississippi was weakened (§510) by 
Oct. 3. the withdrawal of Buell's force, the Confederates 
Sept. 19. attacked Corinth after a slight engagement at luka. 
They were defeated at both places. 

513. Murfreesborough. — Neither government was satisfied with 
the campaign in Kentucky. Buell was superseded by Rose- 



SURRENDER OF NEW ORLEANS. 



307 



crans, and Bragg was ordered northward again to finish his 
work. On the last day of 1862 the two armies met before 
Murfreesborough, in Tennessee. At first the Confederates pre- 
vailed, but the firmness of generals Sheridan and Hazen saved 
the Union cause. The carnage was frightful ; and during New 
Year's day, 1863, "the two armies, breathless with their death 
struggle, stood looking at each other." The fight was renewed 
January 2, — the next day. 
Bragg retreated, and 
another costly victory had 
been won by the Federals. 

514. On the lower Mississ- 
ippi, meanwhile, yet more 
important events had taken 
place. Early in April Capt- 
ain Farragut,5 with a fleet 
of armed steamers and 
mortar-boats, helped by a 
land force under General 
Butler, undertook the capt- 
ure of New Orleans. This 
largest and richest city of 
the Confederacy was de- 
fended by two great forts • " 
seventy miles down the river ; 
below these a strong iron chain 
stretched across the river from 
bank to bank; and the space be- 
tween the forts and the chain was 
guarded by gun-boats, fire-rafts, and a floating battery. 

515. Surrender of New Orleans.— A heavy cannonade from the 
fleet did not seem to harm the forts, and Farragut determined 
\o pass them. Protecting his gun-boats with iron chains and 
bags of sand hung over their sides, he steamed boldly up the 




Farragut Passing the Forts, 




308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

river, met and destroyed twelve of the thirteen 
Confederate armed steamers, and advanced 
to the city. Trusting in the river defenses, 
the commandant at New Orleans had sent a 
large part of his troops to help Beauregard 
and Bragg. As soon as the Union fleet 
came in sight, fire was set to the immense 
stores of cotton, and to the ships, gun-boats, 
steamers, and docks. General Butler took 

David G. Farragut. . _ , . ,__,, _ - ^ 

possession of the city. Ihe forts and fleet 
below were soon afterwards surrendered. Farragut, sailing up 
the river, captured Baton Rouge and Natchez, and, passing the 
guns of Vicksburg, joined the Union fleet above. 

Questions. — Of what importance were railroads in the defense of the 
South ? Why was Johnston's first line of defense given up ? Describe 
Grant's campaign in Tennessee. What was done on the Mississippi 
meanwhile? What, in Missouri? What two invasions of the North 
were planned ? What was done in Kentucky ? What, in Mississippi 
and Tennessee? Describe the campaign about New Orleans. 

Map Exercise. — On Map VIII., show four chief points in Johnston's 
first line of defense. Point out Nashville. Corinth. Pittsburg Landing. 
Island Number Ten. Fort Pillow. Memphis. Richmond. Louisville, 
Perryville, and Frankfort in Kentucky. Chattanooga and Murfrees- 
borough in Tennessee. luka and Vicksburg in Mississippi. New Or- 
leans. Baton Rouge. Natchez. 

Points for Essays. — Description of an invaded country. A letter from 
camp: — from a camp hospital. 



NOTES. 

I. Albert Sidney Johnston (1803-1862), was born in Mason County, 
Kentucky. He graduated at West Point in 1826, and saw active service in the 
Black Hawk War. He then resigned and went to Texas, where he attained 
chief command of the Texan forces. He also served as a volunteer in the war 
between the United States and Mexico, and in 1849 re-entered the regular army 
with the rank of major. At the breaking out of the Civil War he had attained 
the rank of brevet brigadier-general, bestowed for meritorious service in Utah. 



NOTES. 309 

He would doubtless have borne a more conspicuous part in the war but for his 
early fall at Shiloh. 

2. Andrew Hull Foote (1806-1863), was bom in New Haven, Connecti- 
cut, and entered the navy, 1822. In 1861 he was made flag-officer of the 
Western naval fleet, and personally conducted the building of the gun-boats to 
be used. Through neglecting his wound received at Fort Donelson he nearly 
lost his life. He was made a rear-admiral, and in May, 1863, was ordered to 
take command of the South Atlantic Squadron ; but while on his way to do so he 
was taken suddenly ill in New York, and died. Admiral Foote was a man of 
great moral as well as physical courage, and did much to improve the character 
of those under his command. 

3. John Hunt Morgan (1826-1864), was bom in Alabama, but settled in 
Kentucky in early childhood. He served as a lieutenant of cavalry in the war 
with Mexico. General Morgan's first Kentucky raid (July, 1862), was on a com- 
paratively small scale ; but in this and later raids he destroyed millions of dollars' 
worth of Federal military stores, crippled railroads at many places, and made 
necessary the employment of thousands of Federal troops as garrisons of impor- 
tant towns. Few cavalry leaders have ever equaled him in gallantry and daring. 

4. General Braxton Bragg (1817-1876), was born in Warren County, 
North Carolina, and was educated at West Point. In the Mexican War he was 
brevetted on three separate occasions for gallant conduct. At the opening of 
the Civil War he was made a brigadier-general in the Confederate army, and on 
the death of A. S. Johnston at Shiloh succeeded him in command, with the full 
rank of general. After his defeat at Mission Ridge he was called to Richmond 
as military adviser to the Confederate President, with whom he was a great 
favorite. At the close of the Civil War he was engaged as chief engineer in the 
improvements in Mobile Bay. 

5. David Glasgow Farragut (1801-1870), was the most illustrious naval 
officer of the Union in the Civil War. His naval career began at the early age 
of eleven, when he served on board the Essex in the War of 1812 (§379). He 
then received the highest praise from Commodore Porter in his official report of 
a battle with the British Argus, and would have been promoted in rank had he 
been old enough to allow of it. Aside from an attack on and capture of a pirate 
stronghold in Cuba, in 1823, Farragut saw no active service until the war broke 
out in 1 861, when he had advanced to the rank of captain. He received the 
thanks of Congress for his gallant capture of New Orleans, and was placed first 
on the list of rear-admirals. After the capture of Mobile (^560) Farragut again 
received the thanks of Congress, and a new grade of rank, that of vice-admiral, 
was created for him ; this was followed in July, 1866, by the creation of the still 
higher rank of Admiral, which was conferred on him as a mark of most distin- 
guished honor. The following year Farragut joined the European squadron, to 
the command of which he had been appointed, and everywhere received marks 
of the highest respect from the foreign powers. After his return from this com- 
mand his health began to fail, and, while on a journey for its improvement, he 
died at the Portsmouth navy-yard. 




CHAPTER XXXVII. 

NINETEENTH TERM EVENTS OF 1 86 2 {Continucd). 

Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannihal Hamlin, Vuc-Presidoii. 

516. On the 8th of March, 1862, a strange-look- 
ing craft appeared in Hampton Roads. It was 
tlie old United States steamer Merriimic, now 

in Confederate service, cut down to the water's 

edge and fitted with a steel prow and a sloping 

iron roof. Steering directly for the sloop-of- 

war Cumberland, it so disabled her by one 

blow of its steel beak that she sank, with her 

John Ericsson ^^^ ^^j^^^ ^^^^ ^^j^j^ ^^j ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ board. ^ 

517. The United States frigate Congress was next attacked. 
She was run ashore, but the iMerrimac poured into her such a 
storm of shot and shell that she was forced to surrender. The 
new sea-monster then retired to Norfolk, intending to complete 
its work of destruction the next day. Early in the morning it 
steamed out again, and approached the steam-frigate Minnesota; 
but before it had fired a gun a new champion appeared upon 
the scene. 

518. It was the iron-clad Monitor, built by John Ericsson, ^ 
which had arrived from New York during the night, just in time 
for its first trial of strength. Its deck near the surfiice of the 
water was protected by a heavy iron coating ; above this was a 
round iron tower, which, slowly revolving, turned its two enor- 
mous guns in every direction. The duel between these odd 
antagonists was not unlike David fighting Goliath, for the 

(3«o) 



THE MONITOR ANiJ MERRIMAC. 



311 




i^^ 



Monitor and Merrimac. 

Monitor was less than one fifth the sizu 01 u,*: 
Merrimac. But the shot and shells of the latter rolled harm- 
lessly off the iron coat of her little opponent, while her huge 
beak could not reach the tower. The Monitor glided nimbly 
away from every charge, and found out every weak spot in the 
Merrimac's armor, where a heavy ball from her guns could 
make a leak. 

519. At length, unable either to silence her assailant, or to 
engage any other vessel while she was present, the Merrimac 
withdrew to Norfolk for repairs. She was blown up by the 
Confederates two months later, on the surrender of Norfolk to 
the United States. The national government 
immediately contracted with Captain Ericsson 
for a fleet of " Monitors," which effectually de- ^'%«- 
fended the coast, and made the United States j^ 
for a time the greatest naval power in the ^C^^ 
world. fll^^'^ 

520. The movement toward Eickmond by the 
Union forces wa-^ attended v/iih tremendous 
difficuities and losses, and no favorable result, ^^^o. n. McLUUan 




312 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



A march to Manassas was rewarded only by the capture of 
Quaker guns 3 and an empty camp. The Army of the Po- 
tomac was then removed to Fortress Monroe, and spent a 
month and more digging intrenchments — and graves — in the 
deep mud of the peninsula which had witnessed the surrender 
of Cornwallis (§304). When, at length, the Federals were 
ready to assault Yorktown, the Confederates again escaped 
them, and retreated toward Richmond. 

521. A battle at "Williamsburg resulted in loss to both and gain 
to neither party, except that the Confederate general succeeded 
in carrying away his baggage-train. The Federals kept the 
hard-won field, and buried their dead. McClellan then slowly 
advanced, and after two weeks saw the spires and roofs of Rich- 
mond. The Confederate Congress hastily adjourned, and a mass 
of retreating fugitives clogged all the roads to the southward. 

522. Jackson's Yalley Campaign. — But while 
McClellan awaited re-enforcements, J. E. 
Johnston, the Confederate commander- 
in-chief, warded off his intended blow 
by sending "Stonewall" Jackson up 
the Shenandoah Valley to threaten 
Washington. This brilliant dash was 
successful in preventing McDowell's 
march to the aid of McClellan, 
and the attack upon Richmond. 
523. A two-days' battle at Fair 
Oaks would probably have ended 
in victory to the Confederates but 
for the disabling of their chief by 
a serious wound. General Robert E. 
Lee,4 who succeeded him, had time to raise immense numbers 
of recruits and strengthen the defenses of Richmond ; and by 
cutting off McClellan from his supplies, forced him to move his 
army to the James. This difficult movement was only made 




Stonewall" Jackson. 




THE WAR IN THE EAST. 313 

with seven days' tremendous fighting, usually successful, but 
fearfully costly of life. The Federal army, still outnumbering 
its enemy, then posted itself at Harrison's 
Landing below Richmond. 

624. Washington was now seriously threat- 
ened. Lee left a small force to face Mc- 
Clellan on the Peninsula, and turned quickly 
to the north. General Pope, commanding 
the Union forces in northern Virginia, was 
defeated at Cedar Mountain^ and three 
weeks later had to meet the whole army 
of Lee on the old battle-field of Bull Rim. •^''^'" ^"^'• 

Two days' fightino; ended in a severe defeat of the 

Aug. 29, 30. 

Federals; and, after another sharp conflict at Chan- 
tilly, Pope retreated to Washington and resigned his command. 

525. Lee crossed the Potomac and invaded Maryland, pursued 
by McClellan, who had restored the Union army to perfect 
condition after its ruinous campaign. Stonewall Jackson seized 
Harper's Ferry with its arsenal of cannon and small arms, and 
twelve thousand Union prisoners; but on the same day Lee 
was defeated at South Mountat?t, and his northward march was 
arrested. 

526. Battle of Antietam. — At Sharpsburg, in the beautiful 
valley of Antietam, one of the most terrific battles of the war 
was fought, on the 17 th of September. For fourteen hours the 
mountains echoed to the roar of five hundred cannon and 
mortars, and when night came 25,000 men lay dead or 
wounded upon the field ; but neither side could claim a victory. 
Lee retreated into Virginia, followed at a distance by Mc- 
Clellan. The Union army was largely re-enforced, and the 
President expected and ordered a vigorous pursuit of the late 
invaders ; but this was not made, and McClellan was soon after- 
ward relieved of command by General Burnside of Rhode 
Island. 



314 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




527. Battle of Fredericksburg. — Burnside 
advanced in December to attack 
the strong Confederate works in 
the rear of Fredericksburg on 
the Rappahannock near the top 
of a steep hill. The assault 
was made with splendid cour- 
age and steadiness, and was 
five times renewed under a 
storm of cannon-balls; but it 
was repulsed with a loss of 
twelve thousand Union men. 

528. General Eesults. — The year 

had been, on the whole, iinfavor- 

aUe to the Federals in the East, though 



Robert E. Lee 



m 




the control of the At- "^ 
lantic coast had been 
extended by the recov- 
ery of Norfolk in Vir- 
ginia, of Roanoke Island 
and several points 
North Carolina, of 
Fort Pulaski near 
Savannah, and of 
the eastern ports of Flor- 
ida. On the other hand, 
the year had been marked 
by great Federal successes V 
in the West, and only two 
posts on the Mississippi, — 

Vicksburg and Port 

Hudson, — were now held 
by the Confederacy. The operations sharp-shooters at Fredericksburg. 



Dec. 20, 1862. 



NOTES. 315 

against Vicksburg were checked for a time by the destruction of 
Grant's magazines of suppUes at Holly Springs, in Mississippi, 
by General Van Dorn and his cavalry. Fifteen hundred pris- 
oners were taken, and the property destroyed was variously 
valued at from one to four millions of dollars. 

Questions. — Tell the story of the Merrimac, the Cumberland, and the 
Monitor. Describe the movements of the armies in Virginia. What 
battles were fought in Lee's invasion of Maryland ? What gains an4 
losses during the year 1862? 

Map Exercise. — Point out Hampton Roads. Fortress Monroe. York- 
town. Williamsburg. Potomac, Rappahannock, and James rivers. The 
Shenandoah. Fair Oaks. Cedar Mountain. Manassas. Sharpsburg. 
Fredericksburg. Posts gained by Union forces in 1862 (§528). Two 
Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi. Holly Springs. 

Point for Essay. — Two pictures of the upper Potomac valley in peace 
and in war. 

For references to reading upon the Civil War, see end of Chapter XL. 



NOTES. 

1. "Through the hole she had made, large enough for a man to enter, the 
water poured in. In vain Lieutenant Morris, who commanded the Cumberland, 
worked the pumps to keep her afloat a few moments more, hoping that a lucky 
shot might find some weaker place [in the Merrhnac]. He only abandoned his 
guns, as, one after another, the setthng of the sinking ship swamped them in the 
water. The last shot was fired by Matthew Tenney from a gun on a level with 
the water. That brave man then attempted to escape through the port-hole, but 
was borne back by the incoming rush, and went down with the ship. With him 
went down nearly one hundred dead, sick, wounded, and those who, like him, 
could not extricate themselves. The Cumberland sank in fifty-four feet of water. 
The commander of her assailant saw the flag of the unconquered but sunken 
ship still flying above the surface." — Draper. 

2. John Ericsson was born in 1803, in Sweden; and at an early age dis- 
played great mechanical ability. After serving some years as an engineer in the 
Swedish army, he went to England, where he introduced several important in- 
ventions. These attracted great attention and gained the inventor several medals 
and prizes. His scheme of the propeller not being well received, however, he 
came to the United States in 1839, and two years later built a war-steamer, the 
Princeton, for the government, which was the first steamship ever built with the 



3l6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

propeller machinery. This vessel was also furnished with numerous other in- 
genious contrivances of Ericsson's which have since come into common use. 
The application of the revolving turret to war-vessels, however, is the most im- 
portant of Ericsson's works, and has caused a complete change in the naval 
architecture of the world. Ericsson died in 1889. 

3. " Quaker guns " are wooden imitations of cannon, frequently used to 
deceive an enemy as to the strength of a position. 

4. Robert Edward Lee (1807-1870), was one of the ablest generals of 
the Civil War. He was born at Stratford House, Westmoreland County, Va., 
and graduated, second in his class, at West Point in 1829. He was employed in 
the most responsible positions even in times of peace, and when war was de- 
clared against Mexico he was appointed chief engineer. At the close of the 
war he was recognized by the army as the fitting successor of General Scott 
whenever the latter should retire from the head of the army. In a letter written 
at the outbreak of the war he says: " The whole South is in a state of revolu- 
tion, into which Virginia, after a long struggle, has been drawn; and though I 
recognize no necessity for this state of things, and would have forborne and 
pleaded to the end for redress of grievances, real or supposed, yet in my own 
person I had to meet the question whether I would take part against my native 
State. With all my devotion to the Union, and the feeling of loyalty and duty 
of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my 
hand against my relatives, my children, and my home." During the first year of 
the war Lee was kept in the background ; but on his appointment as commander- 
in-chief, in 1862, new hfe was infused into the armies under him, and that energy 
which never flagged to the bitter end began to make itself felt. Although out- 
numbered, he kept up the unequal fight for three years, and usually inflicted far 
heavier losses than he received. The war left him homeless and penniless, and 
he gladly accepted the presidency of the " Washington and Lee University," at 
Lexington, Va. Here, after a quiet, useful life of five years, he died. It is 
worthy of record that during these last years he used all his influence, in a quiet 
way, to remove the bitter sectional feelings induced by the war. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

NINETEENTH TERM EVENTS OF I 863. 

Abraham Lincoln, President. 



Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President. 



529. The year 1863 opened with the 
greatest event of the war. Until July of 
862 the President had acted upon his 
declared intention to leave slavery un- 
molested in the States where it ex- 
isted, though pledged to prevent 
its extension into new States 
and Territories. General 
Butler had indeed confis- 
cated the negroes whom 
he found employed upon 
the Confederate earth- 
works near Fortress Mon- 
roe, and they had been fed 
and protected as Union refugees. 
But when Fremont, in Missouri, 
and other generals, had undertaken to free the slaves of those 
who were fighting against the government, the President had 
disapproved and reversed their action. 

530. President Lincoln, acting by virtue of his position as 
commander in chief of the Federal army and navy, now decided 
to set free the slaves in the Confederacy, as a measure of war. 
On the 2 2d of September, 1862, five days after the battle 
of Antietam, he issued a proclamation declaring that after 

U. S. H.-19. (317) 




Freeing the Slaves. 



3l8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

one hundred days ''all persons held as slaves within any State, 
or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be 
in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thence- 
forward, and forever, free." 

531. The Emancipation became effective on the first day of 
January, 1863. Freedmen were invited to enter the service of 
the United States both on land and sea. Regiments of colored 
troops were speedily organized by northern officers in South 
Carolina and Kansas. Before this time free negroes, though 
not commonly organized as soldiers, had rendered a great 
deal of service to the Union armies as laborers on roads and 
wharves, and about the forts on the southeastern coast Union 
generals had admitted crowds of refugees from plantations de- 
serted by their owners, and had made them useful in various 
ways about their camps. The disadvantages of climate, which 
preyed upon the health of white soldiers, had no effect upon 
these able-bodied negroes, who were perfectly accustomed to 
them, and they rendered valuable service with pickax and 
spade. The general emancipation gave greater hopes to 
those who offered themselves for enrollment in the ranks. 
They were found diligent in drill and proud of their promo- 
tion. Within the year 1863 more than fifty 
thousand colored men had enlisted as soldiers 
and sailors. 

532. Ohancellorsville.— In January, 1863, Gen- 
eral Hooker ^ succeeded to the command of the 
Army of the Potomac. He found it greatly 
^ demoralized: 80,000 men and 3,000 offi- 
cers were absent from their posts. More 
than two hundred men a day were quitting 
Joseph Hooker. ^^ rauks without leave, and the whole force 
on the Potomac seemed on the point of melting away. Hooker's 
severe discipline soon made it the "finest army on the planet." 
It was defeated, however, in a battle at Chancellorsville, (May 
2, 3,) with a loss of 17,000 men. To the South the joy of 




NEW YORK RIOTS. 



319 



victory was clouded by the loss of ''Stonewall" Jackson,^ 
whose impetuous charge with 25,000 men upon the Union 
right had decided the fortunes of the day. He was return- 
ing in the evening to his camp, when he was fired upon 
through a blunder of some of his own men, and was mortally 
wounded. 

533. New York Riots — 
The Southern leaders 
were now ready for a 
vigorous invasion of the 
North, and their cause 
seemed about to 
triumph. The time had 
expired for which a 
large part of the Union 
armies had enlisted, 
and a riot broke out in 
New York in resistance 
to a draft. For three 
Drafting in New York. ^^^g ^^i^ disordcrs Con- 

tinued J a colored orphan asylum and an armory were plun- 
dered and burned; negroes were assaulted and even killed by 
the mob. The peace party had gained strength by the long 
continuance of the war, with its ruinous cost 
in blood and treasure ; and the force of the 
government was lessened by so much. 

534. Invasion of the North. — Perhaps noth- 
ing could so have reunited and nerved the 
Northern people as the actual invasion of 
their soil. Lee advanced to Chambers- 
burg, in Pennsylvania, and on the ist 
of July met the Army of the Potomac 
at Gettysburg. General Meade 3 was in 
command, having superseded Hooker only two days before. 
The Union army was stronger in number 4 than the Confederate 





George G. Meade. 



320 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



army, and, acting on the defensive, had greatly the advantage 

in a strong natural position along the crest of Cemetery Ridge. 

535. Battle of Gettysburg. — Three days the batde raged which 

was deciding the fate of a continent. On either side men ad- 




mired the splendid 
courage of their op- 
ponents. Finally, on 
the afternoon of July 
3, the best remaining 
division of the Con- 
federate army, 18,000 



Picketfs Charge at Gettysburg. 



Strong, made a desperate charge upon the center of the Union 
line, and in the face of a terrible fire forced its way into the 
very intrenchments. Here fierce hand-to-hand fighting lasted 
a few minutes, and then the assailants gave way. The Southern 
loss is said to have been about 25,000 men; that of the North 



SURRENDER OF VICKSBURG. 321 

was but little less. The battle-field was afterwards consecrated 
as a national cemetery. 

536. The retreat of Lee and the surrender of Yicksbnrg occurred 
at the same hour, and the result of the war was no longer 
doubtful. The great stronghold of the Mississippi had been in- 
vested by the Federal armies on the 19th of May. Their ter- 
rific bombardment on the three following days failed to take 
the place, and a regular siege began. Citizens refused to leave 
the town, but dug caves in the damp earth of the hill-sides to 
avoid the storm of mortar-shells exploding in their streets. 

537. The Confederate soldiers, who had been sadly demoral- 
ized by five severe defeats within twenty days, recovered them- 
selves within the strong works of Vicksburg. Often their 
pickets were posted within ten yards of those of the Federals; 
and, laying aside their arms by mutual consent, the men would 
spend the night in friendly chat, regardless of the fact that they 
might be ordered to kill each other before another sun should 
set. But these informal truces never made either party less 
brave or less obedient when the stern command was given. 

538. End of the Siege. — The outworks of Vicksburg — Haines's 
Bluff and Chickasaw Landing — were soon gained by the Fed- 
erals, and the latter became their base of supplies. Both par- 
ties suffered from want of pure water and from the poisonous 
air of the swamps during the burning days and 
chilly nights of June. The Confederates, besides, 
were pinched with hunger, and exhausted by forty- 
seven days and nights of constant duty in the 
trenches, when on the 3d of July General Pem- 
berton proposed a surrender. It took place on 
the 4th, — 15 generals, 31,000 men, and 172 
cannon, — the greatest surrender of men and 
material that had then ever been made in war. ^- ^ ^emberton. 

539. Port Hudson, which had been enduring a similar 

July 8. 
siege by General Banks, surrendered four days later 




322 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

than Vicksburg. The war was ended on the Mississippi; the 
divided members of the Confederacy were never reunited; 
and the great river flowed, free from hostile craft, from Min- 
nesota to the Gulf. 

540. Morgan's Eaid. — During this eventful month of July the 
Confederate General Morgan made a dash into Indiana and 
Ohio with 4,000 cavalry. He entered the former State at 
Brandenburg, and, after scouring the country around Cincinnati, 
tried to leave Ohio above Pomeroy. Here, however, Federal 
gun-boats cut off his retreat, and, hemmed in by the pursuing 
forces, most of his men were captured. He himself escaped 
there only to be taken near New Lisbon, O. He was impris- 
oned at Columbus, but soon escaped. 

541. Autumn of 1863. — The most important events of the 
autumn were in the mountain region of eastern Tennessee and 
northern Georgia. Throughout the South the people of the 
mountainous regions were ready to aid and support the National 
cause ; and the government desired to protect them, as well as 
to hold the great natural barriers between the Atlantic slope 
and the Mississippi Valley. 

542. The cliff, which the Indians had named Chattanooga, or 
Eagle's Nest, rises like a wall about two thousand feet above 
the banks of the Tennessee. Its English name is Lookout 
Mountain, while the Indian name of the cliff has been applied 
to the town near its base. This was and is a great railway 
center, through which the whole interior of the cotton region is 
connected with the North. On the east and south lies Mission- 
ary Ridge, where French missionaries once held Indian schools. 

543. Ohickamauga. — General Rosecrans, during the summer 
of 1863, gained all Tennessee for the Union cause; but in Sep- 
tember he was severely defeated on the Chickamauga River, in 

one of the greatest battles of the war. General 
Sept. 19, 20. ;gj.g^gg }^^^ retreated from Chattanooga, but being re- 
enforced he suddenly turned against the pursuing Federals. On 



SIEGE OF CHATTANOOGA. 



323 




Chattanooga from Lookout Mountain. 

the second day of the bloody fight, a gap was left in the Federal 
line, and through this the Confederates charged, sweeping away 
more than half of the Federal army. The left, under Thomas, s 
stood firm, but withdrew at night. The Federal army was now 
closely besieged in Chattanooga, and its supplies cut off. At this 
time Rosecrans was relieved of command; and the three military 
departments of the Ohio, the Tennessee, and the Cumberland, 
were united under General Grant. He soon succeeded in get- 
ting supplies to the starving National troops. 

544. Their health and spirits were suddenly restored. Gen- 
eral Thomas, who had saved the battle on the Chickamauga 



324 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




George H. Tho)nas. 



from being a rout, commanded the Army of the 
Cumberland. General Hooker arrived from Vir- 
ginia with 23,000 men; Sherman, with four 
f( divisions of his victorious army of the Tennes- 
see, came to have part in the decisive battle 
which was now to be fought for the possession 
of the gateway to the South. 

545. Battle of Lookout Mountain. — On the 23d 
of November Thomas seized and fortified 
Orchard Knob, advancing the National line one mile beyond 
that which the Confederates had occupied a few hours before. 
Here Grant stationed himself to watch the great battle-field 
thirteen miles in length. The next day Hooker charged up 
Lookout Mountain above the river mists which settled densely in 
the valley. All the morning the battle raged ''above the 
clouds " ; but the victory was complete. The next day Hooker 
descended the northeastern slope and advanced to the Ross- 
ville Gap in Missionary Ridge, while Sherman carried the 
northern end of the same range, and forced Bragg to weaken 
his center to save his extreme right. 

546. Battle of Missionary Eidge. — While the Confederates were 
making this difficult movement, the decisive blow was struck 
by the Army of the Cumberland, which, dashing over the plain 
at a full run, charged up Missionary Ridge under a plunging 
fire from the Confederate guns. Fifty-five min- 
utes from their first movement they were in 
full possession of the ridge; and the cannon 
at the summit had not cooled when they were 
wheeled about and fired against their late mas- 
ters. Sheridan pursued and captured most 
of the artillery which Bragg had removed. 

547. Sherman immediately pushed north- 
ward to the relief of Burnside, who was shut J"""'' ^ongstreet. 
up in K7ioxvilte by General Longstreet.6 The latter, with supe- 
rior numbers, attacked Burnside as soon as he heard of the Con- 




NOTES. 325 

federate defeat at Chattanooga. Burnside's men fought bravely, 
though weakened by short rations, and the attack was repulsed. 
Longstreet abandoned the siege and moved out of his trenches 
just as Sherman's army came in sight. 

Questions. — What change did the war bring about in the condition 
of negroes in the South ? What occurred in Hooker's command ? What, 
in New York ? Describe Lee's campaign in Pennsylvania. The siege 
and capture of Vicksburg. What was done in Ohio ? What in south- 
eastern Tennessee ? 

Map Exercise. — On Map VIII., point out Chancellorsville. Chambers- 
burg. Gettysburg. Vicksburg. Haines's Bluff. Port Hudson. Bran- 
denburg. Cincinnati. Pomeroy. Chattanooga. Knoxville. 



NOTES. 

1. Joseph Hooker (1814-1879), was bom at Hadley, Mass., and graduated 
at West Point in 1837. His first active service was in the war against the Semi- 
noles. In the Mexican War he was distinguished by three successive brevets, 
rising to the rank of Ueutenant-colonel, In 1853 he resigned from the army and 
engaged in farming in California. At the outbreak of the war in 1861 he offered 
his services to the United States, and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. 
Throughout the war he was noted for his personal bravery, and came to be 
known as " Fighting Joe." He retired in 1868 on the full rank of major-general. 

2. Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born in 1824 at Clarksburg, Harrison 
County, in what is now West Virginia. He graduated at West Point in 1846, 
but after gallant service in the Mexican War he resigned from the army, having 
accepted an appointment in the Virginia State Military Institute at Lexington. 
Here he remained until 1861, when he tendered his services to the Southern 
Confederacy. He was exactly two years in its service, being placed in command 
of Harper's Ferry May 2, 1861, and falling at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863. 
His firm stand at Bull Run changed the fortunes of the day, and gained for 
him and his brigade the undying name of " Stonewall," In his " Valley Cam- 
paign," with comparatively few soldiers, he struck blow after blow with a rapidity 
and secrecy that were marvelous, and managed to neutralize a Federal force of 
70,000 men. He thus ruined McClellan's general plans, and caused the gravest 
fears in the North for the safety of Washington. 

3. George Gordon Meade was born at Cadiz, Spain, in 1815, where his 
father was at that time United States naval agent. Meade graduated at West 
Point in 1835, and served with distinction against the Seminoles and in the Mex- 
ican War. He was in many ot the hardest battles of the Civil War, and at 



326 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Antietam had two horses shot under him. For his hard-won victory at Gettys- 
burg he received the thanks of Congress, and many honors were bestowed upon 
him. The citizens of Philadelphia presented his wife with a house, and after 
his death in 1872 subscribed a fund of ^100,000 for his family. 

4. Authorities differ much as to the number of men engaged on either side in 
this battle as well as in many others. The movements preparatory to a battle 
are too urgent to admit of careful reports. The Union forces actually engaged 
have been estimated at 105,000, 95,000, and 82,000; Lee's forces, at 110,000, 
73,500, and 68,000. It is impossible to secure absolute accuracy when the esti- 
mates of the generals having the fullest knowledge vary so widely. 

5. George Henry Thomas (1816-1870), was born in Southampton County, 
Va., and graduated at West Point in 1840. The next year he was brevetted for 
gallantry in the war with the Seminoles, and during the Mexican War he was 
advanced to the rank of brevet major. During the five years immediately pre- 
ceding the Civil War, Thomas, as major of the Second Cavalry, was stationed 
m Texas. Of this regiment A. S. Johnston was colonel, Robert E. Lee lieuten- 
ant-colonel, W. J. Hardee senior major, with Kirby Smith, Fitz Hugh Lee, 
Hood, and others, who afterwards became prominent on the Southern side. 
Considering this fact, his surroundings, and the place of his birth, Thomas's 
adherence to the Union is remarkable. Few generals on either side did better 
service or so commanded the love and estfeem of their subordinates. His stand 
at Chickamauga after the rout of the right and center, was one of the most heroic 
events of the war. When peace was declared, Thomas had attained the rank 
of major-general of the regular army, and it is characteristic of the man that he 
refused the rank of lieutenant-general, tendered him in 1868, on the ground that 
he had done nothing since the war to deserve such promotion. Upon his death 
Congress passed resolutions of sympathy, and military honors accompanied his 
interment at Troy, New York. 

6. James Longstreet was born in South Carolina in 1820, but removed 
with his family during his childhood to Alabama, from which State he received 
his appointment to West Point. Here he graduated in 1842, and in the Mexican 
War, which soon followed, he was advanced for gallant conduct to the rank of 

I brevet major. He resigned his commission in 1861 to join the Confederate army, 
in which he bore a conspicuous part. It was he that covered the retreat of 
Johnston to Richmond after the battle of WiUiamsburg (^ 521). At Fair Oaks 
(§ 523) his troops bore the brunt of the battle, and, during the seven-days' fight- 
ing that followed, were reduced in numbers nearly one half. Again, at Freder- 
icksburg in Virginia, and at Chickamauga in Georgia, it was Longstreet's 
command that carried the day for the Confederates. After being driven from 
Knoxville by Sherman he joined Lee in Virginia, and was severely wounded in 
the battle of the Wilderness by his own troops. After the war General Longstreet 
did his utmost to restore harmony of feeling between the divided sections of his 
country. From 18S0 to 1881 he was U, S. minister to Constantinople. He 
died in 1904. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

NINETEENTH TERM, EVENTS OF 1 864. 

Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-Preside?it. 




548. The main military movement of the 
early months of 1864 was the "Meridian 
raid" of part of Sherman's army. 
It destroyed all the railroads cen- 
tering at Meridian, Mississippi, with 
their bridges and trestle-works, and 
made it impossible for the Confed- 
erates either to draw supplies from 
the State or to move large bodies 
of troops within it. 

549. Lieutenant-general G-rant. — 
Congress revived the grade of lieu- 
tenant-general, hitherto borne only by 
Washington and Scott, and in March 
General Grant was placed at the head 
of all the armies of the United States. Henceforth there was 
no scattering of forces. Grant in the East, and Sherman in 
the West, acted upon one plan, which they had formed to- 
gether in an interview at Cincinnati. 

550. Battles in the "Wilderness. — The fortunes of the Confed- 
eracy now depended upon two armies : that of General Lee, in 
Virginia, and that of General J. E. Johnston, in Georgia. 
Grant crossed the Rapidan and began his march to Richmond. 
All the obstacles that the highest military genius could invent, 

(327) 



Philip H, Sheridan. 



328 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and that perfect valor and discipline could execute, were 
thrown in his way. Dense woods blocked his advance, and a 
two-days' battle in this gloomy "Wilderness" cost 20,000 of 
his brave men; but acknowledging no defeat, he pressed on, 
intending to turn the Confederate right flank and cut their line 
of connection with Richmond. 

551. Lee perceived the plan, and checked it by placing a 
division of his army upon Grant's road to Spottsylvania Court- 
House. Five days' severe fighting resulted in immense losses to 
both parties and no decided gain to either. Still Grant tele- 
graphed, "I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all 
summer." He relied upon the superior resources of the North 
in men and means; and thought that, the campaign once be- 
gun, the interest of all parties required him to push it through 
to the speediest possible end. 

552. Sheridan's Kaid. — Of three side-movements which he had 
planned, only one succeeded. General Sigel was severely de- 
feated in the Shenandoah Valley, and General Butler on the 
James. General Sheridan,'^ however, made a sudden move 
with his cavalry around the rear of the Confederate army, de- 
stroyed miles of railroad on which it depended for supplies, 
and even captured some of the outer defenses of Richmond. 

553. The Confederate General Early, meanwhile, with 12,000 
men, marched down the Shefiajidoah Valley, crossed into Mary- 
land and Pennsylvania, and threatened Washington. It was 

saved, however, by the timely advance of National 

troops, and Early retreated. In September he 

was met by Sheridan, who defeated him twice, 

and drove him up the Valley. In a battle at 

Cedar Creek, the Confederates seemed likely to 

regain all that they had lost, for the Federals 

were driven four miles from their position ; but 

Sheridan, hearing the roar of cannon thirteen 

miles away, galloped to the field just in time to 




PETERSBURG MINE. 



329 




Petersbu7g Mine. 

rally his disordered lines 
and lead them back to 
victory. Washington 
was never again threat- 
ened by the Confederates. 
The beautiful Shenandoah 
Valley was left bare of 
ever} thing that could feed or 
tempt an army. 
554. Confederate Victory at Peters- 
burg. — Grant was still pushing his 
advance, resisted at every step. 
Crossing the James, he besieged both 
, , . . Richmond and Petersburg. At the 

' ■■ ' latter place a mine was sprung under a 

Confederate fort, and the Union troops pressed forward over 
the ruins; but they were met by a storm of shot and shell 
which destroyed four thousand lives in a few minutes. A first 
attempt upon the Weldon Railroad failed with immense loss; 
but in August that important line was secured by the National 
troops, and Richmond was cut off from the South. The siege 
continued until April of 1865. 



330 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



555. Campaign in Georgia. — Sherman moved from Chattanooga 
toward Atlanta three days later than Grant entered upon his 
campaign in the Wilderness. His forces were nearly double 
those of Johnston, 2 who conducted a masterly retreat among 
the woods and mountains of northern Georgia. Avoiding a 
battle, Johnston intrenched himself in the strongest positions, 
where, if attacked, he always repulsed his enemy; but Sher- 
man, by skillful flank movements, always managed to seize his 
lines of supply and force him to fall back. 

556. In this way the two armies arrived near Atlanta, where 
Johnston was superseded by General Hood, and 
more active operations commenced. Johnston's 
cautious tactics, though they had displeased his 
superiors, were fully justified by the results. 
Hood was three times defeated within nine 
days, with a loss of 20,000 men. Sherman '^ 
broke up the railroads to the west and south 
of Atlanta, and managed to throw himself be- 
tween two divisions of Hood's army, so that he 

could crush first one 
other. 
557. Destrnction of Atlanta. — Thus 
out-generaled, and cut off from 
supplies. Hood destroyed what he 
could of the mills, foundries, 
and stores in Adanta, and 
left the place. Georgia, the 
'' Empire State of the South,", 
surpassed all the other se- 
ceded States in the num- 
ber and value of her 
manufactures. The de- 
struction of the machine- 
shops, factories, and foundries, 
WiUiam T. Sherman. whcncc thc greater part of its 





SHERMANS "MARCH TO THE SEA. 



331 



material of war had been derived, was a fatal blow to the 
blockaded Confederacy. 

558. Sherman's "March to the Sea." — Hood pushed northward 
into Tennessee, expecting that Sherman would follow him. 
But this was no part of the Federal plan. Leaving generals 
Schofield and Thomas to complete the destruction of Hood's 




The " March to the Sea. 



army, Shermans burned 
Atlanta, and moved rap- 
idly toward the sea with 
his army of 60,000 men. 
Moving in four columns, 
living upon the country; 
as they went, tearing up 
and twisting iron rails so 
as utterly to destroy railway connections, the conquering army 
left a track of desolation sixty miles in width behind it. No 
great resistance was met with, for all able-bodied men were in 
the Confederate camps. The South had put forth her last 
efforts, and the Confederacy was indeed "an empty shell." 

559. The city of Savannah was abandoned, after Fort Mc- 
Allister had been taken by storm, and it was occupied by 




332 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

General Sherman December 21. General Butler's 
attempt to blow up Fort Fisher, which guarded 

Wibnington^ in North Carolina, failed a few days 

later ; but Commodore Porter 4 kept his position 

with his gun-boats, and upon the arrival of fresh 

troops the fort was taken, January 15, 1865. 

The last port of the Confederacy was now 
W^ closed. 

David D. Porter. ggQ^ MoMle Bay.— The forts and floating de- 
fenses of Mobile harbor had been taken in August by Admiral 
Farragut, in one of the most remarkable naval actions of the 
war. The approaches from the Gulf were well guarded, not 
only by forts and batteries on shore, but by sunken torpedoes, 
and by a powerful fleet, commanded by the highest officer of 
the Confederate navy. The fourteen Federal vessels that were 
outside the bar advanced ''two abreast and lashed together," 
deUvering their broadsides of heavy shot with perfect aim as 
they passed the forts. Four Federal iron-clads already within 
the bar joined in the battle, which was kept up for three hours 
with great spirit and resolution on both sides. The severest 
conflict was with the Confederate ram Tennessee^ which en- 
gaged five Union vessels at once, but at length surrendered. 
Mobile Bay was restored to the nation, and blockade-running 
ceased in the Gulf. Charleston had been besieged since June 
of 1863 by Admiral Dahlgren and General Gillmore. 

561. Ee-election of Lincoln. — At the autumn election of 1864 
Abraham Lincoln was chosen President by an immense majority 
in the loyal States, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, becoming 
Vice-President. Congress voted an amendments to the Con- 
stitution, declaring that ' ' neither Slavery nor involuntary servi- 
tude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, 
or any place subject to their jurisdiction." In due time this 
amendment was ratified by the legislatures of more than three 
fourths of the States, and became a part of the law of the land. 



NOTES. 333 

Questions. — What was done to Southern railroads in 1864? What 
movements followed Grant's promotion? What happened in the Shen- 
andoah Valley? What, at Richmond and Petersburg? Describe the 
movements in Georgia. The capture of Mobile. What is the Thir- 
teenth Amendment to the Constitution ? 

Map Exercise. — On Map VIIL, point out Meridian, Mississippi. "The 
Wilderness " in Virginia. Spottsylvania C. H. Cedar Creek. Peters- 
burg. Richmond. Chattanooga. Savannah. Wilmington, N. C. Fort 
Fisher. Mobile. Charleston. 

NOTES. 

1. Philip Henry Sheridan was born in Somerset, Perry County, Ohio, ,n 
1831, and received his education at West Point. Upon the breaking out of the 
Civil War he was made chief quartermaster to the army of Southwestern Miss- 
ouri, and it was not until May of 1862 that he was transferred to a cavalry 
command. He immediately began to show that ability and energy which after- 
wards caused him to be recognized as the most able cavalry leader of the war. 
For defeating a superior cavalry force at Booneville, Miss., on July i, 1862, he 
was made brigadier-general, and, the following December, was advanced to the 
rank of major-general for gallant action at Murfreesborough. At Chickamauga 
he distinguished himself; and, at the head of his division, led the charge up 
Missionary Ridge. When Grant was made lieutenant-general of the United 
States armies, in 1864, he had Sheridan transferred to the East, and gave him 
command of the cavalry in the Army of the Potomac. The many brilliant raids 
and hard-won victories which followed increased his fame ; and the decisive 
battle of Five Forks, conducted by Sheridan with rare skill, compelled Lee to 
evacuate Petersburg. Sheridan was lieutenant-general of the regular army dur- 
ing the later years of his life, and was promoted to General during his last ill- 
ness. He died at Nonquitt, Mass., August 5, 1888. 

2. Joseph Eggleston Johnston was born in Prince Edward County, Va., 
in 1807, and graduated at West Point in 1829. Of all the Southern generals, he 
had held the senior rank in the United States army, and he probably did more 
for the Confederate cause than any other general except Lee. In i860 he had 
attained the rank of brigadier -general of staff, and held this position when he 
resigned his commission April 22, 1861, and cast his lot with the Confederacy. 
After the surrender of his army to General Sherman, he addressed the following 
order to his troops : " Comrades : In terminating our official relations, I earnestly 
exhort you to observe faithfully the terms of pacification agreed upon ; and to 
discharge the obligations of good and peaceful citizens, as well as you have per- 
formed the duties of thorough soldiers in the field. By such a course you will 
best secure the comfort of your families and kindred, and restore tranquillity to 
our country." Johnston died March 21, 1891. 

U. S. H.— ao. 



334 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. William Tecumseh Sherman was bora in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1820. 
When he was nine years of age his father died, and the Hon. Thomas Ewing 
took Sherman into his family. After graduating at West Point in 1840, Sher- 
man saw active service in the Seminole War, but took no part in the Mexican 
War which followed. At that time he was stationed on the Pacific coast, where 
he remained until 1850. He resigned from the army in 1853, and engaged in 
banking in San Francisco and New York. Being appointed colonel in the regu- 
lar army at the beginning of the Civil War, he commanded a division at the 
memorable battle of Bull Run. After that battle he was made brigadier-general 
of volunteers, and was transferred to the West. His action there soon stamped 
him as an able commander, and in his official report of the battle of Shiloh, 
General Grant said, " I am indebted to General Sherman for the success of the 
battle." His gallant service during the siege of Vicksburg was rewarded by the 
rank of brigadier-general in the regular army. When Grant was made lieuten- 
ant-general, he had Sherman appointed as his successor in chief command of 
the Western armies of the Union, and the latter immediately began to prepare 
for that " March to the Sea," which is one of the most celebrated events in 
our history. After Grant's resignation of the office, Sherman was appointed 
General of the Army, which office he held until his retirement in 1883. He 
died in New York, February 14, 1891. 

4. David Dixon Porter was born in Philadelphia in 1813. His father was 
David Porter, who did such gallant service in the War of 1812 (^ 379). Both 
father and son entered the service of Mexico in her war with Spain, and when 
the latter was only fourteen years of age he was engaged in a sea-fight with a 
much superior Spanish vessel. That war closing, young Porter entered the 
United States Navy, and after a long interval of peace the Mexican War gave 
him an opportunity of adding fresh laurels to an already famous name. His first 
service in the Civil War was the relief of Fort Pickens, and he then began the 
construction and organization of the mortar flotilla which did such effective 
work in the reduction of New Orleans and Vicksburg. Porter's aid in capturing 
the last point won him the rank of rear-admiral, and he was given command of 
all the naval forces on the western rivers above New Orleans. Being transferred 
to the North Atlantic blockading squadron. Porter crowned his valuable services 
to the Unijon by the capture of Fort Fisher at Wilmington, N. C. He was made 
vice-admiral in 1866, and for the four succeeding years had charge of the naval 
school at Annapolis. In 1870, on the death of Farragut, he succeeded to the 
highest rank, as Admiral of the Navy of the United States. He died in Wash- 
ington, D. C, February 13, 1891. 

5. It will be noticed that the words of this amendment are identical, in part, 
with those of the act establishing the Northwest Territory (§324), and with the 
language of the Wilraot Proviso (^460, note). 



CHAPTER XL. 



TWENTIETH TERM, EVENTS OF 1865. 

Abraham Lincoln, President. Andrew Johnson, Vice-President. 

562, Sherman in Sontli Carolina. — After 
a month's rest in Savannah, Sher- 
man pursued his "grand march" 
through the Carolinas. Columbia 
was taken, February 17, after its 
stores of cotton had been set 
on fire. The flames spread to 
dwellings, and a great part of 
the city was burned. General 
Hardee found it necessary to 
abandon Charleston. The im- 
mense quantities of cotton stored 
there were kindled by his orders ; 
unhappily the fire reached a mass 
of powder, and two hundred peo- 
ple were killed by the explosion.^ 
Though every effort was made to arrest the flames,- the fair city 
became a scene of ruin and desolation. 

563. Passing into North Carolina, Sherman was met by John- 
ston, who had again been placed in command. The latter was 
defeated at Avery sboro and Bentonville, and, April 13, Sherman 
took possession of Raleigh. The forces of the Confederacy 
now consisted of the remnant of Johnston's troops, and of 
Lee's army of 40,000 men, which lay behind the earth-works of 

(335) 




Josej>h E. Johnston. 



336 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Richmond and Petersburg, hemmed in by Grant's 100,000 
veterans, with but Httle hope of escape. 

564. The Last Effort. — To disguise his plan of moving south- 
ward to join Johnston, Lee attacked and took Fort Steadman 
on the Union right. He hoped that Grant's forces would be 
massed to defend it, and that so he might gain the road which 
lay near the Union left. But the fort was almost immediately 
recaptured. Three thousand men were lost in the vain assault, 
and Grant made no movement to relax his hold upon the 
Southern roads. On the first of April Sheridan advanced to 
Five Forks, twelve miles in the rear of Lee's position, and 
captured its garrison of 5,000 men. 

565. Advance upon Eiclimond. — The next morning the Union 
army moved forward. Resistance was no longer possible. 
Jefferson Davis was in church when . - 

the news reached him that the ^ - ' ^" - / ; 

lines were broken, and that 

Lee was forced to abandon 

his defence of Richmond. 

Measures were quickly taken 

for removing the papers and 

other property of the 

Confederate govern- _'^2? 

ment. Citizens took ' ^--■- 

the alarm, and pro- -■ . . 

vided as best they 

could for the safety of 

their families. The Citizens leaving Richmond. 

streets were clogged with wagons carrying away household 
goods and valuables. The confusion increased all night. The 
city authorities ordered the destruction of all intoxicating 
liquors; but some soldiers managed to secure a portion, and 
added the horrors of a mad carousal to those inseparable from 
the abandonment of the city. 




SURRENDER OF LEE. 



337 



566. Burning of Richmond. — Four great store-houses of tobacco 
were set on fire by General Ewell's order; iron-clads were 
blown up; bridges burnt; the flames "leaped from street to 
street," and the roar of the conflagration was heard above the 
rumbling of wheels and all the other sounds of flight. On 
Monday morning, the 3d of April, the National forces occupied 
the Confederate stronghold. 




Confederate Troopers at Appomattox. 

567. Lee's Surrender. — Lee retreated westward, closely pur- 
sued by Grant. His men, worn out by rapid marches, and 
deprived of food by the capture of their supply trains, were 
scarcely able either to march or to fight. Many fell exhausted 
by the road-side, or tried to still their hunger with leaves and 
roots. Arms were thrown away, and hundreds deserted at a 
time. Sheridan, with his cavalry, hung on his flanks, and 
captured thousands of prisoners. Finally, on the 9th, Lee sur- 
rendered his entire command at Appomattox Court-House, 
Virginia. Officers and men, having given their word of honor 
to fight no more against the United States, "until properly ex- 



338 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

changed," were dismissed to their homes. ^ Johnston surren- 
dered 3 on similar terms to Sherman, April 26, and the few 
scattered forces of the Confederacy followed the example. 

568. Jefferson Davis, after a feeble attempt to keep up the 
forms of a government at Danville, escaped to the southward. 
He was arrested by Union forces near Irwinsville, Georgia, and 
was held for two years a prisoner at Fortress Monroe. Then 
he was released on bail, and the proposed trial for treason 
never took place. 

569. President Lincoln's second Inaugural Address, on March 
4, 1865, fairly stated the positions of the two parties in the 
Civil War: "Both read the same Bible and pray to the same 
God, and each invokes His aid against the other. . . . The 
prayer of both could not be answered. That of neither has 
been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. . . . 
With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in 
the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the 
work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, ... to do all 
which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among 
ourselves and with all nations." It was beHeved that the same 
just and manly spirit which had guided the nation through the 
tempest of civil war would best preside over its interests in 
the restoration of peace. But so it was not to be. 

570. Thanksgiving Day. — The fourth anniversary of the sur- 
render of Sumter was appointed by the President as a day of 
thanksgiving for the close of the war. By his invitation a party 

of distinguished citizens went to Charleston and wit- 
^^^ ' nessed the raising of the stars and stripes above the 
ruined fort. 4 He remained at his post in Washington. In the 
evening, learning that the people would be disappointed if he 
failed to appear at the theater, he went thither with his wife. 
A half-mad actor, who had been nerving himself to the horrid 
deed by brandy, entered the President's private box and shot 
him through the head ; then, leaping to the stage, escaped, took 



ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN. 



339 



horse, and fled away into the darkness. At the same time 
another murderer visited the house of Mr. Seward, who was ill 
in bed, and stabbed him several times, but not mortally. 

571. Death of the President.— Mr. Lin- 
coln hngered until the next morning in 
unconsciousness, and then died. r 
The horror and indignation excited \ ^7^<^^ 
by the wicked plot was not con- 
fined to the North. It was ^ 
found, however, that only ^^ 
a few persons of no great 
reputation were concerned 
in it. The chief assassin 
was overtaken and shot, as 
he refused to surrender; 
four of his accomplices were 
tried and hanged, and three 
were imprisoned for life. As 
the funeral escort of the dead 
President passed through the 
northern cities to his old home in Springfield, Illinois, all ranks 
and classes of the people thronged about it to testify their love 
and grief. Never had one strong feeling so united all hearts. 

572. The Seventeenth President. — Vice-President Andrew John- 
son took the oath of the highest office on the day of Mr. Lin- 
coln's death, and became the seventeenth President of the 
United States. 

573. Nevada was the third State formed (1864) from the lands 
acquired from Mexico. Its rich silver mines, discovered in 
1859, drew a crowd of adventurers; and in no other State 
have such sudden and immense fortunes been made. Carson 
City and Virginia City are centers of mining interests. Several 
Territories were divided during this period, and Dakota^ Arizona, 
Idaho^ and Montana received regular territorial governments. 




Lincoln's Tomb at Springfield, III, 



340 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Questions. — What occurred at Columbia and Charleston? Describe 
the last war-movements about Richmond. The abandonment of the city. 
The surrender of Confederate armies. The closing acts and scenes of 
Mr. Lincoln's life. What State and what Territories were organized 
during this period? 

Map Exercise. — Point out Columbia. Averysboro. Bentonville. 
Raleigh. Five Forks. Appomattox C. H. 

Read histories of the Civil War by Draper, Greeley, Bryant, Lossing, 
Stephens, Pollard, and the Count of Paris. Scribner's Campaigns of the 
Civil War and The Navy in the Civil War. Moore's Rebellion Record. 
Johnston's Narrative of Military Operations. Gordon's The Army of Vir- 
ginia. Jefferson Davis's The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. 
Southern Historical Society Papers. Nicolay and Hay's Life of Abraham 
Lincoln. Personal Memoirs op' General U. S. Grant. Memoirs of General 
W. T. Sherman and Memoirs of General P. H. Sheridan. War articles in 
The Century Magazine 1884 and later, and in the Magazine of American 
History. Lowell's Biglow Papers, Second Series. Whittier's In War 
Time, and W. Gilmore Simms's War Poetry of the South. 



NOTES. 

1. " Some boys had discovered powder at the depot of the " Northwestern 
Railway," and amused themselves by throwing some of it on the burning cotton 
in the street. The powder dropping from their hands soon formed a train, along 
which fire ran to the large quantity stored at the depot. A terrible explosion 
followed, by which the city was shaken to its foundations." — Lossing. 

2. Learning that many of the cavalry troopers were riding their own horses, 
Grant gave orders that they should be permitted to keep them, saying that the 
war was now over, he earnestly hoped never to be renewed, and that these horses 
would be needed for work upon the plantations. Observing that Lee wore a 
valuable sword, and not wishing to give him the vexation either of surrendering 
it or of receiving it back as a favor, he added to the terms of surrender that all 
officers should keep their side-arms. 

3. Terms of surrender were first agreed upon between Sherman and Johnston 
on the i8th of April. But the terms were considered too liberal by the govern- 
ment, and were refused. 

4. On this occasion a well-deserved compliment was paid to Anderson, then a 
major-general. With his own hands lie raised the same flag that he had been 
compelled to lower four years before. 



CHAPTER XLI. 



RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR. 



574. The war over, all 
reasonable men were 
ready to join in re- 
pairing its wastes and 
forgetting its enmities. 
Doubtless there were 
selfish Northern ad- 
venturers, who cared 
only to make their 
own fortunes out of 
the poverty of the ex- 
hausted South and the 
ignorance of the freedmen; while 
there were disappointed politicians, who, 
having failed to destroy the government, 
used every chance to hinder its action. Both 
these classes were obstacles to the thorough 
restoration of peace, but their influence could not be lasting. 

575. The strength and the kindness of the great Republic were 
equally proved by the circumstances attending the close of 
the war. The hopes of its enemies were disappointed. It had 
been said that the peaceful, industrious pursuits of the majority 
of the people had unfitted them for war ; and that, used as they 
were to personal independence, they would never submit to the 
needful discipline of the army. But it was found that men will 
fight most cheerfully and bravely for a government that rep- 

(341) 




The Final Review 
of the Army. 



342 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



resents their will and promotes their prosperity, and that happy 
home-life gives courage instead of destroying it. 

576. Great anxiety was felt, at the close of the war, lest the 
letting loose of more than a million of men, used to the rough 
disorders of camp-life, might endanger the security of the 
country. The very persons who had said ' ' Americans will 
never fight," now predicted that they would never stop fighting. 
But the citizen-soldiers gladly and quietly returned to their 
homes, resumed their peaceful occupations, and public order 
was not seriously disturbed. 

577. The National debt had increased to more than twenty- 
seven hundred millions of dollars. If to this be added the 

expenses of States, counties, and towns, the 
cost of the war was at least $4,000,000,000. 
Part of the sum was raised by the issue 
of "greenbacks"; /. ^., the government's 
promises to pay certain amounts to the 
bearer; and these fell in value until 
$2.90 in paper had to be paid for 
$1.00 in gold. Gold and silver coin 
disappeared, and, until the government 
provided a fractional paper currency, post- 
Saimon p. chase.'^ agc-stamps did duty as small change. 

578. Prosperity and Public Credit. — At the same time, the im- 
mense contracts given out by the government afforded work to 
multitudes of people, and never were wages higher nor the ap- 
pearances of prosperity greater than during the early years of 
the war. Though the war expenses toward the end of the 
great conflict exceeded in one year the whole cost of the gov- 
ernment from Washington to Buchanan, yet public credit was 
unshaken, and the loan called for in March, 1865, was taken 
to the amount of $530,000,000 in five months. 

579. The Confederate paper money was only a promise to pay 
certain sums, two or six months after the conclusion of peace 




SCIENCE AND HUMANITY IN WAR. 343 

between the Confederate States and the United States. As the 
hope of such a peace vanished, the currency became worthless, 
and was found scattered about the streets of Nashville and 
Adanta like waste paper. The bonds of the Confederacy, of 
course, could never be paid. 

580. The loss of life during the war was not far from 600,000 
on both sides. It is impossible to number the lingering deaths 
of those whose health was ruined by exposure on battle-fields 
and in camps. Some idea of the maiming effects of war may 
be obtained from the fact that the United States provided more 
than seven thousand artificial limbs for disabled soldiers. 

581. The conduct of the war on both sides proved the progress 
of science. During some great battles, all the National major- 
generals were in council, though hundreds of miles apart, by 
the aid of electric wires. Fifteen thousand miles of military 
telegraph-wire were sold when the war was over. The old 
style cannon and small arms with which the conflict began were 
replaced by Dahlgrens, columbiads, and the most improved 
rifles, and in naval architecture America surpassed all nations. 

582. Sanitary Commissions. — Never had science and human 
sympathy gained such victories over the horrid brutalities of 
war. The United States Sanitary Commission spent twelve mill- 
ions of dollars in money and supplies for the relief of the sick 
and wounded, and the Western Sanitary Comjnission three mill- 
ions more. But money could not measure the service ren- 
dered : the home comforts added to the rough necessaries of 
the military hospital; the ''feeding-stations" and night lodgings 
for soldiers returning home on sick-leave; the strength im- 
parted by the assurance that their sufferings were gratefully re- 
membered. 

583. The Christian Commission, also, shared the hardships of 
the march, the trench, the batde-field; and cared for both 
bodies and souls. It cheered the sick, comforted the dying, 
buried the dead. It supplied about five millions in money 



344 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




and mate- 
rial. Both Commis- 
sions continued their 
kind offices after the war 
was over, providing homes 
for disabled soldiers and work for those who needed it. 



T/ie Work of the Sanitary Commission. 



584. Poreign Kesnlts of the War. — One sixth part of all the 
people in England depended for their daily bread upon the 
cotton manufacture, and suffered severely from the blockade 
(§497) which deprived them of their material for work. Lan- 
cashire weavers were starving; and neither Egypt nor India 
could supply cotton enough to give them employment. More- 
over, English manufacturers were injured by the high tariff 
(§398) which kept their goods out of American markets, and a 
very strong and bitter feeling against the Union prevailed. 
The British government, however, resisted all pressure which 
would have carried it into interference in the war. 

585. Napoleon III,, Emperor of the Prencli, believing that the 
Union was already destroyed, sent an army to Mexico, thinking 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 345 

to establish an empire of the ''Latin Race" In America, and 
perhaps to regain part of the great territory which France had 
sold (§§355, 356). But the Union victories, and the firm re- 
monstrances of the government, led him to abandon his Mex- 
ican plans. The Emperor Maximilian, whom he had placed 
upon a tottering throne, was betrayed and shot ; his poor wife, 
crazed with grief, vainly besought help from the governments 
which had led him to his destruction. Mexico continued to be 
a republic, on friendly terms with the United States. 

Questions. — How was American character tested by the war ? How 
much money did the war cost ? How many lives ? What was done for 
the relief of the soldiers? How was England affected by our war? 
How was Mexico ? 

Point for Essay. — Write a story of scenes and incidents in the Civil 
War in hospital or camp. 

I. For sketch of Chase, see note 3, page 352. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.— Part V. 

1. With what views and expectations did the North and 

the South go to war ? 

2. Describe the beginning of hostilities. 

3. What Southern States refused to secede ? 

4. Name the eleven seceding States. 

5. What preparations were made on both sides? 

6. What changes occurred in Virginia? 

7. Describe the first great battle and its effects. 

8. The blockade and attempts to break it. 

9. The affair with the British steamer Trent. 

10. What was accomplished during 1861 ? 

11. What three objects comprised the Federal plan of the 

war? 

12. Sketch the campaign in which forts Henry and Donel- 

son were taken. 



Section 



487, 


,488 




489 




490 


481, 


.490 




491 




492 


493 


-495 


496-498 


499: 


,500 




501 




502 


502- 


-504 



34^ HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

13. Describe the battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing. 

14. What occurred meanwhile on the Mississippi and in 

Missouri ? 

15. What was the Confederate plan for the autumn of 1862? 

16. Describe the campaign in Kentucky. 

17. What was done on the lower Mississippi ? 

18. Describe the doings of the Merrimac and the first Monitor. 

19. What was done in 1862 by the Army of the Potomac ? 

20. What resulted from Lee's first invasion of Maryland ? 

21. What was the general result of 1862? 

22. What were the causes and effects of the Emancipation 

Proclamation ? 

23. What changes and disasters to the Army of the Poto- 

mac, January to May, 1863? 

24. What occurred in New York, July, 1863? 

25. Describe Lee's second invasion of the North. 

26. The siege and surrender of Vicksburg and Port Hudson. 

27. General Morgan's movement north of the Ohio. 

28. The objects, scenes, and events of the Chattanooga 

campaign. 

29. Grant's campaign in the Wilderness. 

30. Sherman's movements in Georgia. 

31. What three cities were besieged by the U. S. Navy? 

32. What was done by Sherman in the Carolinas ? 

33. Describe the surrender of Richmond, of Lee's army, 

and the arrest of Davis. 

34. The second inauguration and the death of Lincoln. 

35. Sum up the effects of the Civil War at home and ") 574- 

abroad. I 585 

36. What scientific improvements were of use during the 

war? 

37. What was done by the Sanitary and Christian com- 

missions ? 



Section 
505-507 

508 

509 
510-513 

514,515 
516-519 
520-524 

525, 526 
528 

529-531 



532 

533 
534, 535 
536-539 

540 


541-547 
549-554 
555-559 
559, 560 
562, 563 


564-568 

569-571 

580, 584, 


581 


582, 583 



PART VI.-THE UNION RESTORED. 



CHAPTER XLII. 



Johnson's administration, a. d. i 865-1 869. 




Andreiv Johnson. 



586. An important question had now to be set- 
tled. Were the lately seceded States out of 
the Union or in it ? The President ^ held that 
they had never been out; a majority in Con- 
gress, though denying the right of secession, 
insisted that they had lost their State rights, 
and must be dealt with as Territories. The 
difference of opinion between Congress and 
the President grew wider, and three important 
laws were passed over his veto. One established 
a Freedmen!s Bureau to protect and provide for those who had 
been slaves ; a second guarded their civil rights ; a third made it 
unlawful for the President to remove any civil officer without the 
consent of the Senate. 

587. Impeaoliment of Andrew Jolinson. — The 
last, — called the "Tenure of Office Law," — 
was broken by the President's dismissal of Edwin 
M. Stanton, 2 Secretary of War. Thereupon 
the House of Representatives im- 
peached Andrew Johnson before 
the bar of the Senate, Chief-justice Salmon P. 
Chase 3 presiding. The trial lasted more than Edwin m. sianton, 

(347) 



March, 1868. 




348 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

two months. The President was acquitted, as one vote was 
lacking of the two thirds required for his condemnation. 

588. The work of reconstructing the Union went on. The prin- 
ciple of the Civil Rights Bill was embodied in the Fourteenth 
Amendment to the Constitution, which was promptly accepted 
by Tennessee, and finally by the other States. In time all the 
Southern States annulled the ordinances of secession, disowned 
the Confederate war-debts, and were again represented in Con- 
gress. One cause of bitterness remained. Candidates before 
taking office were made to take the " iron-clad oath," as it was 
called, declaring that they had taken no part in the war for se- 
cession. Few of the intelligent class in the South could take 
this oath, though many frankly accepted the results of the war, 
and were ready in good faith to resume their allegiance to the 
United States. The result was that many public offices were 
held for a time by newcomers from the North and by negroes. 

589. Submarine Telegraph. — The year 1866 was signalized by 
the successful completion of a submarine telegraph between 
Europe and America. The chief mover in the enterprise was 
Mr. Cyrus W. Field, 4 of New York, who, during twelve years 
of costly experiments, never lost heart, even under disastrous 
failure ; but, crossing the ocean fifty times, succeeded in im-" 
parting his own courage to English and American capitalists. 
The first transatlantic cable was laid in 1858 from Heart's Con- 
tent, in Newfoundland, to Valencia Bay, in Ireland. It carried 
four hundred messages, but ceased to work within a month. 

590. Many ridiculed the idea of trying again, but Mr. Field 
soon formed a new company with a capital of three millions of 
dollars; a much better cable was made, and in June, 1865, the 
Great Eastern began to lay it on the ocean bed. Half her task 
was done, when the cable broke and was lost beneath the 
waves. A new company was at once formed, a new cable 
made, and in the following summer the two hemispheres were 
connected by lines of instant communication. Going to the 



PURCHASE OF RUSSIAN AMERICA. 



349 




The Great Eastern Laying the Cable. 

place of her former failure, the Great Eastern picked up the lost 
cable, joined the broken strands, and successfully laid it. Twelve 
cables now connect us with Europe, and through it with all the 
other grand divisions of the world. 

591. The purchase of all Eussian Americas for $7,200,000, in 
1867, greatly enlarged the territory of the United States. 
From the corruption of a native word meaning "a great coun- 
try," it is called Alaska. Sitka, the capital, is one of the rain- 
iest places in North America. The wealth of the region is in 
its pine and cedar timber, its seal-skins and other valuable furs, 
its fisheries, and its mineral deposits, including gold. The 
Yukon, one of the great rivers of the world, flows for 2,000 
miles through the territory. Its waters abound in fish. Until 
the year 1884 this vast region had no other government than 
could be exercised by military officers at Sitka. In May of 
that year Congress enacted a law for the organization of the 
territory. Nebraska was admitted as the thirty-seventh State in 
U.S. H-21. 



350 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Alaska Seal Rookery. 



the Union during the year of the 
Alaska purchase. Wywniftg Ter- 
ritory was organized in \\ 
having been formed from parts 
of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah. 
592. The Burhngame Embassy. — One notable event of 1868 wag 
the arrival of an em- 
bassy from China, the 
first ever sent by that ex- 
clusive empire to any 
foreign power. Its head 
was Hon. Anson Bur 
lingame, an American 
citizen, and lately his 
country's representative i n 
China. He had so won the 
confidence of the Chinese gov- 
ernment that the emperor had 
induced him to undertake this 
important mission, not only to 
the United States, but to sev- 




The Chinese Embassy. 



NOTES. 351 

eral European courts. The Chinese had begun to cross the 
Pacific in great numbers, to find work in California and the 
inland mining States. A treaty, now made between the Asiatic 
Empire and the American Republic, promises security of life, 
liberty, and property, to the people of either nation while in 
the territory of the other. 

Questions. — What led to the impeachment of the President ? How was 
reconstruction effected ? Tell the story of submarine cables. What pur- 
chase was made in 1867 ? What State admitted ? What treaty made in, 
1868 ? 

NOTES. 

I. Andrew Johnson was bom in 1808 at Raleigh, N, C. The family were 
so poor that young Johnson attended no school, and at the age of ten was ap- 
prenticed to a tailor. Soon after this his ambition was aro«sed by a charitable 
gentleman, who used to read to the men in the shop, and he diligently employed 
his leisure hours in learning to read. In 1826 he removed to Greenville, Ten- 
nessee, and there married. Under his wife's instruction Johnson rapidly ex- 
tended his education, and was twice elected alderman and twice mayor of the 
city. He was three times elected to the State legislature, and finally to Con- 
gress in 1843. He retained his seat there until 1853, when he was elected gov- 
ernor of Tennessee. Johnson was a Democrat in principle, and in i860 was 
an adherent of the Breckenridge party ; but when the question of secession 
arose, he, being then a United States Senator, took a firm stand for the Union. 
Lincoln appointed Johnson military governor of Tennessee in 1862, when his 
energetic management of affairs attracted general attention throughout the North, 
and marked him as a fitting candidate for the Vice-Presidency in 1864. In 1875 
he was elected to the Senate, but his health failed, and in July of that year 
he died. 

2. Edwin McMasters Stanton (1814-1869), was born at Steubenville, 
Ohio, and received his education at Kenyon College in that State, being admitted 
to the bar in 1836. In 1847 he removed to Pittsburgh, and a few years later 
acquired a national reputation as counsel in an important case tried before the 
Supreme Court of the United States. His business before this court became so 
continuous and important that in 1856 he removed to Washington. Two years 
later he was sent as United States counsel to the Pacific coast in some land cases 
involving millions of dollars. In i860 Mr. Stanton was appointed Attorney- 
general of the United States. In 1862 Lincoln appointed him Secretary of 
War. "The characteristics of Mr. Stanton's administration were integrity, 
energy, determination, singleness of purpose, and the power to comprehend the 



352 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

magnitude of the rebellion and the labor and cost in blood and treasure involved 
in suppressing it." In 1869 Grant appointed Mr. Stanton an associate justice of 
the United States Supreme Court, but before he could take his seat he died, 
after a brief illness, having w^orn himself out in the service of his country. 

3. Salmon Portland Chase (1808-1873), was bom at Cornish, N. H. 
After a collegiate training, first at Cincinnati College, and then at Dartmouth, 
he went to Washington, where he taught school while studying law. In 1830 
he removed to Cincinnati to practice, and there employed his leisure time in 
preparing an edition of the "Statutes of Ohio," which at once gave him a high 
reputation. In 1849 he was elected United States Senator, and took a prom- 
inent part in all the exciting debates over the slavery question which occurred 
during his term (^^463, 467, 468, 473-476). He was elected governor of Ohio 
in 1855, and re-elected in 1857 by a larger majority than had ever been given a 
governor in that State. He was returned to the United States Senate in i860, 
but President Lincoln made him Secretary of the Treasury, and he bore one of 
the most arduous positions during the war with wonderful judgment and skill. 
The National banking system, which was chiefly his invention, placed the finances 
of the country on a sounder basis than they had ever been before. In Decem- 
ber, 1864, he was raised to the still more responsible position of Chief-justice of 
the United States. The grave questions raised immediately after the war, which 
involved the constitutionality of certain acts of Congress and the President, were 
dealt with by him in a manner to excite the admiration of all. 

4. Cyrus W. Field was born at Stockbridge, Mass., in 1819. After an or- 
dinary education in his native town, he went to New York when fifteen years old, 
and rapidly worked his way from a clerkship to the head of a large and prosper- 
ous mercantile house. At a banquet given to celebrate the arrival of the first 
cable message, Mr. Field said, " Maury furnished the brains, England gave the 
money, and I did the work." His reference was to M. F. Maury, U. S. N., who 
discovered the plateau in the ocean-bed between Newfoundland and Ireland, 
upon which the cable was subsequently laid. Field died July 12, 1892. 

5. The existence of North America first became known to the Russian gov- 
ernment in 171 1. In 1741, Behring and Tschirikoff sailed in company from 
Petropaulovski in Kamchatka to find this unknown land. They lost each other 
in a storm, Tschirikoff striking the American coast in latitude 56° and Behring 
at Cape St. Elias, latitude 60°, The Aleutian Islands were discovered by a 
Russian fur-trader in 1745. Seven years later the peninsula of Aliaska was seen, 
but supposed to be an island, until Captain Cook made a more careful survey in 
1778. Russian hunters visited Oonalaska and the Fox Islands, shooting sea- 
otters, seals, and foxes, and buying furs from the natives for ironware and beads. 
A great part of the food of these natives comes from the sea and rivers. They 
have also blue-berries, dried in summer, and eaten with seal oil in winter ; eggs 
and flesh of multitudes of water-fowl and the flesh of reindeer. Whales not 
only serve for food, light, and luel, but their bones afford the frames of the poor 
cabins of the Eskimos. iCadiaks. Aleuts, and Thlinkeets 



CHAPTER XLIII. 



TWENTY-FIRST AND TWENTY-SECOND TERMS, A. D. 1869-1877. 

Schuyler Colfax, 



Ulysses S. Grant, President. 



Henry Wilson, 



Vice-Presidents. 




U. S. Grant. 



593. The Eighteentli President. — By the elections 

in the autumn of 1868 General Ulysses S. Grant^ 

became the eighteenth President, and Schuyler 

Colfax, of Indiana, Vice-President, of the United 

States. 

594. The Pacific Eaikoad was completed in May, 
1869. For six years the great work had been 
in progress, both from San Francisco in the west, 
and from Omaha, Nebraska, in the east. The two 
construction-trains met at Ogden, in Utah, one party 
having built 882 miles of the road, the 
other 1,032. The great continent, 
which Columbus 
and his fellow dis- 
coverers saw only 
the eastern edge, 
no longer blocked 
the way to China 
and Japan, but 
afforded the speed- 
i e s t passage to 
them even for trav- 
elers from Europe. The Meeting Trains. 




354 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

595. The first few months of 1870 saw the restoration of the 
entire South to equal rights with the North. The Senators and 
Representatives of Texas, last of all the seceded States, took 
their seats in Congress, March 30. On the same day the Presi- 
dent proclaimed the Fifteenth Amendment, — already adopted 
by Congress and ratified by three fourths of the States, — as 
part of the Constitution. It ordains that no State shall deny 
or abridge the right of any citizen to vote on account of his 
race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

596. Unsettled war claims, arising from the mischief done by 
Confederate cruisers built in Great Britain (§ 500), occasioned 
some anxiety both in England and America. But neither 
government was unwise enough to plunge the two nations into 
war for matters which could be settled by reason. A ''Joint 

High Commission," consisting of five English and 

Jan., 1871. . . 

five American statesmen, met at Washmgton, and, 
after a fair discussion, agreed that all claims of either nation 
against the other should be decided by three modes of arbitra- 
tion: 

597. (i) The "Alabama Claims," — including demands for injury 
done by several other English-built Confederate cruisers, — were 
submitted to a board of commissioners from three friendly 
nations, meeting with those of the two whose interests were in 
conflict. This board ^ met at Geneva, Switzerland, in the 
summer of 1872, and, having heard the lawyers on both sides, 
decreed that Great Britain should pay to the United States 
fifteen and a half millions of dollars. The amount was paid 
without demur. 

598. (2) A question concerning the boundary between Washing- 
ton Territory and British Columbia was referred to the Emperor 
of Germany, and his decision was accepted by both parties. (3) 
Some years later three commissioners, one English, one Ameri- 
can, and one chosen by the first two, met at Boston to settle 
claims arising from the fisheries near the coasts of Nova Scotia 



THE CHICAGO FIRE. 



355 



and Newfoundland. In consequence of their award, the United 
States paid to Great Britain five milHons of dollars. Lovers 
of peace rejoice that a step has thus been made toward the 
good time coming, — though doubtless yet too far away, — when 
cannon-law among nations shall be thought as out of date and 
brutal as "fist-law" among individual men. 




599. The Chicago Tire.— 
_J^'^ The years 1871 and 1872 
tl'j^r'^:z3 were marked by several 
dreadful fires. For two 
days Chicago was burning, — 
solid masses of stone, iron, and 
brick making scarcely more resistance to the ^ „ , „ 

^ J _ ^ Oct 8 and 9,1871. 

fierce heat than the lightest wooden buildings. 
Nearly 100,000 persons were deprived of homes, and the 
property destroyed was worth $200,000,000. About the same 
time the great lumber-lands of Wisconsin and Michigan were 
visited by immense conflagrations. The flames spread from 
forests to villages ; people plunged into lakes or rivers to escape 
them, but uncounted hundreds perished. 

600. Boston was visited in November, 1872, by a similar 
disaster, though with less loss of life and property. Magnifi- 



3S6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

cent structures of granite and brick, covering sixty acres, were 
laid in ashes. The disaster was greater from an epi- 

Nov. 9. . . . 

demic which had disabled all the horses in Boston, so 
that the heavy fire-engines had to be drawn by men. With 
wonderful energy both Chicago and Boston recovered from 
their great calamities; so that within a year or two "the burnt 
districts " were only to be known by more splendid and massive 
buildings than those which the flames had destroyed. 

601. Horace G-reeley,3 founder and editor of the ''New York 
Tribune," was proposed for the Presidency in the autumn of 

1872 both by the Liberal branch of the Re- 
publican party and by the Democrats. He 
loved peace, and at the first movement toward 
^ secession in i860 had even advocated a 
friendly separation of the States rather than 
war. He soon changed his views, and favored 
the "short, sharp, and decisive" conflict 
which might lead to settled peace. His name 
Horace Greeley ^^^ ^^ ^^ \>QVid. which released the ex-Pres- 
ident of the Confederacy from prison; and many thought his 
election would hasten the return of good feeling between dif- 
ferent sections of the country. Grant, however, was re-elected, . 
with He7iry Wilson, of Massachusetts, as Vice-President; and 
Greeley, broken dov/n by labor, excitement, and domestic 
sorrow, died within the month. 

602. G-rant's Indian Policy. — The President had a new and 
hopeful plan for preventing trouble with the Indians. This was 
to civilize them, and win them by every possible means to the 
pursuits of peace. To this end he proposed schools, model 
farms, premiums for success in catde-raising, etc.; and, as 
Quaker policy toward the Indians was the only one that had 
ever succeeded (§125), he committed all questions concerning 
them to a board consisting mainly of "Friends," while an 
educated Indian, who had served on his staff during the war, 




THE MODOC WAR. 35/ 

was a prominent member. But this humane scheme could not 
immediately efface the memory of many wrongs. 

603. The Modocs had been ordered from their lands in Oregon 
to a new reservation in the Indian Territory. They refused to 
go, and, intrenching themselves upon their "lava-beds," defied 
the government to remove them. Their leader was "Captain 
Jack," whose father had been killed by the order of a United 
States officer, when under a flag of truce. The Modocs were 
soon surrounded and overpowered; but to avoid bloodshed a 
truce was agreed upon, during which General 

Canby and six commissioners met the chiefs m 

council. Revenge and treachery won the day. The General 

and a kind-hearted clergyman were murdered in the presence 

of the council; another commissioner was shot but not killed. 

War was then prosecuted until the whole band surrendered, and 

their chiefs, having been tried by court-martial, were put to 

death. 

604. Effects of Paper Money. — The unsettling of values by the 
Civil War (§§577, 578) still kept the money-markets in an ex- 
cited state. There was great seeming prosperity ; hundreds of 
millions of the pablic debt were paid; but eight years went by 
without any serious attempt to redeem the government's prom- 
ises on the greenbacks, and the frequent rise and fall of their 
value gave every chance to wild speculation. 

605. Eailways and Money Panics. — More railroads were begun 
than the country could pay for. Chief of these was the 
"Northern Pacific," from Duluth, on Lake Superior, to Puget 
Sound. Its stock was largely held and sold by a banking-firm 
in Philadelphia. The failure of this firm in 1873 gave a shock 
to the commercial world, and in the panic many banks and 
other establishments were forced to suspend payments. Public 
works stopped; multitudes of the poor were without employ- 
ment. " Hard times" were most keenly felt by those who had 
no share in causing them. 



358 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

606. Worst of all was the destruction of confidence. No 
one knew whom to trust. So many enormous fortunes had 
been made by fraudulent contracts or by scarcely less fraudu- 
lent speculation, that men were tempted to despise the moder- 
ate rewards of honest business, and to join in the rush for 
sudden wealth. Blame fell even upon Senators and Repre- 
sentatives at Washington. A long series of investigations re- 
sulted in the clearing of a few names, but left others deeply 
shadowed. 

607. Eing Bobberies. — The government of New York and 
other great cities fell into the hands of thieves, who robbed the 
pubhc treasury and bribed voters to keep themselves and their 
tools in power. Tax-payers were too busy to look after their 
own interests. Suddenly their eyes were opened, and then the 
movement toward reform was as swift and thorough as the 
current of crime and corruption had been. So many frauds 
were brought to light that "at first sight it seemed as if the 
world had suddenly grown worse; on reflection it was clear 
that it was growing better." 

608. The Specie Eesumption Act, passed by Congress in 1876, 
provided for the exchange of coin for all United States paper 
money on and after January i, 1879. The credit of the nation 
was now fully restored, and the disturbances due to the war 
were at an end. Colorado^ the thirty-eighth State, was admitted 
to the Union in 1876. ■ The wonderful dryness of its air makes 
it the paradise of pilgrims in search of health ; while its mineral 
wealth affords abundant attraction to miners and adventurers. 

609. The Centennial Year. — The year 1876 completed a century 
of American Independence. The great Republic had surpassed 
the hopes of her friends and disappointed the wishes of her 
enemies. Though assailed by foes 'within, she had proved 
strong enough not only to conquer but to forgive. The Cen- 
tennial was celebrated by a great International Exposition at 
Philadelphia. More than two hundred buildings were erected 



THE SIOUX WAR. 



359 



in Fairmount Park, where a magnificent display of the products 
of all parts of the world delighted vast multitudes of home and 
foreign visitors for six months. ^ -^^i*"^^ 




The Centennial Exposition Grounds. 

610. Dom Pedro II., the energetic and enlightened Emperor 
of Brazil, was present, with President Grant, at the opening. 
Afterwards he pursued his journey through the States, inquiring 
into everything that could be of use to his great undeveloped 
empire, whose circumstances were in many ways so much like 
our own. 

611. The war with the Sioux more sadly marked the Centen- 
nial summer. Instead of confining themselves to the extensive 
lands in Dakota which they had accepted by treaty with the 
United States, these savages committed robberies and murders 
in Montana and Wyoming. A large force of the regular army 
was sent to subdue them. General Custer, with the 
Seventh Cavalry, was scouting near the Litde Horn 
River, when he suddenly came upon the Indians in force. A 



June 25. 




360 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

fierce battle followed, in which the General, with every man of 
his command, was slain. This great disaster led, of course, to 
a stern following-up of the war. The savages were defeated 
many times during the summer, autumn, and winter, until a 
remnant of their number escaped into Canada. 

612. The Kepublican Party had now been in power sixteen 
years, the most exciting and momentous years in the history of 
our country. Violent differences of opinion had arisen, and the 

presidential canvass of 1876 was the most closely 
contested that had ever been held. " Returning 
Boards" had been appointed in some of the 
Southern States to decide the result of elections. 
Their decision in favor of the Republican 
party in Florida and Louisiana was denounced 
by the Democratic party as fraudulent; the 
Republicans firmly disputed the accusation, and 
s./. Tiiden. serious trouble seemed unavoidable. 

613. The Joint High Oommission. — When Congress met, there 
was a long debate. It was agreed at last that a Commission 
consisting of five Judges of the Supreme Court, five Senators, 
and five Representatives should hear the evidence and decide. 
Their conclusion was to the effect that the Republicans had 
cast one hundred and eighty-five electoral votes for Rutherford 
B. Hayes^ of Ohio; the Democrats had cast one hundred and 
eighty-four for Samuel J. Tiiden, of New York. So the vexed 
question was settled, and President Hayes was inaugurated 
(the 4th being Sunday) on the 5th of March, 1877. 

Questions. — What great work was completed in 1869? What two 
events in Washington, March 30, 1870? How were disputes settled be- 
tween England and America? What fires occurred, 187 1, 1872? Who 
were candidates for the Presidency, 1872? What Indian plan had 
Grant ? What Indian wars in his two terms ? What led to hard times ? 
What State was admitted in 1876? How was our Centennial celebrated? 
How was the election decided ? 



NOTES. 361 



NOTES. 

1. Ulysses S. Grant was born in 1822 at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, 
Ohio. At the age of seventeen he entered West Point, where he graduated four 
years later without having distinguished himself, being twenty-first in a class of 
thirty-nine. He was in nearly every battle of the Mexican War, and received 
praise for gallant conduct. He resigned his commission as captain in 1854, and 
attempted farming near St. Louis. At the breaking out of the Civil War he 
was entirely unknown to the public. When President Lincoln first called for 
volunteers, Grant organized a company at Galena, and offered his services by 
letter to the Adjutant-general, but was ignored. Marching his company to 
Springfield, Illinois, he was appointed by the governor to muster the State vol- 
unteers, and five weeks later was made colonel of a regiment. Shortly after, 
he was placed in command of the district of southeast Missouri. His first act 
of importance was the seizure of Paducah, which had great influence in keeping 
Kentucky in the Union ; and the capture of Fort Donelson, which followed soon 
after, gave him a national reputation and won him his commission as major- 
general of volunteers. His career was now a series of brilliant successes, and 
his generalship at Chattanooga is considered by military authorities as the mas- 
terpiece of the war. After his second term as President had expired, he made a 
tour of the globe, and no one in the world's history ever received such a con- 
tinuous series of public honors. He resided in New York City after his return, 
and became partner in a bank. This venture resulted in financial failure, whicn 
was immediately followed by failure of health. After suffering intensely for 
many months, he died on the 23d of July, 1885. 

2. The five Arbitrators were : Sir Alexander Cockburn, appointed by the 
Queen of Great Britain; Mr. Charles Francis Adams, by the President of the 
United States; Count Frederick Sclopis, by the King of Italy; Mr. James 
Stampfli, by the Swiss Republic ; Baron Marcos A. de Itajuba. by the Emperor 
of Brazil. Two preliminary meetings of the Board were held December 15 and 
16, 1871, in the town hall at Geneva. Here Mr. J. Bancroft Davis, agent for the 
United States, presented his " case" printed in seven large volumes, to each of 
the Arbitrators; and Lord Tenterden, agent of the British government, presented 
his counter-statement. Count Sclopis was chosen President by his colleagues. 
The Board then adjourned till the 15th of June, 1872, when the actual work of 
arbitration commenced. The sessions continued three months, and were occu- 
pied with earnest and thorough discussion. At one time there was danger that 
the negotiations would be broken off. through the refusal of the British govern- 
ment to admit the consideration of " indirect claims" on the part of the United 
States; i. e., claims arising from the prolongation of the war by the action of 
Great Britain in recognizing the Confederate States as belligerents; from the 
transference of American ships engaged in commerce, to the British flag, owing 



362 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to apprehended danger from British-built cruisers : and from the actual expense 
incurred by the United States government in pursuing and capturing those 
cruisers. These " indirect claims," however, were withdrawn by the government 
of the United States, and the Board proceeded to discuss questions of actual and 
measurable damage. On the 14th of September a carefully drawn paper em- 
bodying the results was signed by all the Arbitrators excepting Sir Alexander 
Cockburn, who set forth his views in a separate report. 

3. Horace Greeley (1811-1872), was bom at Amherst, New Hampshire. 
He could read when only two years old, and at the age of seven had read all the 
books upon which he could lay his hands within seven miles from his father's 
farm-house. When Horace was ten years of age his father moved to Vermont, 
and in this State the son took his first step in the profession of journalism, being 
apprenticed to a printer. Having learned his trade, he determined to go to New 
York, where he arrived August 17, 1831, with but ten dollars in money and a 
small bundle of clothing. After working as a typesetter for about a year and a 
half he made several attempts at journalism, but with poor success, until, on April 
10, 1841, he issued the first number of the New York Tribune, which has since 
made the name of Horace Greeley celebrated throughout the English-speaking 
world. He was justly proud of his success ; and in the story of his life says : " I 
cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and flourish 

long after I shall have moldered into forgotten dust and that the stone 

which covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, 
' Founder of the New York Tribune' " 



CHAPTER XLIV. 




-ff. £. Hayes. 



TWENTY-THIRD TERM, A. D. 1877-1881. 

Rutherford B. Hayes, President. Wm. A. Wheeler, Vice-President. 

614, The Nineteentli President. — Among Presi- 
dent Hayes's '^ first measures was the with- 
drawal of National troops from the Southern 
States. Governor Wade Hampton, of South 
Carolina, and other officials, assured him that 
their presence only irritated the people, and 
was not needed for the preservation of order. 
The President desired to do all that was possi- 
ble toward soothing feelings of bitterness and 
establishing peace and friendship. 

615. Civil Service Eeform was the next object. Ever since 
Jackson's time the rule had been that "to the victors belong 
the spoils" after an election (§415). Postmasters and other 
officials had been appointed upon the request of members of 
Congress, not always with a view to the fitness of the candidate, 
but rather as payment for political services. President Hayes 
was pledged to consult the service of the public rather than of 
the politicians, and to regulate both his appointments and dis- 
missals by questions of personal worth. 

616. The "Grangers." — The immense power and wealth of 
certain railway companies had for several years attracted atten- 
tion. During the war an association, called the "Patrons of 
Husbandry," was formed to protect the interests of Western 
farmers against unjust charges for transportation on the part of 

(^63) 



3^4 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the railroads, and in general to oppose all oppressive monop- 
olies. In 1874 there were twenty thousand "Granges," or 
local clubs, and a membership of a million and a half. 

617. Eailway Kiots. — In the summer of 1877 
railway interests were threatened in a 
less orderly way. Brakemen and 
other train-hands on the Baltimore 
d Ohio Railroad stopped work- 
ing at Martinsburg, in West 
Virginia, because their wages 
were lowered. The busi- 
ness of the whole road was 
thus stopped. The exam- 
ple was quickly followed 
upon other roads. Because 
the roads hired other men 
to take the places of the 
strikers, railroad buildings 
and cars were burnt; and 
from opposition to the rail- 
way companies the move- 
men t became rebellion 
against the States, and even 
Railway Riot in Pittsburgh. agaiust the govcmment at 

Washington, which sent troops to put down the insurgents. 

618. Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania, was the scene of the great- 
est violence. The mob numbered 20,000 men, and for two 
days had entire control of the city. 100 lives were destroyed; 
125 locomotives and 2,500 freight and express cars were de- 
stroyed. Riots occurred at Chicago, St. Louis, and even at 
San Francisco ; but here it was not railway companies, but the 
employers of Chinese laborers, who were attacked. 

619. Communism. — The alarming fact was that the leaders in 
all these places were not railway hands, but restless agitators, 




THE CHINESE QUESTION. 



365 



who were traveling from place to place exciting workmen 
against their employers. While the men were "striking," their 
families too often were starving. The railway riots were put 
down within a fortnight ; but the problem of securing just rela- 
tions between employers and employed remained to tax the best 
energies of thoughtful minds for many years to come. 

620. The Chinese Question. 
— The large immigration 
of Chinese laborers made 
the problem more difficult. 
They already numbered 
more than 1 00, 000 in Amer- 
ica, of whom 75,000 were 
in the State of California 
alone. They crossed the 
Pacific often in large com- 
panies under the direction of 
contractors, and were willing 
to work at a lower price than 
any other workmen in the 
country. It was feared that 
the relations of "coolies" with 
the contractors might abridge the per- 
sonal liberty which the government wishes Chinese Quarter of San 
to guarantee to every inhabitant of the Francisco. 

country; and that the habits of heathenism, which the immi- 
grants have brought with them, might prove injurious to the 
morals of the community. 

621. In the early months of 1879 a bill passed both houses of 
Congress setting aside part of the Burlingame treaty (§ 592), 
and putting a check on further immigration from China. Pres- 
ident Hayes vetoed the bill, considering the faith of the United 
States pledged to the observance of the treaty until both gov- 
ernments agreed to change it. This was effected in September 
of the following year, when treaties were made between the 

U. S. H.— 22. 




366 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

two governments, giving the United States the right to limit or 
stop the immigration of Chinese laborers. An act of Congress 
in 1882 forbade their coming during the next ten years. 

622. Increase of Wealth and Population.— On the first day of 
1879, payments in gold were resumed by the Treasury and the 

^national banks; and thus, after eighteen years, the disturbing 
'effects of the Civil War upon the currency were ended. The 
four-years' term of Mr. Hayes was chiefly remarkable as a period 
of peace and prosperity. Bounteous harvests supplied an enor- 
mous export of grain to European markets. Immigrants ar- 
rived at our ports in greater numbers than ever before. The 
census taken in 1880 showed the population of the United 
States to be more than fifty millions. 

623. Elections.— The elections in 1880 resulted in the choice 
oi James A. Garfield, of Ohio, to be the twentieth President of 
the United States, and of Chester A. Arthur, of New York, to 
be Vice-President. The Democratic candidate for the Presi- 
dency was Winfield S. Hancock, U. S. A. 

Questions. — What was President Hayes's policy toward the South? 
With regard to civil officers? How were railways affected during this 
period? How was the " Chinese Question " dealt with? What was the 
state of the country ? 

NOTE. 

I. Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born at Delaware, Ohio, in 1822. 
He graduated at Kenyon College, in that State, and after taking his degree at 
the Harvard Law School, began to practice law at Fremont, Ohio. In 1849 he 
moved to Cincinnati, and soon had a flourishing practice. He was made major 
of the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteers in 1861, and served throughout the war. 
Gallant service in many of the hardest battles of the Army of the Potomac was 
rewarded by successive advances in rank, and at the close of the war Hayes was 
a brevet major-general. After the battle of Cedar Creek (^553), in which he 
took part, Hayes was notified of his election to Congress from the second dis- 
trict of Ohio. He resigned from the army in June, 1865, and the following De- 
cember took his seat in Congress. He was re-elected in 1866, but resigned his 
seat to accept the governorship of Ohio, which he held for two successive terms. 
In 1875 he received an unusual honor in his native State, being elected governor 
for the third time, He died January 17, 1893, at Fremont, Ohio. 



CHAPTER XLV. 



TWENTY-FOURTH TERM, A. D. 1881-1885. 



James A. Garfield, President. 



Chester A. Arthur, Vice-President, 




624. The Twentieth President. — Never did an ad 

ministration begin with brighter prospects than 

that which was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 

1881. The nation was at peace, and with the 

return of prosperity the bitterness that had 

sprung from civil war had passed away. 

/ President Garfield ^ represented all that is best 

in American Hfe, — not only in the self-reliant 

virtues that had raised him from poverty to the 

highest position in the land, but also in the in- 

and diligence that had made him one of the 

''most scholarly of all our statesmen," and the genial goodness 

and sincerity which won the confidence even of his poHtical 

opponents. After four busy months, a shot from a 
July 2, 1881. \^ . , , , . . 

vile assassin ended his active career, and thrilled the 

whole nation with grief and horror. Still there was an eighty- 
days' struggle for life, bravely and patiently borne ; but on Sep- 
tember 19, he died at Long Branch, in New Jersey. 



James A. Garfield. 

tellectual zeal 



625. The Twenty-first President. — Vice-President 
Arthur ^ took the oath of the chief magistracy, 
first in the city of New York, on the night of 
Mr. Garfield's death, and on the 
2 1 St of September in the capitol at 
Washington, in the presence of the Judges of 
the Supreme Court. He thus became the 
twenty-first President of the United States. 



A. D. i88i. 




Chester A. Arthu* 
(367) 



368 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

626. Centennial at Yorktown.— During the next month the one^ 
hundredth anniversary of Cornwallis's surrender (§§ 303-305) 
drew together a large and distinguished company at Yorktown, 
Virginia. Descendants of the French and German officers who 
served under Washington in the siege in 1781, were present by 
the invitation of Congress, (g§ 261, 269, 302, and notes,) and 
the celebration lasted from the 13th to the 19th of October. 
The final ceremony was a salute to the British flag, which af- 
forded a graceful and fitting close to the last memory of strife 
between the mother-land and her now powerful daughter. 

627. The series of centennial celebrations that recalled events 
of the Revolution (§ 609), ended with a commemoration at 
Newburgh, N. Y., of the disbanding of Washington's army 
(§307); and at New York, of the evacuation of the city by 
the British troops November 25, 1783 (§308). 

628. The Eed Cross Society.— In March, 1882, the President, 
authorized by the Senate, put his signature to the "Convention 
of Geneva," an agreement made some years before by the lead- 
ing nations of Europe to limit as far as possible the sufferings 
caused by war. It secures neutral rights to the wounded, and 
to all who are engaged in relieving them. The American Asso- 
ciation of the Red Cross, formed under this convention, also 
aims "to organize a system of national relief" for sufferings 
arising from "pestilence, famine, and other calamities." 

629. Various efforts were made to promote commercial inter- 
course with the Spanish-speaking countries to the southward. 
One of these was the completion, mainly by "American" cap- 
ital, of the "Mexican Central Railroad," over which trains now 
run in five days and nights from Chicago to the city of Mexico 
(§ 453)- ^^^ United States has a special interest in plans for 
connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by means of ship- 
canals. One across the Isthmus of Panama was begun in 1881 3 
by a French company. 



NEW ORLEANS EXPOSITION. 369 

630. A Full Treasury.— Owing to plentiful harvests and other 
causes, the revenues of the government for several years greatly 
exceeded its expenditures, and the national debt was rapidly 
diminished. The President's Message, December 4, 1883, rep- 
resented this rapid reduction of the debt as dangerous to the 
money market, and proposed that the revenues be lessened. 

631i Floods. — The breaking of ice-gorges, following upon a 
too general destruction of forests near the headwaters of many 
streams, caused, in the early months of 1883, and again in Feb- 
ruary, 1884, disastrous floods in the Mississippi, the Ohio, and 
other rivers. Cities were flooded, farm-buildings were swept 
away, and many thousands of people were rendered homeless. 

632. Elections.— The Republicans, in convention at Chicago, 
June, 1884, nominated James G. Blaine; the Democrats, the 
following month, in the same city, chose Grover Cleveland, 
then governor of the State of New York. The election on the 
4th of November resulted in a majority of 37 electoral votes 
for Grover Cleveland for President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, 
of Indiana, for Vice-President. 

633. The New Orleans Exposition.— On December 16, 1884, an 
International Exposition was opened in New Orleans. Being 
held nearer to the tropics than any previous World's Fair 
(§469), it was designed to be especially rich in the products of 
countries bordering on the Gulf. 

Questions. — How did Garfield's administration begin and end ? Who 
was the twenty-first President ? What was done at Yorktown ? How 
was the Geneva Convention followed in this country ? What calamities 
in 1883 and 1884 ? What was the result of the election of 1884 ? 

NOTES. 

I. James Abram Garfield (1831-1881), was of New England descent, and 
was born in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. He was but two years old when his father 
died, and at the age of twelve he began to aid in supporting the family, — first as 



370 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

a carpenter, then as a book-keeper, and afterwards as a boatman on the canal. 
But he desired a higher education, and secured it, although so poor that he was 
compelled to work mornings and evenings and Saturdays to pay his tuition. In 
1851 he became a student of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, since 
known as Hiram College. Here he fitted for the junior year of Williams Col- 
lege, where he graduated with high honors in 1856. He returned to Hiram as a 
teacher in 1857, and became Principal. In 1859 he was elected to the State 
Senate, and while serving as senator at Columbus was admitted to the bar. 
He entered the army as colonel of an Ohio regiment in the fall of 1861. After 
the battle of Chickamauga, in 1863, he was made a major-general, but having 
been elected to the National Congress, he resigned his commission, and took his 
seat in that body. He was re-elected to the successive Houses until January, 
1880, when he was raised to the Senate. 

2. Chester Alan Arthur (i83o-i886),was bom at Fairfield, Vermont, the 
son of a learned Irish clergyman. He entered Union College, Schenectady, 
N. Y., when only fifteen years of age, and, graduating in 1848, commenced the 
study of law. In 1853 he was admitted to the bar in the city of New York, and 
engaged in the contest against slaveholding interests which then agitated the 
nation. Mr. Arthur was a member of the Convention at Saratoga in 1856, 
which organized the Republican party, and in 1861 was called to the important 
post of Quartermaster-general for the State, in which office he proved his great 
energy and talent for organization. In 1871, he was appointed by President 
Grant to be Collector of the Port of New York, — one of the most lucrative offices 
in the gift of the government, — which he held until 1878. He died suddenly of 
apoplexy at his home in New York, November 18, 1886. 

3. Plans for connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by a canal through 
the narrow part of America were discussed early in the nineteenth century. 
In 1814 the Spanish Cortes authorized such a canal across the Isthmus of Te- 
huantepec, and in 1825 a company was formed in London for the purpose of 
making it. In 1850, a treaty between Great Britain and the United States, — the 
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, — engaged that neither of the two contracting parties 
should obtain exclusive control over any Nicaraguan canal, nor erect fortifications 
to control one, nor take advantage of any intimacy or alliance with any Central 
American power to obtain any preference in the control over such canal which 
the other power did not equally possess. This provision was abrogated, however, : 
by the treaty of 1901, which provides instead that any interoceanic ship canal 
built or controlled by the United States should be open to all nations on equal 
terms. In 1880 the United States of Colombia granted to a French company, 
under the presidency of Count de Lesseps, the right to make a canal across the 
Isthmus of Panama, and the engineers' work was begun in February, 1881. In 
1889, a company chartered in the United States commenced a canal by the longer 
but easier route including Lake Nicaragua and the San Juan River. The pas- 
sage to China and the East Indies, so diligently though vainly sought by Colum- 
bus and his followers (g§ 35, 42, 109), seems likely to be soon opened by human 
industry. See g 669. 




CHAPTER XLVL 

TWENTY-FIFTH TERM, A. D. 1885-1889. 
Grover Cleveland, President. Thos. A. Hendricks, Vice-President.' 

634. The Twenty-second President. — Indian affairs 
were among the first to claim attention from the 
new administration. White settlers had been 
attracted to the fertile Oklahoma country in 
that Indian Territory which the government 
had guaranteed (§406) to the red men for 
^ their perpetual and undisturbed possession. 

"^' ^^^"~~" Within ten days of his inauguration, Presi- 
Grover Cleveland. ^^^^ Cleveland^ issued a proclamation, warn- 
ing all white intruders to quit the territory, and a detachment 
of soldiers soon followed to see that the order was obeyed. 

635. About one third part of the Indian Territory had been 
bought again by the United States from the four civilized ^'na- 
tions " of Indians, for the sole purpose of providing homes for 
other friendly tribes ; but these lands were never open to white 
settlers. At the President's request, General Sheridan visited 
the Territory to learn the causes of disturbance. He found 
that cattle-owners had leased lands from the Indians, contrary 
to law, and that two railroad lines were claiming right of way 
through the Territory without the consent of the Indian legis- 
latures. By two proclamations the President ordered all ranch- 
men and cattle-companies to remove their property from the 
Territory, and to take down all the fences which they had 
erected on public lands. These orders were carried into effect. 

(37O 



372 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

636. Intervention in Foreign Affairs. — Many disorders were now 
occurring in Central America and the Isthmus. On March 31, 

1885, a body of insurgents against the Colombian government 
seized and burned Aspinwall, or Colon. By the President's 
order, 500 United States marines took possession of Panama to 
protect American lives and property, and secure the line of 
transportation across the Isthmus. As soon as order was re- 
stored, the city was given up to the Colombian authorities. 

637. live Imndred Chinese miners, in September, 1885, were 
attacked by "roughs" at Rock Springs, in Wyoming Territory, 
and fifty were killed. The rest were driven to the hills. Anti- 
Chinese riots occurred also in Washington Territory and in 
Oregon. Troops were then ordered out, and the government 
declared its intention to protect all orderly Chinese. 

638. Labor Questions. — The most important events of the time 
were connected with so-called "labor movements.^' In May, 

1886, many thousands of workmen ceased labor and marched 
through the streets of Chicago, demanding a reduction of 
working hours to eight in a day. Riots followed, and the 
police, while trying to restore order, were attacked with dyna- 
mite bombs. Six were killed and sixty-one wounded. The 
survivors then fired upon the mob and dispersed it, capturing 
several of the leaders. Four of these were hanged eighteen 
months later, after full and fair trial; two were imprisoned for 
life, and one executed his own punishment by suicide in prison. 
All but one were foreigners, and all avowed themselves An- 
archists, or foes to all government. 

639. Similar disturbances took place in many parts of the 
country. Street-cars in New York were stopped by a "strike"; 
bakers and brewers were deprived of their custom because they 
employed workmen who were not approved by their former 
hands. Men employed on the Missouri Pacific Railroad 
stopped work and seized the company's property in Missouri 
and Texas. Later, still larger combinations of railway men 



IMPORTANT LAWS. 373 

threatened the passage of freight between the East and the 
West, though it must be said that they were careful not to inter- 
rupt passenger trains. The "Knights of Labor," a powerful 
organization of workingmen, took an important part in the con- 
ferences between the companies and their men. Later came 
the American Federation of Labor, including nearly all the 
trades-unions, and an association of railway employes, which 
drew off many former " Knights," and so divided the field. 

640. Important Laws. — The death of Vice-President Hen- 
dricks ^ in November, 1885, drew attention to the need of a 
law, fixing the succession to the Presidency in case of Mr. 
Cleveland's death. Such a law passed both Houses of Con- 
gress, and received the President's signature in January, 1886. 
It provides that if ever the President and Vice-President 
should both die or be disabled from office, the Secretary of 
State shall become President, and be followed, in case of his 
death, by the other cabinet officers in their order. Another 
important 'law gave greater security to the counting of the 
electoral vote for President and Vice-President. The Interstate 
Commerce Law, in January, 1887, provided for the regulation 
of railway charges. 

641. A Pisheries Commission, appointed by the governments 
of Great Britain and the United States, met at Washington in 
November, 1887. Collisions had occurred between the fisher- 
men of New England and Canada, in the waters surrounding 
the British Provinces, and vessels from Gloucester, Mass., had 
even been seized by Canadian officers. A treaty was agreed 
upon, but failed to receive the approval of the Senate. 

642. Disasters. — Several terrific tempests passed over the West 
and South, wrecking many buildings and destroying lives. 
Charleston and Savannah were thus visited in August, 1885, 
and property to the amount of two millions was destroyed. 
Kansas City, Mo., and Xenia, O., suffered from hurricanes in 
May, 1886. But far more serious was the earthquake of Au- 



374 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

gust, 1886, felt over a great part of the country, but spending 
its greatest force upon Charleston, S. C. Houses were over- 
thrown and many human beings were buried in the ruins, while 
the death of unnumbered feeble and aged people was hastened 
by the shock. The next October a terrible gale visited Louis- 
iana and Texas. The town of Sabine Pass was demolished ; 
many human lives were destroyed and thousands of cattle 
swept away by the floods. January, 1888, was marked by a 
" blizzard," accompanied by arctic cold on the plains of Ne- 
braska, Minnesota, and the Dakotas. Probably a thousand 
lives were lost, among them those of many children, who, 
with their teachers, were surprised at school and perished while 
trying to reach their homes. Two months later the streets of 
New York and the neighboring cities were blocked by an 
almost equally violent snow-storm which extended over all the 
middle Adantic coast and far inland. 

643. Two Oentennials fell within the last two years of Mr. 
Cleveland's term. The first, — September 15-17, 1887, — com- 
pleted a hundred years from the adoption of the Constitution 
of the United States. It was celebrated in Philadelphia by 
orations, and by processions of soldiers and workingmen 
through gayly decorated streets. A century of trial had proved 
the wisdom of those men of 1787, who labored so well to es- 
tablish the new nation in principles of righteousness (§§314- 
318). The other Centennial commemorated the settlement, in 
1788, of the Ohio Valley, in consequence of the organization 
of the Northwest Territory. It was first celebrated at Marietta 
(§325), and afterwards at Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, 
and many other cities. A grand Exposition of the results of 
a century of progress was held four months at Cincinnati. 

644. The November elections, 1888, resulted in the choice of 
the Republican candidates: Benjamiii Harrison^ of Indiana, 
became President, and Levi P. Morton^ of New York, Vice- 
President, of the United States. 



NOTES. 375 

Questions. — How did the government intervene in Indian Territory, 
and why? What was done in Central America? How were: Chinese 
treated in Wyoming? What "labor-troubles" in Chicago and else- 
where? Who would be at the head of the government upon the death 
of both President and Vice-President ? What storms and other calamities 
during this term? What centenmals? Who were elected in 1888? 



NOTES. 

1. Grover Cleveland was bom at Caldwell, N. J., March 18, 1837. His 
father was a Presbyterian minister, and, during his son's early childhood, moved 
to the State of New York. Grover Cleveland studied law at Buffalo, N. Y., and 
at twenty-six years of age was elected Assistant District Attorney for Erie 
County, The manner in which he discharged his duties marked him as an able 
lawyer and a popular candidate for future political offices. As mayor of Buffalo 
he reformed many abuses. He broke up political rings, and demanded the 
proper use of the city funds and the proper discharge of all official duties. In 
this way he placed the administration of the city affairs on a sound business basis. 
His integrity, ability, and courage increased his popularity, and, in 1882, before 
his term of office as mayor had expired, he was nominated by the Democratic 
party for the governorship of the State of New York. He was elected by a 
majority of more than 190,000 votes, and he carried into his new office the same 
characteristics that distinguished him in the past. Cleveland's great popularity 
in his own State led to his nomination by the Democratic party for the Presi- 
dency in 1884. The electoral vote was very evenly balanced throughout the 
country, and it became apparent that the thirty-six electoral votes of New York 
would turn the scale. The close and exciting contest in that State was watched 
with intense interest by the whole nation. As President, Cleveland made a 
more vigorous use of his veto power than any chief magistrate before him, not 
even excepting Jackson. He died in 1 908. 

2. Thomas Andrews Hendricks was bom near Zanesville, Ohio, Septem- 
ber 7, 1819. Soon after this time the family moved to Indiana. After gradu- 
ating from college with high honors, he studied law and was admitted to the 
bar. But pohtics early claimed his attention, and in this field his progress was 
rapid and eventful. Mr. Hendricks was elected to a seat in the Indiana legis- 
lature when but twenty-eight years of age, and at various times filled the offices 
of Representative in Congress, Commissioner of the General Land Office, 
United States Senator, Governor of Indiana, and finally that of Vice-President 
of the United States. On the 25th of November, 1885, before Congress con- 
vened, Mr. Hendricks died very suddenly at his home in Indianapolis, of par- 
alysis of the heart. 




CHAPTER XLVII. 

TWENTY-SIXTH TERM, A. D. 1889-1893. 

Benjamin Harrison.i President. Levi P. Morton, Vice-President. 

645. The Twenty-third President. — During the 
month following his inauguration, President 
Plarrison announced that the lands of Okla- 
homa (§ 634) would be open for setdement at 
noon, April 22. There followed a wild rush 
from the north, east, and south, and never 
was a region so quickly filled. The towns 
of Guthrie and Oklahoma City sprang up in 
a day. The Territory was organized in May, 

Benjamin Harrison. ^g^^^ ^-^j^ Guthric aS itS Capital. 

646. Six new States were added to the Union within two years. 
Washington, Montana, and North and South Dakota were ad- 
mitted in 1889, Idaho and Wyoming in 1890. In the last- 
named State, women vote on the same conditions as men. 
Idaho permits no Mormon to vote or to hold public office. 

647. Centennial at New York. — A hundred years had now 
April 29— gone by since the inauguration of Washington to be 
May 1, 1889. the f^j-st President of the Federal Republic. Three 
days were devoted to a grand celebration, in the city and harbor 
of New York, of that great and happy event. 

648. A New Tariff, known from its promoter as the McKinley 
Bill, passed the Fifty-First Congress, and became a law October 
I, 1890. It admitted foreign sugar free from duties, but in- 
creased the rates on many other articles. 

(376) 



EVENTS OF I 889-1 893. 377 

An International Copyright Law was also passed after sixty 
years' struggle against conflicting interests, giving copyright 
protection to foreign authors of such nations as grant corre- 
sponding protection to American authors. 

The pension-list was extended to include all men who, after 
honorable service in the Civil War, should become incapable 
of self-support, whether injured in battle or not. 

649. Serious Disturbance arose in New Orleans from a secret 
society of Italians known as the Mafia. They defied the laws, 
and when their disorderly proceedings were punished by arrest, 
the Superintendent of Police was murdered. Twelve persons 
were arrested for complicity in this murder, but upon trial they 
were not convicted. As a result the whole community became 
enraged, and on March 14, 1891, the Parish Prison was broken 
open, and eleven Italians were summarily put to death. The 
grand jury called to consider the case, failed to indict any 
murderers. Some of the murdered men were still subjects of 
the King, who felt bound to protest against this case of mob 
law, and the Italian Minister at Washington was recalled to 
Italy for a time. The result to be hoped for from these 
strange occurrences is a stricter inquiry into the character of 
immigrants. 

650. Chilean Affairs. — During a civil war in Chile, a mob of 
Chileans attacked some sailors who had gone ashore at Val- 
paraiso from the United States cruiser, Baltimore. Two sailors 
were killed, and President Harrison demanded satisfaction. 
The new Chilean government made full apologies, and sent a 
large sum of money to the famiUes of the murdered men. 

651. Ballot Eeform. — The scandal arising from the money 
spent in elections made all good citizens desire some plan 
under which it should be impossible to buy or sell votes. The 
system in use in Australia seemed most fair; and most of our 
States have now adopted laws which have the main features of 
the Australian scheme. Ballots are printed at the public cost, 
and each man is alone when he prepares his vote. 



378 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

652. October, 1892, witnessed grand celebrations of the first 
landing of Columbus on American soil. All the great cities 
were filled with brilliant parades, military, naval, civic, or in- 
dustrial. Many thousand school children marched in gay pro- 
cessions. The main building of the "White City by the Lake" 
in Chicago was dedicated with impressive ceremonies. Con- 
gress had already voted large sums of money for a World's 
Columbian Exposition, to celebrate the completion of four cen-» 
turies since the great discovery (§§ 36-40). 

653. The Elections of November, 1892, resulted in victory to 
the Democratic Party, which gained not only the Executive, 
but a majority in both houses of Congress. Grover Cleveland, 
of New York, became President, and Adlai E. Stevenson, of 
Illinois, Vice-President. The new People's Party, which had 
grown out of the Farmers' Alliance in some of the great agri- 
cultural states, elected 27 out of the 444 Presidential electors. 

Questions. — How was Oklahoma settled ? What four States were ad- 
mitted in 1889? What two in 1890? Describe the Centennial in New 
York. What important measures were passed by the Fifty-first Congress? 
What occasioned the riots at New Orleans in the spring of 1891 ? To 
what extent did the Chilean war affect us? What changes have been 
made in ballot laws, and why? What were the chief events of 1892? 

Points for Essays. — New York in 1 789 and 1889. A story of Okla- 
homa. The Columbian Celebration. 

NOTE. 

I. Benjamin Harrison, grandson of the hero of Tippecanoe and the 
Thames (see g^ 368, 375. 383. 433. 434). was born at North Bend. Ohio, August 
20, 1833. His father, John Scott Harrison, was member of Congress. The son 
received a liberal education at Miami University, and studied law at Cincinnati. 
In 1854 he settled himself for the practice of law at Indianapolis. In i860 he 
became Reporter to the State Supreme Court, but two years later he entered the 
army as lieutenant of volunteers. He was afterwards called to the command 
of the 70th Indiana Regiment, and served until the end of the war, being 
brevetted Brigadier-General in January, 1865. He served on the Mississippi 
River Commission in 1878. and in 1880 was elected to the Senate of the United 
States. He died in 1901. 



CHAPTER XLVIII. 

TWENTY-SEVENTH TERM, A. D. 1893-1897. 
Grover Cleveland, President. Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice-President, 

654, The "World's Columbian Exposition (§652) was opened at 
Chicago on the first of May, 1893. All the nations of the earth 
were represented by specimens of their arts and industries. 
Natives of Greenland and Dahomey, of Java and Japan, were 
seen, side by side with Europeans, Canadians, and citizens 
of every State and Territory of the American Union. The 
buildings near the lagoon were marvels of beauty. The lat- 
est wonders of science were shown in the buildings assigned 
to Electricity, Machinery, and Transportation. The most im- 
proved methods in Education, and all the arts which contrib- 
ute to the health, comfort, and elevation of human life, were 
discussed in a series of Congresses. A chorus of more than 
12,000 school-children had part in the musical concerts which 
were among the delights of the Fair. 

655. Pifty-Third Congress. Extra Session. — Several causes — 
some of them of world-wide effect — brought about a money- 
crisis so severe in the summer of 1893, that the President 
called an extra session of Congress, to meet August 7. This 
Congress repealed part of a law passed in July, 1890, which 
required the Government to buy four and a half million ounces 
of silver every month. The regular session of Congress, which 
soon followed, passed the Wilson Tariff Bill, putting many raw 
materials on the free list, and lowering duties on others. During 
the months of uncertainty, anxiety and depression grew intense. 
Multitudes of banks, mills, and factories were closed ; hundreds 

(379) 



380 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of thousands of people were thrown out of employment. The 
loss to the country from suspension of business was estimated 
at one third of the cost of the Civil War. (See § 577.) 

656. An important " Cotton States and International Expo- 
sition" was held at Atlanta, Georgia, in 1895. A Convention 
at Salt Lake City framed a State Constitution for Utah on a 
basis of equal suffrage for men and women. Congress having 
voted its admission into the Union, Utah became the forty-fifth 
State [Jan., 1896], leaving only five territories, — Oklahoma, 
New Mexico, Arizona, Indian Territory, and Alaska. 

657. Election. — A. Republican Convention met at St. Louis in 
June, 1896, and nominated William McKinley of Ohio to be 
President, and Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey to be Vice- 
President. The two principal features of its platform were 
higher "protection" and the maintenance of the existing gold 
standard in money. A Democratic Convention meeting at 
Chicago, adopted a platform favoring free coinage of silver at a 
ratio of sixteen ounces of silver to one of gold, and nominating 
Wm. J. Bryan of Nebraska and Arthur Sewall of Maine as its 
candidates for President and Vice-President. A Populist Con- 
vention met later at St. Louis, and ratified the nomination of 
Bryan. The "National Democrats," dissatisfied with the princi- 
ples announced at Chicago, met later at Indianapolis and de- 
clared their adhesion to a single gold standard, and against high 
protective duties. Senator Palmer of Illinois was their candi- 
date for President, and General Buckner of Kentucky for Vice- 
President. The campaign turned therefore upon questions of 
tariff and the money-standard. It resulted in the election of 
McKinley and Hobart. 

Questiotis. — What was the great event of 1893 ? What important 
subjects were discussed by the Fifty-Third Congress? What industrial 
troubles in 1893 and 1894? What were the chief occurrences of 1895-6? 
Who were elected in 1896 ? 

Hints for Essays. — A Story of Hard Times. An Interview with Co- 
lumbus. 



CHAPTER XLIX. 



TWENTY-EIGHTH AND TWENTY-NINTH TERMS, A. D. 1897-I905. 

William McKinley,x President. ^^^^^'^ A. Hobart, "> ^iV.- 

Theodore Roosevelt, 2 f Presidents, 

658. Domestic Affairs. — Two days after his inauguration, Presi- 
dent McKinley called an extra session of Congress to meet on 
March 15, 1897. A new Tariff 
Bill was promptly reported by Mr. 
Dingley of Maine, Chairman of the 
Ways and Means Committee of the 
House of Representatives. Its ob- 
ject was to provide a larger revenue 
for the government, and at the same 
time to give greater " protection '' 
to the industries of the country, in- 
cluding farming. To this end, 
duties were laid on raw wool and on 
lumber, and those on sugar werej 
largely increased. The bill was 
passed and signed by the President, 
July 24, 1897. 

Several cities and districts lying on Long and Staten islands 
and along the Hudson River were united under one charter 
with New York in 1898. New York thus became second only 
to Greater London among the great cities of the world, and 
Brooklyn, which was fourth in population of the cities of the 
United States, became '^ Brooklyn Borough" of a metropolis 
numbering more than three millions of people. 

u. s H-23. (381) 




William McKinley. 



382 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

659. War with Spain.— The rich island of Cuba suffered much 
under the rule of Spain, and made many efforts to be free. Her 
last rebellion began in 1895, and though 200,000 Spanish sol- 
diers were sent to subdue it, three years of cruel war failed to 
restore order. Our government warned Spain that the struggle 
could not go on forever. Our citizens had millions of dollars 
invested in Cuban plantations and in a trade that was being 
ruined by the devastation of the island. Moreover, we were 
shocked by the treatment of the reconcentrados, harmless country 
people who had been driven from their homes to starve in fever- 
stricken camps near the towns. 

On the night of Feb. 15, 1898, our battle-ship Maine was 
blown up in Havana harbor with a loss of 260 men. After 
that, our President tried in vain to bring about a peaceable 
settlement of affairs. Congress passed a resolution, demanding 
the immediate withdrawal of Spanish forces, and war began 
April 21. 

Although the independence of Cuba was the immediate object 
of the war, the first blow was struck on the opposite side of the 
globe, in the Spanish colony of the Philippines. There, in 
Manila Bay, May i. Commodore Dewey's squadron completely 
destroyed a Spanish fleet. And there in August, the city of 
Manila was captured by the combined movements of Dewey's 
ships and a United States army which had been transported 
across the Pacific. 

The other battles of the war were fought in the West Indies. 
The Spanish Admiral Cervera took refuge with his squadron 
in the fortified harbor of Santiago de Cuba, where he was block- 
aded by our ships under Rear-Admiral Sampson and Commo- 
dore Schley. To make the blockade complete, Lieut. R. P. 
Hobson sank the collier Merrimac at the narrowest point in 
the entrance to the harbor. This was done at night in a storm 
of shot and shell from the forts. Hobson and his comrades 
gave themselves up as prisoners of war, but they were soon 
exchanged. Gen. Shafter landed a force of 18,000 men, and 




OSS) 



384 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

by hard fighting took and held the outer defenses of Santiago, 
July I, 2. Cervera's fleet, in trying to escape from the harbor, 
was attacked by our fleet and all his vessels were stranded or 
sunk. Santiago was surrendered, July 14, together with the 
eastern end of Cuba and an army of 22,000 men. The island 
of Porto Rico was occupied by Gen. Miles with little fighting, 
most of its people being glad of a change of government. 

660. The Treaty of Peace.— On August 12, preliminaries of 
peace were signed at Washington, and in October five American 
and five Spanish commissioners met at Paris to complete the 
work. After ten weeks' discussion, a treaty was signed, Decem- 
ber 10, by which Spain gave up all her claims to Cuba, and 
ceded Porto Rico and the Philippines to the United States, 
receiving in turn, $20,000,000. Some of the inhabitants of the 
Philippines, who had previously rebelled against Spanish rule, 
began in February, 1899, a war against the authority of the 
United States. 

The new Republic of Hawaii desired from its beginning to be 
under the protection of our flag. By a joint resolution of Con- 
gress in July, 1898, it was annexed to the United States, and in 
1900 it was made a Territory. 

661. The Gold Standard. — In March, xgoo, Congress enacted 
a law that the United States notes or greenbacks shall be paid 
in gold, at the same time setting aside a large reserve of gold 
money to meet such payments. The notes thus redeemed are 
issued again. The law also provides that most of the national 
bonds shall be paid in gold, and makes it the duty of the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury to keep all our money equal to gold in value. 

662. The government pursued its efforts to restore order and 
prosperity in its new possessions and dependencies. Free 
schools were multiplied in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philip- 
pines. Some American colleges offered free scholarships to 
young Cubans, and in July, 1900, fourteen hundred Cuban 
teachers arrived on government transports at Boston, to spend 
six weeks in the Harvard Summer School at Cambridge. They 



DISORDERS IN CHINA. 385 

were the guests of Harvard University, and gained many ideas 
of studies and methods for the benefit of their Cuban pupils. 
Our miUtary government of Cuba came to an end May 20, 
1902, when the Cuban republic was proclaimed. 

663. Meanwhile, armed resistance continued in the Philip- 
pines. In March, 1900, the President appointed a commission 
of five men, headed by Judge William H. Taft, to reside in the 
islands, give them as soon as possible the institutions of peace- 
ful civil life, and guide them in the direction of self-government. 

664. Disorders in China, involving the lives and property of 
many Americans, made it necessary for our military and naval 
forces to join those of Great Britain, Germany, France, Russia, 
and Japan in the harbor of Taku near Pekin in May, 1900. 
The Boxers, a Chinese society that had engaged in killing for- 
eigners and native Christians, were encouraged by the Empress 
Dowager and Prince Tuan, father of the heir-apparent, though 
opposed by several powerful viceroys in the south. The forts 
at Taku, refusing to surrender, were bombarded and taken by 
the European fleets. The German ambassador was murdered 
by a mob in a street of Pekin. Our embassy and hundreds of 
foreigners took refuge in the British Legation, where they were 
besieged eight weeks until relieved by an army of the allies 
which had marched from Tientsin. Our troops had their full 
share in the rescue of the besieged, but not in the bombard- 
ment of the forts at Taku ; because our government had no war 
against the Chinese Empire, but desires its preservation, if 
rioters shall be restrained or punished, and an "open door" to 
the commerce of all nations be maintained. 

665. The Election in November, 1900, resulted in a second 
term of office for President William McKinley, with Theodore 
Roosevelt of New York as Vice-President. 

666. Death of the President. — The second inauguration of 
President McKinley took place March 4, 1901; but he served 
less than seven months of his second term. A great fair — the 



386 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Pan-American Exposition — was held at Buffalo, New York, 
in the summer and autumn of this year, and there President 
McKinley delivered an address, September 5th. The next day, 
while holding a public reception in one of the exposition 
buildings, shaking hands with all who chose to meet him, he 
was treacherously shot by a young anarchist. For a few days 
it was hoped that he would recover; but on September 14th he 
died from his wound. The same day Vice-President Roosevelt 
took the presidential oath, and became the twenty-sixth President 
of the United States. 

667. A Great Strike in the anthracite coal fields in the summer 
and fall of 1902 was of especial importance for two reasons. It 
caused a shortage in the coal supply of many cities, and there- 
fore much inconvenience and distress; and 
it was ended in a new way — namely, by the 
influence of the President. At his sugges- 
tion, the striking miners and the mine own- 
ers submitted their disputes to the arbitration 
of a commission appointed by him, and 
meanwhile work was resumed. The com- 
mission listened for weeks to the evidence 
and arguments presented by each side, and 

Theodore Roosevelt. -^^ dccision Settled the various points of dis- 
pute, some in favor of each side, in substantial justice to both. 

668. A dispute over the boundary of southern Alaska was 
decided in 1903 by the arbitration of a tribunal appointed under 
the terms of a special treaty with Great Britain. The dispute 
turned on the meaning of a treaty between Russia (§ 591) 
and Great Britain, establishing the boundary. The chief point at 
issue was whether Alaska should have a continuous strip of 
mainland or whether the line should cut across certain bays and 
inlets so as to give Canada some seaports there. The decision 
was in favor of the United States. 

669. The Isthmian Oanal. The French Panama Canal Com- 
pany (§ 629) failed after spending many millions of dollars. A 




THE ISTHMIAN CANAL. ^S/ 

commission of United States engineers made a careful examina- 
tion of the Panama and Nicaragua routes, and estimated the 
cost of constructing each canal. The owners of the unfinished 
Panama canal having offered to sell for $40,000,000, Congress 
passed an act in 1902 authorizing the President to buy and 
complete it ; or to construct the Nicaragua canal in case good 
title and control of the Panama route could not be obtained. 
In accordance with this act a treaty was negotiated with Colom- 
bia, by which the control of a six-mile strip across the Isthmus 
of Panama was to be secured for $10,000,000 and an annual 
rental of $250,000. But the Colombian Congress rejected the 
treaty, and then the Colombian province of Panama seceded and 
declared its independence, November 3, 1903. The Panama 
Republic was quickly recognized by the United States and later 
by other nations, and a treaty was negotiated with the new gov- 
ernment of Panama for the control of a ten-mile strip on terms 
similar to those of the rejected Colombian treaty. 

670. Election. In 1904 Theodore Roosevelt was the Re- 
publican candidate for President with Charles W. Fairbanks of 
Indiana for Vice-President. The Democrats nominated Judge 
Alton B. Parker of New York on a platform which attacked the 
administration of Roosevelt but was silent on the money ques- 
tion. The issue turned chiefly on Roosevelt's record, and the 
Republican candidates were elected by a large majority. 

Questions. — What was the purpose of the tariff bill of 1897? What is 
the Greater New York? Tell the story of the war with Spain. What 
have been its results? Describe the other events of McKinley's adminis- 
tration. How did it come to an end ? Tell about the Isthmian Canal. 
Describe the other events of Roosevelt' s first administration. 

NOTES. 

I. William McKinley (1843-1901) was born in Niles, Trumbull Co., Ohio. 
When he was two years old his parents removed to Poland in the Western 
Reserve (^§ 134, 299), that they might find good schools for their seven children. 
As WiUiam grew up he was a diligent student, and at 17 taught a district school 
in a village near Poland. The Civil War in 1861 interrupted his plans for 
college, and he enlisted in the 23d Ohio Regiment, under Rosecrans as Colonel 



388 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and R. B. Hayes as Major. He distinguished himself by such able service that 
he was urged at the end of the war to take a place in the regular army. He 
chose, however, the pursuits of peace and studied law with Judge Glidden of 
Poland, so successfully that he was Prosecuting Attorney for his county at the 
age of 26. In 1876 he was elected to Congress, and for fourteen years busied 
himself with questions relating to tariff, taxation, and industrial conditions of 
the country. In 1881 he became chairman of the Ways and Means Committee 
and later was a chief promoter of the bill which bears his name (§ 648). He was 
Governor of Ohio from 1891 to 1895. 

2. Theodore Roosevelt was bom in the city of New York, October 27, 
1858; graduated from Harvard College 1880; and was a member of the New 
York Legislature 1882-1884. He was National Civil Service Commissioner, 
1889-189S, and President of the New York Police Board, 1895-1897, where he did 
excellent work in the enforcement of laws. He was Assistant Secretary of the 
Navy, 1897-1898, but resigned at the beginning of the war with Spain, to organ- 
ize, with Col. (now Gen.) Leonard Wood, the first U. S. Cavalry Volunteers, 
commonly called " Roosevelt's Rough Riders." Of this regiment he was at first 
Lieutenant Colonel, but afterward for gallantry in action was promoted to be 
Colonel. He was Governor of New York 1898-1900. On becoming Presi- 
dent, he made no changes in the lines of policy established by his predecessor, 
but his great personal energy was felt in efforts to bring about a better undei'= 
standing between rival interests in the industrial concerns of the country. 



CHAPTER L. 

THIRTIETH TERM, A. D. I905-I9O9. 

Theodore Roosevelt, President Charles W. Fairbanks, Vice-President. 

671. The Peace Conference at Portsmoutli, N. H. (August, Sep 
tember, 1905) ended a destructive war between Russia and Japan. > 
This conclusion was brought about by the good offices of President 
Roosevelt, who invited the warring Powers to send representa- 
tives to America, fully to discuss the points in dispute and agree 
upon a settlement that should be just to all. The invitation was 
accepted, and each Emperor sent two able men with power to 
make a treaty of peace. The meetings were held at the United 
States Navy Yard near Portsmouth, where for nearly a month 
the envoys labored to reconcile conflicting claims. At length, 
with the consent of both imperial governments, the treaty was 
signed, September 5, 1905. 

672. Acts of Congress, 1906. — Several States had adopted laws 
to prevent frauds by manufacturers of foods and drugs, through 
adulteration, misleading labels, and the use of harmful preserva- 
tives. In 1906 Congress forbade the importation or transporta- 
tion from one State to another of adulterated or misbranded foods, 
drugs, and liquors. It also provided for the efficient inspection 
of meat-packing establishments, the products of which enter into 
interstate or foreign commerce. Another act enlarged and ex- 
tended the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission, 
created in 1887, over interstate railroads, express companies, 
sleeping-car companies, etc. 

Another act provided for the admission of a forty-sixth State. 
Oklahoma and Indian Territory, having accepted by a large 

(389) 



390 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

vote the constitution prepared by their joint convention at 
Guthrie, were proclaimed by the President, Nov. i6, 1907, to 
be admitted to the Union as the new State of Oklahoma. 

673. Money Matters claimed the greatest share of attention 
during Roosevelt's second term. Danger was apprehended from 
the great accumulations of capital known as ''trusts," and in one 
year, 1907, the federal Government brought 34 suits against such 
companies, under the Interstate Commerce Laws, for ''acts in 
restraint of trade. ' ' Most important of all was the prosecution 
of the Standard Oil Company for having obtained rebates from 
various railroads, thus throwing unjust burdens on smaller dealers. 
It was found guilty, and sentenced to a penalty of $29,240,000, 
the heaviest fine ever imposed under American law. But the 
case was appealed, and a new trial resulted in acquittal. 

Meanwhile, unsettled conditions culminated in a financial 
panic, beginning in New York in October, 1907, which threw 
hundreds of thousands of men out of work and caused untold 
suffering for many months. 

674. Yictories of Science and Industry were seen in great works 
like the subways of New York and the tunnels under Hudson and 
East Rivers, by which trains are run from New Jersey to Long 
Island below the surface of land and water. Wireless tele- 
graphy, already an accomplished fact, through the labors of 
Marconi and others, was first established as a regular commer- 

/cial service between America and Europe in October, 1907. 

675. A fleet of sixteen United States battle ships and ten 
smaller vessels, carrying 15,000 men, left Hampton Roads, Va., 
Dec. 16, 1907, for a cruise around the world. After visiting 
ports in South America, Mexico, California, Hawaii, New Zea- 
land and Australia, the Philippines, Japan, China, and Ceylon, 
they returned by way of the Red Sea and Suez Canal, complet- 
ing their tour in a little more than a year. 



GOVERNORS CONFERENCE. 39I 

676. The Greatest Event of the Roosevelt administrations, 
measured by the end sought and the probable results, was the 
meeting at Washington, in May, 1908, of the governors of nearly 
all the States and Territories to find means for conserving the 
natural wealth of the nation, especially its forests. A commis- 
sion of 57 men was appointed to further the same object, and a 
second conference was held in November. It was then decided to 
hold an international conference in February, 1909, in which the 
governments of Canada and Mexico were invited to take part. 
This North American Conference, having considered the immense 
importance of the interests involved, advised the President to 
call for a World Conference looking to a general effort toward 
the wise guardianship of the resources provided by Nature for 
the food and industries of man. The Queen of the Netherlands 
concurring, the governments of 45 nations were in fact invited 
to send delegates to the Hague at some time afterward to be 
agreed upon. The reason was thus stated: "The peoples of 
to-day hold the earth in trust for the peoples to come after 
them." To study the conservation of our national resources, 
congresses have been held at Seattle, at St. Paul, and at Kan- 
sas City. 

677. Having aided the Island of Cuba to become free from 
Spanish dominion (§659), our government continued its good 
offices in promoting order, peace, and health, until, in 1902, 
an independent republic was organized under President Palma. 
But the new republic was weak, and soon became the victim of 
revolutionary plots. Palma begged the United States to inter- 
vene again for its protection (1906), and William H. Taft, then 
Secretary of War, and Robert Bacon, Acting Secretary of State, 
were sent from Washington as commissioners to establish a Pro- 
visional Government, which was to last only ' ' long enough to 
restore order, peace, and public confidence," and to hold new 
elections. The Cubans were governed under their own flag and 



392 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

by their own laws for two and a half years, no changes being 
made excepting such as were needed to make the administration 
of government simpler and more secure. These ends having | 

been accomplished, the American officers and soldiers were ! 

withdrawn from the island, early in 1909. 

678. In the election of 1908 the Republican candidate, 
William H. Taft, was chosen to be President, and James S. 
Sherman of New York, Vice-President. The Democratic candi- 
date for President was, for the third time, William J. Bryan. 

! 
Questions. — What was done by the Conference at Portsmouth ? Name sev- j 

eral acts of Congress of 1906. What new State was admitted? Name some 
financial occurrences in 1 907. Trace on a globe, or maps, the cruise of the 
battle ships in 1907- 1909. What was the purpose of the Governors' Confer- 
ence? What was done by the Provisional Government of Cuba ( 1 906- 1 909)? 
Who was elected President in 1908? 



CHAPTER LI. 



THIRTY-FIRST TERM, A. D. I909-I913. 



William H. Taft, ^ Fresident. 



James S, Sherman, Vice-President. 




679. The discovery of Lake Champlain (§52), three hun- 
dred years before, was commemorated in July, 1909, at Ticon- 
deroga, N. Y., President Taft and the French and British 
ambassadors to our government being 
present. In the following September 
the Hudson-Fulton celebration in New 
York harbor was a brilliant testimonial 
both to Henry Hudson (§109 and Note), 
who discovered the great river in 1609, 
and to Robert Fulton (§362 and Note), 
whose zeal and perseverance led to its 
navigation by steam in 1807. Copies of 
Hudson's Dutch ship, the quaint little wuuam h. Ta/t. 

Half Moon, and of Fulton's first steamboat, the Clermo7it, led a 
gala procession, in which floated flags of nearly all civilized 
nations, from New York to Albany. The President's autumnal 
tour (wSept.-Nov. 1909) of 13,000 miles through the West and 
South, was attended by several remarkable incidents. He pre- 
sided at the opening, September 23, of the great Gunnison 
Tunnel in western Colorado, one of the most wonderful works 
by which the United States Reclamation Service 2 is carrying the 
waters of the ''Continental Divide" to lands hitherto uninhabit- 
able by man. Later he was present at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific 
Exposition at Seattle; and on October 16 he met President Diaz 
of Mexico at the frontier towns of El Paso and Juarez. After- 
ward he visited New Orleans. 

(393) 



394 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

680. Important Laws, After his inauguration, March 4, 
1909, Mr. Taft called an extra session of Congress which met 
on March 15. The President's message urged a prompt revision 
of our duties on foreign goods, to the lowering of which his 
party was already pledged. The new bill was introduced into 
the House by Representative Payne of New York, and after- 
wards into the Senate by Senator Aldrich of Rhode Island; hence 
it was known as the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. Having passed the 
House and the Senate with some amendments, it was signed by 
the President, August 5, 1909. This Congress also proposed an 
amendment to the Constitution, giving Congress full power to levy 
an income tax. It was in 1909, also, that our War Department 
purchased its first aeroplane, or flying machine, for use in the 
Signal Corps. ^ The following year an enabling act was passed 
for the admission of New Mexico and Arizona, which became 
the forty-seventh and forty-eighth States early in 191 2. In 
191 2 Congress proposed an amendment to the Constitution, 
providing for the election of senators (§317) by popular vote. 

Questions. — What famous events were commemorated in 1909? What 
tariff law was enacted that year? What new States were admitted in 1 91 2? 



NOTES. 

I. W^iLLiAM Howard Taft was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1857; was 
graduated from Yale University, 1878, and from the Cincinnati College Law 
School, 1880. For the next two years he was Public Prosecutor of Hamilton 
County, Ohio, and later Collector of Internal Revenue. He was Judge of 
the Superior Court of Ohio, 1 887- 1 890; Solicitor General of the United States 
1 890- 1 892; and Judge of the United States Circuit Court until 1900. He 
then became Chairman of the Board of Commissioners appointed by President 
McKinley to establish a civil government in the Philippines, and was himself 
the first American Governor of the islands. He entered President Roosevelt's 
Cabinet as Secretary of War, 1904, and rendered important service both in 
Cuba and on the Isthmus of Panama. 



NOTES. 



395 



2. "On June 17, 1902, Congress enacted a law known as the National 
Reclamation Act. Briefly, this act provided that the money received from 
the sales of public lands in fourteen arid states and two territories should be 
used as a reclamation fund for the construction of the works necessary to 
irrigate arid lands in those states and territories. By wise provisions in the 
law this fund was made revolving. As soon as any work is completed the 
owners of land benefited must begin to return the cost thereof, payments 
being made in ten annual installments without interest. The money so 
returned can be used over and over again in the construction of other works. 
To eliminate speculation and to put a stop to the greedy acquisition of large 
areas, it was further provided that no man could own more than 160 acres 
under any of these works, and such owner must actually reside upon and 
cultivate his land. The area reclaimed will each year increase the value of 
farm crops by ^^60,000,000; it will add ^^232,000,000 to the taxable property 
of the people; it will furnish homes for 80,000 families on farms and in vil- 
lages and towns. The twenty-five projects upon which the government is 
now engaged, when developed to their full extent, will add 3,198,000 acres 
to the crop-producing area of the United States." — National Geographical 
Magazine, April, 1907. 

3. The Conquest of the Air has been a notable achievement of the 
last few years. The first "man-flight" on record was made by the Wright 
brothers of Dayton, Ohio, in December, 1 903. Their machine was a biplane 
heavier than air, and managed by levers. It remained only 59 seconds in 
the air and moved one sixth of a mile. After this experiment, rapid progress 
was made in construction and control. Flights of several hundred miles 
have been made, and heights of more than 10,000 feet have been reached. 
European nations are perhaps more interested in "dirigible air-ships" of 
greater size than aeroplanes and raised by gases lighter than air. They are 
supposed to be capable of greater use in war. 



CHAPTER LII. 

PROGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC. 




^^jLiiC" 



The Smithsonian Institution. 



681. Territory. — In but little more than a hundred years the 
United States has grown from a string of feeble colonies on 
the Atlantic coast to be one of the greatest nations on earth. 
Reaching from ocean to ocean, it covers three and a half 

(397) 



398 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

millions of square miles, mainly in the zone where men are 
strongest and most active. The summer sun never sets upon 
its whole extent; for to-morrow will have dawned upon the 
forests of Maine before to-day has left the most western islands 
of Alaska. Instead of thirteen States, we have now forty-eight. 
The vast region west of the Mississippi, nearly unknown a hun- 
dred years ago, has been not only explored, but in great 
measure settled, and divided into States. 

682. Population. — The first census, in 1790, numbered fewer 
than four millions of people : now there are about one hundred 
millions. And yet a large part of the country is still public 
land, at the disposal of Congress and the President. This in- 
cludes many mountainous and desert tracts, unfit for farming; 
but there is still fertile land enough, untouched by the plow, 
to yield food for many millions of human beings. The gov- 
ernment freely gives a homestead to any man who will live 
upon the land and cultivate it, or who has planted five or ten 
acres with trees. 

683. Highways and Eailroads. — A hundred years ago, roads 
were few and rough (§211); long journeys had often to be 
made on horseback; rivers were commonly passed by swim- 
ming, or at best by fords. Now, good roads cross the country 
in every direction, rivers are bridged, and even high mountain 
places are easily reached. In the year 1830 there were 23 
miles of railroad in the United States. Now there are about ' 
250,000 miles. The ''Central and Union Pacific," which 
was a wonder of the world in 1869 (§ 594), is now only one of 
several direct lines across the continent within the limits of the 
United States. The journey which consumed weary months in 
1849, can now be made with perfect comfort in six days and 
nights. Among great works that have made travel easier is the 
Hoosac Tunnel, nearly five miles long, through a mountain in 
Massachusetts. It was opened in 1873. The Brooklyn Bridge, 
across the western inlet to Long Island Sound, was completed 



MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 399 

in 1883, making a new and perfect avenue between the great 
cities of New York and Brooklyn. For some years it was the 
longest suspension bridge in the world. 

684. Means of Oommunication. — The magnetic telegraph, un- 
known in 1840, now uses wire enough in its public lines in the 
United States to extend sixty times around the globe. The 
lines belonging to railway and other companies, and to private 
persons, may double the amount. Through the telephone, 
spoken words are heard to a great distance by means of elec- 
trified wire. Its lines measure already more than 5,000,000 
miles. A still later invention is the phonograph, which keeps 
the impression of spoken words, and gives them out again after 
any length of time — bridging centuries, perhaps, with living 
voices. The growth of the postal service from colonial days 
to ours (§151) is not less remarkable than these late inventions. 
A postal card or a newspaper can be sent from Maine to Ore- 
gon for one cent, and a letter for two cents, in scarcely more 
than a week. 

685. By many inventions life is made easier. Work is done 
with less wear of human muscles, and instead of spending their 
whole strength in merely earning their daily bread, men are 
free to raise themselves, if they will, to a more intelligent and 
happier life. Farmers' work, in many places, is wholly differ- 
ent from that of colonial times. The ground is opened and 
"cultivated," the seed is sown or planted, and the harvests are 
reaped, threshed, and winnowed, — all by machinery. The 
great mineral wealth of the Pacific States has called for the in- 
vention of improved processes in mining. Some of the finest 
machinery in the world is used in our flour mills and cotton 
factories. 

686. Manufactures. — American cotton mills and the full adop- 
tion of the Federal Constitution date from the same year. In 
1789 Samuel Slater, a pupil of Arkwright (§348), came to this 
country and established the first nijll for spinning cotton yarn at 



400 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Pawtucket, in Rhode Island. England did not then allow the 
export of machinery, nor even of plans, so that Slater had to 
set up his wheels and spindles chiefly from memory and with 
his own hands. His "Old Mill" still exists. In 1812 Francis 
Lowell, in like manner, partly invented and set up a power- 
loom at Waltham, in Massachusetts. He carried on all the 
processes which convert raw cotton into finished cloth in one 
establishment, — the first of its kind in the world. Before that 
time two thirds of all the cotton cloth used in America was 
woven in private houses. The cotton manufacture has grown 
from those humble beginnings until flourishing cities like Lowell 
and Lawrence, Fall River, Manchester, and Litde Falls, have 
been built up by this important industry. 

687. Paper-making has advanced equally in amount and far 
more in quality. If we compare the Continental paper money 
with the National bank-note currency of the present day, we 
see progress both in the manufacture of material and in the 
art of engraving. Millions of bales of rags are imported every 
year to the paper-factories of Massachusetts, and fine note- 
paper is sent to Europe in return. Many new materials, such 
as wood-fiber, straw, jute, and manilla, are used as well as rags. 
Great rafts of logs are constantly floated down the Connecticut 
and Kennebec rivers to be ground into pulp and so converted 
into paper, 

688. The sewing-machine is due mainly to the perseverance of 
an American, Elias Howe, who in 1846 received a patent for 
the first really successful instrument of the kind. Singer, Wil- 
son, Grover, and many others have invented improvements; 
but of the minions of machines made in the United States, 
every one has been indebted to Howe for the essential feature 
of the eye near the point of the needle. Germany and Russia, 
as well as many other countries, use American sewing-machines. 

689. The inventive genius which the subduing of a great, 
wild continent first called into action, has found new fields in 



SANITARY SCIENCE. 40I 

all parts of the world. The soil of South Africa, Australia, and 
Japan is turned by American plows, and their harvests are gath- 
ered by American mowers and reapers ; fires in European cities 
are put out by American steam fire-engines; American palace- 
cars roll over European railways; and American steamboats 
ply on the Rhine, the Danube, and the Bosporus. Great Lon- 
don newspapers are printed on the press invented by Richard 
Hoe of New York. 

690. Illumination. — In many things which have added to the 
ease and comfort of life, America only shares the general 
progress of the age. The streets of cities which were once 
made passable at night only by the glimmer of whale-oil lamps, 
now blaze with gas; while in many places gas is out of date, 
and the brightness of day is produced by electric lights. 

691. Sanitary Science. — The laws of health are more studied 
than ever before. No large town is without its supply of water, 
the purest that can be obtained from rivers or lakes, or even, in 
some regions, from artesian wells. Americans have always 
been prompt in applying sanitary science to home-life, and in 
all sorts of efforts to lessen the suffering and danger of the 
weak and helpless. Among these efforts are societies for the 
protection of children, for the prevention of cruelty to animals, 
etc. We live in a more humane age than our 
fathers. Medical science has learned to sus- 
pend the consciousness of a patient while 
operations, otherwise painful, are performed; 
and so an amount of suffering that no one 
can measure has been prevented. 

692. The progress of science has been aided 
by new or greatly improved instruments. The 
microscope has opened the way to discoveries in Louis Agassiz. 
botany, physiology, and the nature of diseases. Some of the 
grandest telescopes in the world have been made by Alvah 
Clark, of Cambridge, Mass. The spectroscope has told us 




402 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

what the sun and stars are made of. Photography, though 
scarcely forty years old, serves many useful purposes in science 
as well as the arts. Americans have always had their share in 
the advancement of science (§§205, 206). Count Rumford, a 
native of Concord, N. H., first discovered the mechanical 
equivalent of heat, and so led the way to the most important 
discoveries in physics. On the other hand, the peace and 
freedom to be enjoyed in this country have drawn to our shores 
some of the most learned and cultured men of Europe. Such 
were Louis Agassiz, the Swiss naturalist ; Arnold Guyot ; Fran- 
cis Lieber of Columbia College, New York, and many others. 
The Federal government has made liberal grants in aid of 
voyages and researches in the interest of science. The Smith- 
sonian Institution (see engraving at the head of this chapter) 
uses for the same ends the income derived from the bequest 
of James Smithson, the son of an English Duke of North- 
umberland. Dying at Genoa, in 1829, this gendeman — though 
he had never been in America — bequeathed his whole fortune 
to the government of the United States, to found at Washing- 
ton an institution ' ' for the increase and diffusion of knowledge 
among men." The Institution began its work in 1846 with a 
yearly income of $40,000. 

693. American literature has shared and aided the general 
progress. Among essayists, Emerson, Whipple, Dana, and 
Stedman ; among historians, Bancroft, Prescott, 
Irving, Kirk, Motley, and Parkman; among 
poets, Bryant, Longfellow, Whittier, Lowell, 
and Aldrich; among novelists, Cooper, Haw- 
thorne, James, Howells, Mrs. Stowe, and Miss 
Woolson, are known and admired beyond the 
,^^. limits of their own country. Besides, we have 
('/ had men of both thought and action, who 
y/^ have told the story of their own great deeds. 
Such were some of the chief officers in the Civil 
M^'G-^^^-^^^-^r- y^siv, while Kane's, Hayes's, Danenhower's, 




EDUCATION AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 403 

DeLong's, 'and Greely's records of winters passed in the icy- 
regions of the arctic zone, and Stanley's stories of exploration 
in Central Africa, are brilliant additions to the literature of 
voyages and travels. 

694. Education. — The same zeal for knowledge which moved the 
first colonists in their poverty to establish schools for their children, 
has occasioned rich provision in our times for institutions of 
learning. Instead of the seven colleges of Revolutionary days, 
we now have about five hundred colleges and 
universities, though Harvard, Yale, and other 
colonial colleges have never lost their high rank, 
but have been enriched by new and generous 
endowments. Johns Hopkins University in Bal- 
timore is distinguished by its original work in 
History and Political Economy. The Univer- ••^P'^^^W / 
sity of Michigan at Ann Arbor takes the lead 
among younger institutions, not only in its 
number of students, but in the liberal policy 

which has controlled it from the beginning. Young women are 
admitted to all its lectures and examinations. For the higher 
education of women exclusively, Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, and 
Bryn Mawr colleges, and many others, have been established 
by private generosity. Cornell University, at Ithaca, N. Y. , is 
open equally to young men and women, and so liberally en- 
dowed that its course is within reach of all. Barnard College 
in New York secures to young women some of the benefits 
arising from the rich endowment of Columbia (§201). Radcliffe 
College in Cambridge bears a similar relation to Harvard. 

695. Public Schools. — There is not a State nor an organized 
Territory without its system of public schools. More than fif- 
teen millions of children are named on the roll-books of these 
schools, and the yearly cost of their education is about three 
hundred millions of dollars. One eighteenth part of all the 




404 



HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



land in the newer States belongs to the school 
fund. In many States attendance at school is 
required by law; for if even parents are neg- 
lectful, the State can not afford to have ignorant 
voters growing up. Besides the common schools, 
there are high schools, academies, normal 
schools for the training of teachers, scientific 
and professional schools, and special institutions 
for the blind, the deaf, and the feeble-minded. 

A Catholic University at Washington has been endowed with 

eight million dollars. 




H. W. Longfellow. 



696. Gifts and Bequests. — George Peabody, for many years 
banker in London, but a native of Massachusetts, gave for schools, 
colleges, libraries, and museums in the United States more than 
^5,250,000. More than ^3,000,000 went for the support and 
encouragement of common schools in the Southern States, which, 
owing to scattered population and other causes, had not yet fully 
organized their plans for elementary education. Among many 
liberal gifts for purposes of education were the endowment of 
Leland Stanford Jr. University in California 
with over ^30,000,000; of the University of 
Chicago by John D. Rockefeller; and many 
hundreds of thousands to smaller colleges. 
Andrew Carnegie founded Institutes bearing his 
name at Pittsburg and Washington with $10,- 
000,000 each, adding, in 1907, $6,000,000 
for the former, besides giving more than 
$40,000,000 for public library buildings and 
$10,000,000 as a pension fund for college pro- 
fessors. His benefactions for the promotion of peace and gen- 
eral education by 1908 exceeded $150,000,000. Industrial 
Institutes have been founded by A. J. Drexel of Philadelphia, 
Charles Pratt of Brooklyn, and Isaiah T. Williamson, while the 




George Peabody. 



ARCTIC EXPLORATIONS. 4^5 

needs of depressed and unfortunate classes have been liberally 
remembered by J. F. Slater, D. B. Fayerweather and many others. 

697. Newspapers. — The hand-presses of Franklin's time could 
at best print only about four hundred copies in a day, so that 
daily papers were practically impossible. Steam presses were 
introduced in 1815. Now a great daily, going to press after 
midnight, sends out tens of thousands of copies before daylight, 
and by means of railroad trains the paper reaches breakfast- 
tables scattered over hundreds of miles of country. 

698. Our country has taken a leading part in Arctic explora- 
tions. Lieutenant Greely, U. S. A., in 188 1 established a station 
on Lady Franklin Bay for the study of Arctic phenomena. Sup- 
ply expeditions failed to reach him, and abandoning the post, as 
he had been ordered to do in such a case, he moved southward 
with his whole party of twenty-four men. Nineteen died in the 
retreat, and the survivors were rescued by Commander Schley, 
in Smith's Sound, in 1884. Lieut. R. E. Peary, U. S. N., next 
took up the task, after most careful study of Arctic lands and 
people. In his first expedition, 1891-92, he mapped the north 
coast of Greenland. He commanded several expeditions of the 
Peary Arctic Club of New York, 1898-1909. Setting out in the 
powerful steamer Roosevelt, in the summer of 1908, he wintered 
on the shore of the Arctic Ocean, and in the spring of 1909, aided 
by his men and by Eskimos, he pushed on with sledges, over 
the closely packed ice, and thus reached the North Pole. 

699. The Weather Bureau, established in 1870 as part of the Sig- 
nal Service, was transferred to the Agricultural Department in 1 89 1 . 
It gives notice in advance of the approach of storms, and the rise 
and fall of rivers, by means of the telegraphic wires connected with 
all parts of the United States, and with more than a dozen stations 
in distant parts of the globe. Lives and property have been saved 
by these timely warnings; and the science of meteorology, on 
which so many interests depend, has been greatly advanced. 



4o6 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



700. Immigration.— Much of the improved condition of our 
country is due to the coming of laborers from Europe. Fortu- 
nately placed, with only two near neighbors, and those usually 
friendly, we have had very little to suffer from foreign wars. 
Instead of spending the best years of their lives in camps and 
barracks, men are at liberty to earn comforts 
for themselves and their families. This 
and other causes have led a 
stream of immigration across 
the Atlantic ever since the 
end of our war of 1812-15. 
Many of the new-comers 
were skilled mechanics, 
and could settle themselves 
well in their chosen coun- 
try. Others could at least 
dig canals, grade railway- 
beds, and gain better 
chances for their children 
than they themselves had 
enjoyed. 




This book has tried to show what the American Republic 
has become through the acts and sufferings of men in the past. 
How the story shall be continued, will be largely decided by 
the children who are studying their history to-day. 



Questions. — What change in the extent of our country in a hundred 
years? What, in its population? How has travel been made easier? 
What new means of communicating thoughts? What changes in modes 
of labor ? How have cotton industries grown ? What changes in paper- 
making ? Where is American machinery to be found ? W^hat other signs 
of progress can you name ? Mention some great endowments for educa- 
tion. What has been done in the polar regions ? 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 407 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.— Part VI. 



1. What difference of policy between Congress and 

President Johnson ? 586, 587 

2. What amendments were made in the Constitution 

of the United States? 561, 588, 595 

3. Describe the failures and final success of the trans- 

atlantic telegraph. 589, 590 

4. What States and Territories were organized between 

i860 and 1870? 492, 573, 591 

5. Describe our affairs with China since 1868. 592, 620-622 

6. What important railroad was completed in 1869? 594 

7. What settlements have been made with England ? 596-598 

8. What great conflagrations in 1871 and 1872? 599,600 

9. What is said of Horace Greeley ? 601 

10. Describe President Grant's policy towards, and deal- 

ings with, the Indians. 602, 603, 611 

11. What changes in money matters during his terms? 604-608 

12. How were the Centennials of the Revolution cele- 

brated? 609, 610, 626, 627 

13. Describe the election of 1876 and its result. 612, 613 

14. Describe the policy of President Hayes. 614, 615 

15. Who were the "Grangers"? 616 

16. Describe the labor riots of 1877. 617-619 

17. Who was elected President in 1880? 623 

18. What can you say of President Garfield's life and 

death ? 624 

19. Who succeeded Garfield, and when ? 625 

20. What is the Red Cross Society, and what are its 

objects ? 628 

21. What can you say of our relations with Mexico and 

Central America? 629 

22. Why did President Arthur recommend a reduction 

of taxes ? 630 

23. What was the cause and what was the result of the 

floods in the Mississippi Valley ? 631 

24. What distinguished the Presidential election of 

1884? 632 

U. S. H.— 24. 



4o8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Section 

25. What can you say of the New Orleans Exposition? 633 

26. What distinguished the beginning of President 

Cleveland's term? 634-637 

27. Describe recent labor agitations. 638, 639 

28. What important laws were passed in 1885 ? 640 

29. What occasioned the Fisheries Convention of 1887 ? 641 

30. Describe other events of 1 885- 1 888. 642-644 

31. What occurred during Harrison's term? 645-653 

32. What during Cleveland's second term? 654-657 
2,'^. Mention the chief events of the war with Spain. 659, 660 

34. What else occurred during McKinley's presidency? 658, 661-666 

35. What were the chief events of Roosevelt's two 

administrations? 667-677 

36. What progress during a hundred years in extent, 

population, and means of intercourse ? 681-684 

37. Describe the progress of manufactures. 686, 687 

38. Name some important inventions. 688, 689, 692 

39. How is life made easier? 685, 690, 691 

40. What has been done for education ? 694-696 

41. What for science ? 692,698,699 

42. Name some of the chief American authors. 693 

43. Describe the Greely expedition ; the Peary expedition. 698 

44. What has occasioned immigration to America ? 7*^ 



APPENDIX, 



SYNOPSIS OF ADMINISTRATIONS. 

I. — George Washington, 1789-1797. Public credit established by Hamil- 
ton — United States Bank and Mint at Philadelphia — Whisky riot and Indian 
ravages suppressed — Treaties with Great Britain, Spain, and Algiers — Vermont, 
Kentucky, and Tennessee admitted. gg 321-339 

2. — ^JOHN Adams, 1797-1801. Party strife between Federalists and Republi- 
cans — Alien and sedition laws — French republic threatens war, but Bonaparte 
makes peace — United States government removed to Washington City, in the 
district ceded by Maryland and Virginia — Coal and cotton become sources of 
wealth. gg 340-348 

3. — Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809. Republican plainness at the White 
House — Purchase of Louisiana ; its northern part explored by Lewis and Clark 
— War with Tripoli ends in victory to the United States — Steam navigation on 
the Hudson; — English Right of Search retaliated by the Embargo Act — Ohio 
admitted as a State in 1803. gg 349-365 

4. — ^JAMES Madison, 1809-1817. War with Great Britain — Harrison's victory 
at Tippecanoe — Hull surrenders Detroit and all Michigan Territory — American 
victories on ocean and lakes — State of Louisiana admitted — Massacre at Raisin 
River — Southern Indians surprise Fort Mimms, but are subdued by Jackson — 
British ravage Atlantic coast, burn Washington, bombard Baltimore — Burn Os- 
wego — American victories at Lundy's Lane and Plattsburgh — Hartford Conven- 
tion opposes the war — Victory at New Orleans — Peace of Ghent — War against 
Barbary States puts an end to tribute — Duties imposed to protect home industries 
— Indiana organized as a State, Michigan and Illinois as Territories, gg 366-399 

5. — James Monroe, 1817-1825. Return of prosperity — Mississippi, Illinois, 
Alabama, Maine, and Missouri admitted as States — "Missouri Compromise" 
advocated by Clay — First steamship crosses the Atlantic — Florida is ceded by 
Spain — Monroe Doctrine enunciated. gg 400-408 

6. — John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829. Completion of Erie Canal — First steam 
locomotives on " Delaware and Hudson Canal Railroad " — Death of John Adams 
and Thomas Jefferson on semi-centennial of American Independence, gg 409-414 

7. — Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837. Changes in offices under government — 
Debates on public lands — "Nullification" in South Carolina — Firmness of the 
President — Indian disturbances North and South — Seminole War — The President 
vetoes rechartering of United States Bank, and removes public funds — Era of 



11 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

prosperity and wild speculations — Surplus in United States Treasury divided 
among the States — Jackson's Specie Circular — Arkansas and Michigan ad- 
mitted. U 415-426 
8. — Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841. Commercial failures and panic — Re- 
pudiation by two States ; bankruptcy of eight — The Sub-Treasury Law — Sym- 
pathy with Canada— Rise of the Whig Party. gg 427-433 
g. — ^Wm. Henry Harrison (1841) died after one month in office. §434 

JO. John Tyler, 1841-1845. Refuses to recharter National Bank, and his 

cabinet resigns — Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles boundary of Maine and New 
Brunswick — Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island — Removal of Mormons to Utah — 
Annexation of Texas and admission of Florida — First telegraph established. 

§§434-442 

II, — James Knox Polk, 1845-1849. Northwest boundary settled by treaty 
with Great Britain — War with Mexico — General Taylor gains battles of Palo 
Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista — General Scott marches 
from the coast to the capital, which surrenders — General Kearney conquers New 
Mexico ; General Fre'mont and Commodore Stockton, California — Treaty of 
Guadalupe Hidalgo transfers to United States upper California, and Nevada, 
Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico — Gold discovered in California — The Wilmot 
Proviso — States of Iowa and Wisconsin admitted. g3,<l43-46i 

12. — Zachary Taylor, 1849-1850. California admitted to the Union by 
Clay's " Omnibus Bill "—Death of the President. §§462, 463 

13. — Millard Fillmore, 1850-1853. Daniel Webster Secretary of State — 
Death of Calhoun, Clay, and Webster — Fugitive Slave Law opposed by Personal 
Liberty laws in several States. g §4 64-467 

14. — Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857. World's Fair in New York — Perry's 
expedition to Japan — Gadsden purchase secures southern Arizona — Explorations 
for Pacific Railroad — " Ostend Manifesto " by three American Ministers, looking 
to the acquisition of Cuba — Organization of Kansas and Nebraska — Border warfare 
— Rise of Republican and American, or " Know-Nothing," parties. gg 468-476 

15, — James Buchanan, 1857-1861. Minnesota and Oregon admitted — John 
Brown's invasion of Virginia — Division of Democratic party — Election of Abra- 
ham Lincoln — Ordinances of secession in South Carolina, Georgia, and the Gulf 
States — Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confederacy — Forts and arsenals 
seized by Southern forces. §§ 477-485 

16. — Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865. Bombardment and fall of Fort Sumter 
— Eleven States in secession — Separation of West Virginia — Union defeat at Bull 
Run — McClellan commander-in-chief — Blockade of southern Atlantic coast — 
•'Trent Affair" set right by U. S. government — Recapture of Hatteras Inlet, 
Port Royal Entrance, and Tybee Is. gg 486-501 

1862. — Forts Henry and Donelson taken by Grant — Battle of Shiloh — Capture 
of Island No. 10, Memphis, and Fort Pillow— Federal victory at Pea Ridge — 
Bragg's campaign in Kentucky — Confederate defeats at luka, Corinth, and Mur- 
freesborough — Capture of New Orleans by Farragut and Butler — Merrimac and 



SYNOPSIS OF ADMINISTRATIONS. HI 

Monitor in Hampton Roads — McClellan's march to Richmond — Second defeat 
at Bull Run — Invasion of Maryland — Battle of Antietam — Union defeat at Fred- 
ericksburg, gg 502-528 

1863. — Emancipation of all slaves in seceded States — Enlistment of 50,000 
negroes in Federal armies and navies — Union defeat at Chancellorsville ; death 
of " Stonewall" Jackson — Riots in New York — Invasion of Pennsylvania — Con- 
federate defeat at Gettysburg — Surrender of Vicksburg and Port Hudson ends 
the war on the Mississippi — Morgan's raid in Indiana and Ohio — Campaign of 
Chattanooga ends in Union victories at Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge. g§ 529-546 

1864. — Grant, as Lieutenant-general, at head of United States armies — Battles 
of the "Wilderness" costly and indecisive — Battle of Cedar Creek saved by 
"Sheridan's Ride" — Sieges of Richmond and Petersburg begun — Sherman de- 
feats Hood, burns Atlanta, marches through Georgia to the sea ; captures Sa- 
vannah — Re-election of President Lincoln. §g 547-56i 

1865. — Burning of Columbia and part of Charleston — Sherman's march through 
the Carolinas. — Abandonment and burning of Richmond — Surrender of Lee's 
and Johnston's armies — Murder of President Lincoln — Nevada admitted, and 
Territories organized. §§562-573 

17.— Andrew Johnson, 1865-1869. "Reconstruction Policy" of the Pres- 
dent differs from that of Congress ; he is impeached, but acquitted — Fourteenth 
Amendment to the Constitution secures the civil rights of freedmen — Most of the 
southern States repeal their ordinances of secession, and are re-admitted into the 
Union — Submarine telegraph successfully established between Ireland and Amer- 
ica, 1866 — Purchase of Alaska — Burlingame embassy from China makes a treaty 
of friendship. g§ 586-592 

18.— Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877. Pacific Railroad completed— Texas, last 
of the seceded States, resumes her place in Congress — Treaty of Washington 
provides for settlement of all differences between England and the United States 
— Alabama claims fixed by International Board at Geneva, are paid by Great 
Britain — Fires in Chicago, the northwestern forests, and in Boston— Grant's 
Indian PoUcy — Murder of General Canby by the Modocs — Commercial panic 
and distress — Ring robberies in great cities — Congress passes a Specie Resump- 
tion Act — Colorado becomes a State — Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia — 
War with the Sioux — Massacre of General Custer and his army — ^Joint High 
Commission from Senate, House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court 
decide the results of the Presidential election of 1876. j §§ 593-613 

19.— Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881. Pledges of Peace and civil service 
reform — Railway riots suppressed — Chinese question in California — Bill to set 
aside the Burlingame Treaty passed by Congress but vetoed by the President ; 
Chinese immigration stopped in 1882 — Resumption of gold payments January, 
1879. II 614-623 

20.— James Abram Garfield, 1881. Inaugurated March 4, 1881 ; died 
September 19 of the- same year. g 624 



IV HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

21. — Chester Alan Arthur, 1881-1885. Celebration at Yorktown and 
other " Centennials " — A full treasury — Floods. §g 625-633 

22. — Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889, Indian Territory cleared of white 
intruders — American interests protected in Colombia — Riots in Chicago — Seven 
Anarchists condemned — Laws providing against vacancy in the Presidency, for 
counting electoral votes, for regulation of Interstate Commerce — Tempests and 
earthquakes — Centennial of Constitution and of settlement of Ohio Valley, 

§§ 634-644 

23. — Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893. Settlement of Oklahoma — Admis- 
sion of Washington, Montana, North and South Dakota, Idaho, and Wyoming — 
Centennial of Washington's inauguration — Fifty-First Congress enacts McKinley 
Tariff, Service Pension, and International Copyright Laws — The New Orleans 
Massacre — Ballot Reform — Four hundredth anniversary of the landing of Co- 
lumbus — Return of Democrats to power. §§ 645-653 

24. — Grover Cleveland, 1893-1897. World's Columbian Exposition — 
Purchase of silver stopped — Wilson Tariff — Admission of Utah. gg 656-657 

25. — William McKinley, 1897-1901. Dingley Tariff— War with Spain — 
Battles of Manila Bay and Santiago — Spain abandons Cuba and cedes Porto 
Rico and the Philippines to the United States — Annexation of Hawaii — War in 
Philippines — Formal establishment of gold standard — Disorders in China — 
McKinley died September 14, 1901. gg 658-666 

26. — Theodore Roosevelt, i 901 -1909. Anthracite Coal Strike — Alaska 
Boundary settled — Isthmian Canal Act and Treaties — Portsmouth Conference 
— Pure Food and Interstate Commerce Acts — Admission of Oklahoma — Stand- 
ard Oil case — Panic of 1 907 — Cruise of the Battleship fleet — Conference of 
Governors — Election of Taft. §^667-677 



TRANSFERS OF TERRITORY 



IN 



THE UNITED STATES. 



(Numerals Refer to Map No. p.) 



1 and 2. — Part of original State of Massachusetts erected into State of Maine, 1820. 
3.— Part of public land of the United States. 
4. — One of original thirteen States. 

5. — Formed into State of Vermont in 1701 out of the State of New York. 
6. — One of original thirteen States ; included i and 2, and extended west to the Miss- 
issippi River. 

7. — One of original thirteen States. 

8. — One of original thirteen States ; originally extended west to the Mississippi River. 

9. — One of original thirteen States ; originally including 5 ; a claim of Massachusetts to 

f>ortion of territory of southern New York was settled in 1786 by a convention at Hart- 
ord. 

10. — One of original thirteen States. 

II. — One of original thirteen States; in 1792, 89 added. 

12. — One of original thirteen States. 

13. — One of original thirteen Slates; originally embraced 13 and 14. 

14. — Ceded to the United States for a capital city by Maryland in 1790. 

15. — Ceded to the United States for a capital city by Virginia in 1790; retroceded 
to Virginia by United States in 1846. 

16. — One of original thirteen States ; originally embraced 15, 16, 17, 18, 54, and 55. 

17. — Formed into State of West Virginia out of Virginia in 1863. 

18. — Formed into State of Kentucky, 1792, out of Virginia. 

19. — One of original thirteen States; originally embraced 19 and 20. 

20. — Ceded to United States by North Carolina in 1790, and with 23, 24, and 28 erected 
into the Territory south of the Ohio River; admitted as State, 1796. 

21. — One of original thirteen States ; originally comprised 21, 23, 24, and 28. 

22. — One of original thirteen States; originally comprised 22, 25, 26, 27, and 29. 

23. — Ceded by South Carolina to United States in 1787; in 1790 transferred to Terri- 
tory south of Ohio River (23, 24, 28, and 20) ; in 1802 ceded to Georgia. 

24. — Ceded by South Carolina to United States in 1787; in 1790 transferred to Terri- 
tory south of Ohio River ; in 1804 to Mississippi Territory ; in 1817 to Alabama Territory, 
and in 1819 to State of Alabama. 

25. — Ceded by Georgia to United States, 1802; transferred to Mississippi Territory, 
1804; to Alabama Territory, 1817 ; and to State of Alabama, 1819. 

26. — Erected, with 27, into Mississippi Territory, 1798, subject to Georgia's claims, 
which were ceded to the United States, 1802; to Alabama Territory 1817; to State of 
Alabama, 1819. 

27. — Same as 26 until 1817, when erected into State of Mississippi. 

28. — Ceded to United States by South Carolina, 1787; joined to Territory south of 
Ohio River, 1790; transferred to Mississippi Territory, 1804; and to State of Mississippi, 
1817. 

fv) 



Vlll HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

29.— Ceded to United States by Georgia, 1802; transferred to Mississippi Territory, 
1804 ; and to State of Mississippi, 1817. 

30.— Ceded to United States by France, 1803; transferred to Mississippi Territory, 
1812; and to State of Mississippi, 1817. 

31.— Ceded to United States by France, 1803; transferred to Mississippi Territory, 
1812; to Alabama Territory, 1817; State of Alabama, 1819. 

32. — Ceded to United States by Spain, 1819; erected into Florida Territory, 1822; 
into State of Florida, 1845. 

33'— Ceded to United States by France, 1803; transferred to State of Louisiana, 1812. 

34-. — Ceded to United States by France, 1803; erected into Territory of Orleans, 1804; 
admitted as State of Louisiana, 1812. 

35'''" — Ceded to United States by France, 1803; included in district Louisiana in 1804; 
in Territory Louisiana, 1805; in Territory Missouri, 1812; erected into Arkansas Terri- 
tory, 1819; admitted as State of Arkansas, 1836. 

36. — Admitted as State of Missouri, 1821. 

37.— Added to State of Missouri, 1836. 

38.— Annexed to Territory of Michigan, 1834; to Territory Wisconsin, 1836; to Terri- 
tory Iowa, 1838; admitted as part of State of Iowa, 1846. 

39. — Same as above to and including admission to Territory Iowa; transferred to State 
of Iowa, 1846. 

40' — Same as 39; transferred from State to Territory Iowa, 1846; to Territory Minne- 
sota, 1849 ; to State Minnesota, 1858. 

41.— Annexed to Territory Michigan, 1834; Territory Wisconsin, 1836; Territory 
Iowa, 1838; Territory Minnesota, 1849; State Minnesota, 1858. 

42- — As above, to and including Territory Minnesota, 1849; included in Territory 
Dakota, 1861 ; to State South Dakota, 1889. 

43- — Transferred from Territory Missouri to Territory Nebraska, 1854; to Territory 
Dakota, 1861 ; to State South Dakota, 1889. 

44— Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; included in Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787; 
to Territory Indiana, 1800; to Territory Illinois, 1809; to Territory Michigan, 1818 ; to 
Territory Wisconsin, 1836; to Territory Minnesota, 1849; to State Minnesota, 1858. 

45- — As above, to and including Territory Wisconsin, 1836 ; admitted as State Wiscon- 
sin, 1848. 

46. — As 44, to and including Territory Michigan, 1818; to State Michigan, 1837. 

47. — Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787; Territory 
Indiana, 1800; Territory Michigan, 1818 ; Territory Wisconsin, 1836; StateWisconsin, 1848. 

48. — Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory northwest Ohio River, 
1787; Territory Indiana, i8oo; Territory Michigan, 1818 ; State Michigan, 1837/ 

49. — Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory northwest Ohio River, 
1787; Territory Indiana, 1800; Territory Michigan, 1805; State Michigan, 1837. 

50.— Ceded by Great Britain ; transferred to Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787 ; 
Territory Indiana, 1802; Territory Michigan, 1805; State Michigan, 1837. 

51. — Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory northwest Ohio River, 
1787; to Territory Michigan, 1805; to State Ohio, 1836. 

52. — Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory northwest Ohio River, 
1787; Territory Indiana, 1800; Territory Michigan, 1805; to State Indiana, 1816. 

53. — North of 41st parallel ceded by Great Britain, 1783; south of same by Virginia, 
1784; Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787; admitted as State Ohio, 1803. 

54. — North of 41st parallel ceded by Great Britain, 1783; south of same by Virginia, 
1784; Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787 ; Territory Indiana, 1800; State Indiana, 
1S16. 

55. — North of 41st parallel ceded by Great Britain, 1783; south of same by Virginia, 
1784; Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787; Territory Indiana, 1800; Territory Illinois, 
1809; State Illinois, 1818. 

56.— Territory Nebraska, 1854; State Nebraska, 1867. 

57. — Territory Kansas, 1854; State Kansas, 1861. 

58.— Ceded by Texas, 1850; transferred to Territory Kansas, 1854; State Kansas, i86i. 

59. — Ceded by Texas, 1850; first organized with Oklahoma Territory, 1890; State 
Oklahoma, 1Q07. 

60.— Ceded by France, 1803; declared "Indian country," 1834; State Oklahoma, 1907. 



♦ All of the French cession west of the Mississippi River (except 34) was ceded to the 
Tnited States as the "Province of Louisiana" in 1803; erected into district of Louisiana, 
1804; into Territory of Louisiana, 1805; into Territory of Missouri, 1812. The subsequent 
descriptions of territory within the French cession will be carried on from this point,— 
and a repetition of these changes common to all, avoided. 



TRANSFERS OF TERRITORY. IX 

6i.— The independent republic of Texas, admitted as State of Texas, 1845. 
62.— Ceded by Texas, 1850; transferred to Territory Kansas, 1854: Territory 
Colorado, 1.S61; State Colorado, 1876. 

63— Ceded by Texas, 1850; transferred to Territory New Mexico, iSso : Territory 
Colorado, 1861; State Colorado, 1876. 

64.— Ceded by Texas, 1850; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1850; State 
New Mexico, 1912. 

65.— Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1850; State 
New Mexico, 1912. 

66. — Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1850; Terri- 
tory Arizona, 1863; State Arizona, 1912. 

67. — Ceded by Mexico, 1853; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1854; Terri- 
tory Arizona, 1863; State Arizona, 1912. 

68. — Ceded by Mexico, 1853; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1854; State 
New Mexico, 191 2. 

69. — Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1850; to Territory 
Arizona, 1863; to State Nevada, 1S66. 

70. — Ceded by Mexico, 1S48 ; transferred to Territory Utah, 1850; Territory Nevada, 
1861 ; erected into State Nevada, 1864. 

71. — Ceded by Mexico, 1848 ; transferred to Territory Utah, 1850; State Nevada, 1866. 

72. — Ceded by Mexico, 1848; admitted as State of California, 1850. 

73.— Ceded by Mexico, 1848 ; Territory Utah, 1850; admitted as State, 1896. 

74. — Ceded by Mexico, 1848 ; Territory Utah, 1850 ; Territory Colorado, 1861 ; State 
Colorado, 1876. 

75. — Ceded by France, 1803 ; Territory Missouri to Territory Nebraska, 1854 ; Terri- 
tory Colorado, 1861 ; State Colorado, 1876. 

76. — Ceded by France, 1803 ', Territory Missouri to Territory Kansas, 1854; to Terri- 
tory Colorado, 1861 ; to State Colorado, 1876. 

77. — Ceded by Mexico, 1848; to Territory of Utah, 1850; Territory Nebraska, 1861 ; 
Territory Idaho, 1863; Ter. Dakota, 1864; Ter. Wyoming, 1868; State Wyoming, 1890. 

78.— Ceded by Mexico, 1848; Territory Utah, 1850; Ter. Wyoming, 1868; State, 1890. 

79. — (The claim of the United States to 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, and 87 is based upon first dis- 
covery of Columbia River in 1792; first exploration, by Lewis and Clark, in 1805; first 
settlement at Astoria, in 1811. Claims allowed by Spain in treaty of 1819, and by Great 
Britain in treaty of 1846) to Territory Oregon, 1848 ; Ter. Washington, 1853 » Ter. Idaho, 
1863; Ter. Wyoming, 1868; State Wyoming, 1890. 

80. — See 79 ; to Territory Oregon, 1848 ; Ter. Washington, 1853 ; Ter. Nebraska, 1861 ; 
Ter. Idaho, 1863; Ter. Dakota, 1864; Ter. Wyoming, 1868; State Wyoming, 1890. 

81. — Ceded by France in 1803 ; transferred to Territory Nebraska, 1854 ; Territory 
Idaho, 1863; Territory Dakota, 1864; Territory Wyoming, 1868; State Wyoming, 1890. 

82. — Ceded by France, 1803 ; transferred to Ter. Nebraska, 1854; Ter. Dakota, 1861 ; 
Ter. Idaho, 1863; Ter. Dakota, 1864; Ter. Wyoming, 1868; State Wyoming, 1890. 

83. — Ceded by France, 1803; transferred to lerritory Nebraska, 1854; Territory 
Dakota, 1861 ; Territory Idaho, 1863 ; Territory Montana, 1864; State Montana, 1889. 

84.— See 79 ; to Territory Oregon, 1848 ; Territory Washington, 1853 ; Territory Idaho, 
1863; Territory Montana, 1864; State Alontana, 1889. 

85.— See 79; to Territory Oregon, 1848 ; Territory Washington, 1853; Territory Idaho, 
1863; State Idaho, 1890. 

86. — See 79; to Territory Oregon, 1848; Territory Washington, 1853; State Washing- 
ton, 18S9. 

87.— See 79; to Territory Oregon, 1848; State Oregon, 1859. 

88.— Ceded by France, 1803; transferred to Territory Nebraska, 1854 ; Territory 
Dakota, 1861 ; Territory Idaho, 1863 ; Territory Dakota, 1864 '■> Territory Montana, 1873; 
State Montana, 1889. 

89.— Ceded by State of New York, 1781, and Massachusetts, 1785, to United States; 
transferred to Pennsylvania, 1792. 

90. — Ceded by Russia, 1867 ; Territory of Alaska in 1884. 

91. — As 42 to 1889 when it was transferred to State North Dakota. 

92.— As 43 to 1889 when it was transferred to State North Dakota. 

93. — Ceded by France, 1803 ; declared " Indian country," 1834; Territory Oklahoma, 
1890; State Oklahoma, 1907. 

94. — Ceded by Mexico, 1848; to Territory Nebraska, etc., as 81. 

95. — Ceded by Texas, 1850; to Territory Nebraska, etc., as 81. 

96. — Ceded by Texas, 1850; to Territory Nebraska, etc., as 75. 

97. — Ceded by Texas, 1850; to Territory Utah, etc., as 74. 

98. — Ceded by France, 1803; to Territory Utah, etc., as 74. 

99. — Ceded by Mexico, 1848; to Territory New Mexico, etc., as 63. 
100. — Ceded by Texas, 1850 ; to Territory Kansas, etc., as 76. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. 

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of 

America. 



When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to 
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to as- 
sume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which 
the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the 
opinions of manlcind requires that they should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal ; that 
they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among 
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the con- 
^nt of the governed. That, whenever any form of government becomes de- 
structive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to 
institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organ- 
izing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long 
established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- 
ingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while 
evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which 
they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursu- 
ing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute 
despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and 
to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suf- 
ferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them 
to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King 
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in 

(X) 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. XI 

direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To 
prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world: 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the 
public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im- 
portance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained ; 
and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of 
people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the 
legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and 
distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with manly 
firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned 
to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the meantime, 
exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that pur- 
pose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others 
to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new appro- 
priations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws 
for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, 
and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers 
to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the con- 
sent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the 
civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our con- 
stitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of 
pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which 
they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, es- 



Xll 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tablishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to 
render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, 
fundamentally, the forms of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with 
power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection, and 
waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and de- 
stroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete 
the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances 
of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and 
totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens taken captive on the high seas, to bear 
arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and 
brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most 
humble terms : our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated 
injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define 
a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have 
warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an 
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circum- 
stances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their 
native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our 
common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt 
our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice 
of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity 
which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of man- 
kind — enemies in war; in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by authority of 
the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these 
united colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free and Independent States ; that 
they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political 
connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, 
totally dissolved ; and that, as Free and Independent States, they have full power 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. xiii 

to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do 
all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. And for the 
support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of DiVlNE 
Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our 

sacred honor. 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Hampshire. — Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. — Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island, Etc. — Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. 

Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New York. — William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

New Jersey. — Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John 
Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George 
Ross. 

Delaware. — Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland.— Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll 
of CarroUton. 

Virginia. — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin 
Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina. — Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas 
Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA. 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, 
promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 
America. 

ARTICLE I. Section i. — i. All legislative powers herein granted shall be 
vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

Section 2. — i. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 
chosen every second year by the people of the several States ; and the electors 
in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most nu- 
merous branch of the State legislature. 

2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age 
of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be 
chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several 
States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective 
numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free per- 
sons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians 
not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be 
made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United 
States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they 
shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for 
every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and 
until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be en- 
titled to choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Penn- 
sylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, 
five ; South Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive 
authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

(xiv^ 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XV 

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other offi- 
cers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section 3.— i. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and 
each Senator shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first elec- 
tion, they shall be divided as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of 
the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second 
year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third 
class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every 
second year ; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the 
recess of the legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such 
vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of 
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, 
but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office 
of President of the United States. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sit- 
ting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President 
of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside ; and no person shall 
be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal 
from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or 
profit, under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

Section 4. — i. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Sen- 
ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature 
thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regula- 
tions, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting 
shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a 
different day. 

Section 5.— 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner 
and under such penalties as each House may provide. 

2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members 
for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 



XVI HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time 
publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; 
and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, 
at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal, 

4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent 
of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that 
in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6, — i. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensa- 
tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of 
the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of 
the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their 
respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any 
speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States 
which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been in- 
creased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United 
States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. 

Section 7. — i. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on 
other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the 
Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United 
States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his objec- 
tions to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objec- 
tions at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such 
reconsideration, two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be 
sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise 
be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a 
law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by 
yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall 
be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be 
returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had 
signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which 
case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of ad- 
journment) shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before 
the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by 
him, shall be re-passed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. — The Congress shall have power — 

I. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. xvii 

proMde for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but 
all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, 
and with the Indian tribes ; 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix 
the standard of weights and measures ; 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current 
coin of the United States; 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective 
writings and discoveries ; 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high Seas, and 
offenses against the law of nations ; 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules con- 
cerning captures on land and water ; 

12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use 
shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

13. To provide and maintain a navy ; 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval 
forces ; 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, 
suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for 
governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United 
States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers and 
the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by 
Congress ; 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district 
(not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States and the 
acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of 
the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, 
magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and, 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrving into 
execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution 
in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

Section 9. — i. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or 



XVlll HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each 
person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the 
census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No pref- 
erence shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of 
one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State 
be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appro- 
priations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time, 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person 
holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind what- 
ever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section 10. — i. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- 
tion ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; 
make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any 
bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, 
or grant any title of nobility. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or 
duties on imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary for exe- 
cuting its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by 
any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United 
States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- 
nage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or 
compact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. Section i. — i. The executive power shall be vested in a Pres- 
ident of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term 
of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, 
be elected as follows: 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may 
direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Repre- 
sentatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or 
Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United 
States, shall be appointed an Elector. 

Clause J has bee?i superseded by the J2th Article of Amendments. 

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the 
day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same through- 
out the United States. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XIX 

5. No person, except a natural-bom citizen, or a citizen of the United States 
at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of 
President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within 
the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resig- 
nation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the same 
shall devolve on the Vice-President ; and the Congress may by law provide for 
the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and 
Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such offi- 
cer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President shall be 
elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, 
which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he 
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following 
oath or affirmation : 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of 
President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, pro- 
tect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

Section 2. — i. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and 
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called 
into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in 
writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any 
subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power 
to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in 
cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to 
make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall 
nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint 
Embassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, 
and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein 
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress 
may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, 
in the President alone, in the Courts of law, or in the heads of Departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen 
during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at 
the end of their next session. 

Section 3. — He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of 
the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as 
he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, 
convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between 
them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such 



XX HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Embassadors and other public 
Ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- 
mission all the officers of the United States. 

Section 4. — The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United 
States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, 
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. Section i. — The judicial power of the United States shall 
be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress 
may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme 
and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at 
stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be dimin- 
ished during their continuance in office. 

I Section 2. — i. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity 
arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, 
or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting Embassadors, 
other public Ministers, and Consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime juris- 
diction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to contro- 
versies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another 
State ; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State 
claiming lands under grants of different States ; and between a State, or the cit- 
izens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting Embassadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls, and 
those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 
under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; 
and such trial shall he held in the State where the said crimes shall have been 
committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such 
place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Section 3. — i. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying 
war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two wit- 
nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but 
no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except dur- 
ing the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. Section i.— Full faith and credit shall be given in each 
State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such 
acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section 2. — i. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XXI 

shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the 
executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be re- 
moved to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the law^s thereof, es- 
caping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be 
discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the 
party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

Section 3. — i. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; 
but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other 
State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts 
of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well 
as of the Congress. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules 
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United 
States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice 
any claims of the, United States or of any particular State. 

Section 4. — The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a 
republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; 
and, on application of the legislature, or of the Executive (when the legislature 
can not be convened) against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. — The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a 
convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to 
all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legis- 
latures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three fourths 
thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the 
Congress : provided, that no Amendment which may be made prior to the year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and 
fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without 
its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. — I. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before 
the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States 
under this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made 
in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the 
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or 
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of 
the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the 
United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to 
support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a quali- 
fication to any office or public trust under the United States. 



Xxii HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE VII. — The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be 
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratify- 
ing the same. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and tc 
petition the government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. — A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a 
free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to 
be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. — The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
lated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath 
or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the per- 
sons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. — No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise 
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except 
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the 
same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of hfe or limb ; nor shall be compelled 
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, 
liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the 
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been pre- 
viously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature apd cause of the 
accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel 
for his defense. 

ARTICLE VII. — In suits at common law where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. — Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. — The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall 
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XXlll 

ARTICLE X. — The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con- 
stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, 
or to the people. 

ARTICLE XL— The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects 
of any foreign state. 

ARTICLE XII. — The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote 
by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be 
an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots 
the person voted for as President, and in distmct ballots the person voted for as 
Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Pres- 
ident, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes 
for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat 
of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. 
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; 
the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the Presi- 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; 
and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest 
numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the 
House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the represen- 
tation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist 
of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 
States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives 
shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon 
them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President 
shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disa- 
bility of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as 
Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then 
from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-Pres- 
ident ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number 
of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be 
eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII. — 1. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall 
exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. — I. All persons born or naturahzed in the United States, 
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of 
the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which 



Xxiv HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due 
process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protec- 
tion of the laws. 

2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according 
to their respective numbers, countmg the whole number of persons in each 
State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election 
for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, 
Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial ofificers of a State, or the 
members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of 
such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or 
in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis 
of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of 
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one 
years of age in such State. 

3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of 
President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the 
United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a 
member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of 
any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to sup- 
port the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, in- 
cluding debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup- 
pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the 
United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred 
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the 
loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims 
shall be held illegal and void. 

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the 
provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV.— I. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of 
race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- 
lation. 



QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 

X. By whose authority was the Constitution established? 
2. What six distinct purposes are declared in the " enacting clause " with 
•which it opens? 



QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION. XXV 

3. What imperfect zmion had already existed ? §§ 298-300. 

4. How long had the United States existed as a nation when the Constitution 
was adopted ? 

ARTICLE I. — 5. To whom is the law-making power intrusted? Section i. 

6. Of what two bodies does Congress consist ? 

7. By whom and how often is a Representative chosen ? Section 2. 

8. Of what age and nationality must he be ? Section 2, Clause 2. 

9. Can an inhabitant of Maine be elected to represent a district in Nevada ? 

10. What number of persons were entitled to a Representative when the Con- 
stitution was adopted? Section 2, Clause 3. 

11. What number constitutes a Congressional District now ? Answer : 21 1,877. 

12. What is the whole number of United States Senators? Section 3. 

13. How long does a Senator serve ? 

14. What are his qualifications as to age and citizenship ? Section 3, Clause 3. 

15. Who presides in the Senate ? Section 3, Clause 4. 

16. In what case does the Vice-President vote ? 

17. How would his place in the Senate be filled in case of his death, absence, 
or promotion to the Presidency? Section 3, Clause 5. 

18. How many Vice-Presidents have ujceeded to the highest office ? 

19. What judicial powers are vested in the Senate ? Section 3, Clause 6. 

20. What punishment can be inflicted in cases of impeachment? Section 3, 
Clause 7. 

21. How often, and on what day, does Congress assemble ? Section 4, Clause 2. 

22. Who decides upon the qualifications of members? Section 5, Clause i. 

23. What are the privileges of members of Congress? Section 6, Clause i. 

24. Can they hold any office under tlie government? Section 6, Clause 2. 

25. What House originates bills for raising the public revenues ? Section 7, 
Clause I. 

26. What part has the President in making laws? Section 7, Clause 2. 

27. In what two cases can a law become effective without the President's sig- 
nature? Section 7, Clause 2. 

28. Recite the powers and duties of Congress as enumerated in the eighteen 
clauses of Section 8. 

29. In what cases only can a writ of habeas corpus be refused to an arrested 
person? Section 9, Clause 2. 

30. What is a writ of habeas corpus ? See Andrews's Manual of the Consti- 
tution, page 153. 

31. Can a law authorize the punishment of an offense that was committed be- 
fore the law was made? Section 9, Clause 3. 

32. Can Congress favor one State more than another in imposing taxes and 
duties? Section 9, Clause 5. 

33. Can a citizen of the United States accept gifts, offices, or titles from a 
foreign government ? Section 9, Clause 7. 

34. What restrictions are laid on the actions of the several States ? Section 10. 



XXVI HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE II. — 35. What is required of a candidate for the Presidency as to 
age, citizenship, and residence? Section I, Clause 5. 

36. What powers are exercised by the President alone ? Section 2, Clauses i 
and 3. 

37. What, in concurrence with the Senate? Section 2, Clause 2. 

38. What additional duties are demanded of him? Section 3. 

39. How and for what reasons can a President be removed ? Section 4. 
ARTICLE III. — 40. How long do Judges of the Supreme Court hold their 

voffice? Section i. 

41. What cases are judged by the Supreme Court ? Section 2. 

42. What is the difference between original and appellate jurisdiction ? See 
Andrews's Manual of the Constitution, page 212. 

43. In what court must a robber of the mails be tried? 

44. What is meant by " trial by jury " ? Section 2, Clause 3. See Andrews's 
Manual of the Constitution, page 2 1 8. 

45. What constitutes treason against the United States? Section 3, Clause i. 

46. Can the children of a traitor be made to suffer in person or property for 
their father's crime ? Section 3, Clause 2. 

ARTICLE IV. — 47. What duties do the several States owe to each other? 
Sections i and 2. 

48. By what authority and under what conditions can new States be admitted ? 
Section 3. 

49. What claim can any State make on the general government ? Section 4. 
ARTICLE V. — 50. How can amendments be made in the Constitution ? 
ARTICLE VI.— 51. What constitutes the supreme law of tlie land ? Section 2. 



AMENDMENTS. 

52. What was the general puipose of the ten Amendments proposed by the 
first Congress and accepted by the States ? Articles I.-X. 

53. Can any one be legally called in question for religious belief or practice 
in the United States? Article I. 

54. What are the rights of the accused under Articles V, to VIII. ? 

55. How was the mode of electing executive officers settled in 1803 and 
1804? Article XII. 

56. Under what description were slaves alluded to in the original Constitution ? 
Article I., Section 2, Clause 3 ; and Section 9, Clause i. 

57. What was the Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in December, 1865 ? 

58. How are "citizens" defined in the Fourteenth Amendment? Section i. 

59. How is the number of Representatives made dependent on the free exer- 
cise of the right to vote? Article XIV., Section 2. 

60. What class of persons was excluded from civil office by Amendment 
XIV., Section 3? 



INDEX 



Numbers refer to Sections tinless otherwise stated ; Prefers to accompanying Notes. 
A PronounctKg Vocabulary will be found on page xliii. 



Abercrombie, defeated, 190, 191. 

Abraham, Plains of, 193, K. 

Acadia, settled, 88, js'.; ceded to 
France, 134; captured, 174; French 
expelled, 18G. 

Adams, John, Vice-Pres., 319; lead- 
ing Federalist, 333: Pres., 340, n ; 
death of, 413. 

Adams, John Quincy, Pres., 409, N.: 
character of, 410; in Congress, 414. 

Adams, Mrs. John, 347. n. 

Adelphi Academy, 696. 

Admiralty, Courts of, 153. 

Agassiz, Louis, 692. 

Alabama, settled by French, 165; 
admitted, 402 ; secedes, 481. 

Alabama Claims, settled, 597. 

Alaska, 591, G68. 

Albany, founded. Ill; named, 120; 
convention at, 183. 

Albemarle, settlements, 136, 137 ; at- 
tacked by the Tuscaroras, 177. 

Algerine Pirates, 329, 335, 359, N., 397. 

Alien Law, 342. 

Allen, Ethan, 237, N. 

Almanac, Poor Richard's, 204. 

Amendments, the 13th, 561, N.; the 
14th, 588 ; 15th becomes law, 595. 

America, discovered by Northmen, 
C: by Columbus, 36, 37, 40; by En- 
glish, 41; by Portuguese, 42; parti- 
tion of, 54. 

American, debts in Eng. after Rev., 
330, 331 ; flag first raised, n. 1, p. 167 ; 
first saluted, 301 ; Party, 476 ; Philo- 
sophical Society founded, 206 ; 
"System," the, 398. 

Amerigo Vespucci, 40, N. 

Anderson, Major, seizes Fort Sum- 
ter, 482 ; compelled to evacuate, 489 ; 
honors to, 570, N. 

Andre, Major, 293-295, n. 

Andros, royal governor, 143, N., 144. 

Anne, Queen, 153, n. 

Antietam, battle of, 526. 

Appalachee Bay, disc, 45; settle- 
ments conquered by English, 176. 

Appalachian Mountain System, 12. 



Arizona, settled, 53 ; ceded to U. S., 
457; territory increased, 465; or- 
ganized, 573. 

Arkansas, settled by French, 167; 
admitted, 426; secedes, 490. 

Arkwright. invents "spinning-jen- 
ny," 348, 686. 

Arlington, Lord, 72. 

Army of the Potomac in 1862, 528; 
condition January, 1863, 532. 

Arnold, Benedict, at Ticonderoga, 
237, N.; at Quebec, 246, N.; sent to aid 
Schuyler, 263; promoted, 266, N.; 
treason of, 292-295. 

Arthur, Chester A., Vice-Pres., 623; 
President, 625, N.; signs "Conven- 
tion of Geneva," 628 ; message on 
public debt, 630. 

Aspinwall, William, 98. 

Astoria, founded, 443, 

Astor, John Jacob, 443, N. 

Atlanta, Ga., destruction of, 557, 558. 

Atlantic Cable, laid, 589, 590. 

Australian ballot system, 651. 

Azores, discovered, 34. 



Bacon's Rebellion, 73, 74. 

Balboa, Nunez de, 43. 

Baltimore, U. S. cruiser, 650. 

Baltimore, bombarded, 386; Demo- 
cratic convention at, 479; attack 
on Union troops in, 491. 

Baltimore, the first lord, 75, 76; the 
second lord, 76. 

Bank of the U. S., established, 323; 
renewal of charter vetoed, 421 ; re- 
chartered and fails, 429. 

Banks, Gen., at Port Hudson, 539. 

Barbary States prey on American 
commerce, 329, 3;i5, ;559, 397. 

Barnard College, 694. 

Bartram, John, 206. 

Baton Rouge, captured, 515. 

Baum, defeated by Stark, 264. 

Beauregard, Gen., at Bull Run, 493; 
at Shiloh, 506; at Corinth, 508. 

Bell, John, 479. 

Bemus's Heights, battle of, 265, N. 

Bennington, battle of, 264, n. 



(xxvii) 



Ber 



INDEX. 



Car 



Berkeley, Gov., 72-74, n. 

Berkeley, Lord John, receives grant 
of half of New Jersey, 121 ; sells to 
Quakers, 123. 

Biloxi, Miss., settled, 165, N. 

Black Hawk War, 418. 

Bladensburg, battle of, n. 1, p. 236. 

Blaine, James G^ 632. 

Blennerhasset, Harman, 361, N. 

Block, Adrian, explorations in Long 
Island Sound, 110. 

Blockade, the, 496-498. 

Board of Trade, appointed, 150; re- 
ject colonial union, 183. 

Bon Homme Richard, N. 4, p. 175. 

Boone, Daniel, 243. 

Bordentown, N. J., abandoned by 
British, 259. 

Boston, founded, capital of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay colony, 91, N.; under 
Andros, 143 r massacre, 222; port 
closed, 228; besieged by Americans, 
233 ; evacuated by British, 248 ; the 
great fire in, 600. 

Boundary bet. Eng. and Spanish 
poss. altered, 176; of U. S. by treaty 
of Versailles, 309; bet. U. S. and 
Spanish poss. fixed, 334 ; bet. Maine 
and New Brunswick disputed, 431 ; 
present N. E. boundary of U. S. 
fixed, 436; bet. Oregon and British 
America fixed, 444; bet. U. S. and 
Mexico disputed, 445; bet. Wash. 
Ter. and British Col. settled, 598. 

Braddock's defeat, 185. 

Bradford, Gov^ 85, 200. 

Bradstreet, Col., captures Fort 
Frontenac, 192. 

Bragg, Gen. Braxton, invades Ky., 
509-511, N.; at Perryville, 512; at 
Murfreesborough, 513 ; at Chicka- 
mauga and Chattanooga, 543; at 
Lookout Mountain, 545, 546. 

Brandywine, battle of, 263. 

Brant, defeated, 276 ; relative of 
Johnsons, N. 8, p. 168. 

Brazil discovered, 42. 

Breckenridge, John C, nominated 
for Presidency, 479. 

Breed's Hill fortified, 238. 

Brock, Gen., receives Hull's surren- 
der, 370 ; killed, 371. 

Brook, Lord, 94. 

Brown, Gen., at Lundy's Lane, 388. 

Brown, John, invades Va., 478. 

Brown University founded, 201. 

Buchanan, James, Pres., 476 ; tries to 
conciliate parties, 477, N. 

Buell, Gen., at Shiloh, 507' pursues 
Bragg, 510; superseded by Rose- 
crans, 513. 

Buena Vista, battle of, 449. 

Bull Run, first battle of, 493-495; 
second battle of, 524. 

Bunker Hill, order for fortifying, 
238; battle of, 239, 240; monument 
erected, 405. 

Burgesses, council of, 68; set apart 



lands for college, 201 ; appoint fast 
owing to Boston Port Bill, and 
favor united resistance, 229. 

Burgoyne, Gen., arrives at Boston, 
238, N.; plan of for 1777, 262; fights 
two battles of Saratoga and sur- 
renders, 265, 266, N. 

Burke, Edmund, 271. 

Burlingame, Anson, embassador 
from China, 592; bill to set aside 
treaty of, 621. 

Burlington, Iowa, founded, 461. 

Burlington, N. J., settled by Quak- 
ers, 123; abandoned by British, 2.59, 

Burnside, Gen., succeeds McClellan. 
526; at Knoxville, 547. 

Burr, Aaron, Vice-Pres., 349, N.; kills 
Hamilton, 360; tried for treason, 
.361. 

Butler, Gen. B. F., takes possession 
of New Orleans, 514, 515; confis- 
cates negroes, 529; receives negro 
regiments in army, 531 ; on the 
James, 652 ; attacks Ft. Fisher, 559. 



Cabot, John, 41 ; SebaSwian, 41. 

Cabral, 42. 

Calhoun, John C, Vice-Pres., 409, N.; 
proposed Pres. of a Southern Con- 
federacy, 417; on annexation ol 
Texas. 441 ; death of, 465. 

California, settled, 5o; independent 
of Mexico, 466; ceded to U. S.. 457; 
slavery question, 462 •admitted, 463. 

Calvert, George, 75; Cecil, 76; Gov. 
Leonard, 77. 

Calverts, the, 78. 

Cambridge, seat of Harvard, 92. 

Camden, N. J., settled by Dutch, 113. 

Camden, S. C, battle of, 288. 

Cameron, Richard, N. 4, p, 87. 

Canada, French in, 52; conquest by 
Americans planned, 174; ceded to 
Great Brit., 194; urged to join col- 
onies in seeking redres?;, 218, 231; 
line of com. with seized, 237; in- 
vasion by colonies, 245-247; inva- 
sion in 1812, 371, 383; rebels, 431; 
fishery troubles with, 641. 

Canal, Panama ship, 629, N. 

Canarv Islands discovered, 34. 

Canby, Gen., killed by Modocs, 603, 

Canonehet, 108. 

Canonicus, threatens war, 85; sells 
land to Roger Williams, 97. 

Cape Breton Island, captured, 192. 

Cape Fear River settlement, 137. 

Carillon, F rt, 190. 

Carleton, Sir Guy, 247, 306. 

Carolinas, granted, 135; endeavor to 
suppress slave trade, 153; surien- 
dered to the crown, 1.55; cede west- 
ern lands to U. S., 299 ; secede, 481, 
490. 



( xxviii ) 



Car 



INDEX. 



Con 



Caroline, Fort, 48, 49 ; vessel, 431. 

Carson City, 573. 

Carteret, Sir George, receives half 

of New Jersey, 121. 
Carthagena, S. A., captured by En- 
glish colonists, 179. 
Cartier, Jacques, 47. 
Carver, Johu, 83, 84. 
Cedar Creeic, battle of, 5.53. 
Cedar Mountain, battle of, 524. 
Centennial, exposition, 609; at York- 
town, 626; series of, 627; at Phila., 
643 ; in Ohio, &13; at N. Y., 647. 
Cerro Gordo, battle of, 451. 
Champlain, Lake, explored, 52. 
Champlain, Samuel de, 52, N. 
Chancellorsville, battle of, 532. 
Chantilly, battle of, 524. 
Chapultepec, fortress captured, 453. 
Charles I., cedes Maryland, 75; op- 
poses Puritans, 130; beheaded, 131. 
Charles II., destroys Virginian free- 
dom, 72; grant to Penn, 124; gives 
away half N. Amer., 133, N.; cedes 
Acadia and Nova Scotia, 134 ; gives 
land and charter to Conn., 134; 
grant to Duke of York, 134; grants 
the Carol in as, 135. 
Charleston, S. C, settled, 138; at- 
tempted capt. by French, 176; be- 
sieged by British, 249, N.; capt. by 
Brit., 285; evacuated by Brit., 307; 
Democratic convention at, 479; be- 
sieged, 560 • abandoned and burned, 
562, N.; after Civil War, 570, n. 
Charlestown, Mass., founded, 91; 

burned bv British, 240. 
Charter Oak, 144, n. 
Chase, Salmon P., 577, 587, N. 
Chatham, Earl of, see Pitt, William, 
Chattanooga, vicinity described, 541, 

542 ; siege of, 543. 
Cherokees, sell lands in Ky., 213; 
moved west of Miss. River, 406 ; civ- 
ilization of, 407. 
Cherry Valley, N. Y., massacre, 275. 
Chicago fire, o99. 

Chicagou (Chicago), fort estab., 170. 
Chickamauga River, battle of, 543. 
Chickasaw Landing, captured, 538. 
Chihuahua, captured, 454. 
Chilean afiairs, 650. 
China, sends embassy to U. S., 592. 
Chinese, iininigration into the U. S., 

59-2, 620, 621. 
Chippevtra, battle of, 387. 
Chopart, angers the Natchez, 168. 
Christiana, foujided, 115. 
Churubusco, battle of, 452. 
Cincinnati, founded, 365 ; threatened 

capture, 510, 540. 
Cincinnati, Society of the, N. 5, p. 185. 
Civil Rights Bill, passed, 586. 
Civil Service reform, 615. 
Claims against England, 596. 597. 
Clark, Col., N. W. of Ohio River, 277 ; 

captures British posts, 278. 
Clark, William, 357, n. 

( 



Clarke, John, 98. 

Clay, Henry, advocates " Mo.Comp." 
402, N.; Sec. of State, 409; intro- 
duces comp. on tariff, 417; candi- 
date for Pres., 441 ; int. " Omnibus 
Bill," 463 ; death of, 465. 

Clayborne's rebellion, 76, 77. 

Clayton-Bulwer treaty, N. 3, p. 372. 

Clermont, the. 362. 

Cleveland, G., Pres., 632. 634, N., 653. 

Clinton, Gen., arrives at Boston, 238, 
N.; besieges Charleston, S. C, 249; 
plan for 1777, 262; succeeds Howe, 
272 ; captures Charleston, 285 ; treats 
for surrender of West Point, 293; 
tries to buy Princeton mutineers, 
297; superseded by Carleton, 306. 

Clinton, George, Vice-Pres., 361, N.; 
re-elected, 366. 

Cockburn, Admiral, 386, N. 

Coddington, William, 98. 

Colfax, Schuyler, Vice-Pres., 593. 

Coligny, 48. 

Colonial habits, 209-211. 

Colonies organize themselves into 
sovereign states, 251. 

Colorado, admitted, 608. 

Colorado River, explored, 46. 

Columbia College, founded, 20L 

Columbia Ri v. exp., 357; nam'd, 443,N. 

Columbia, S. C, captured, 562. 

Columbian Celebration, 652. 654. 

Columbus, Christopher, 35-40, isr=; 
Diego, 43. 

Commerce of colonies, 169, 213; re- 
strictions on, 133, 152, 224. 

Communism in America, 31, 619. 

Compromise, Missouri, 402; on the 
tariff, 417 ; of 1850, 463. 

Concord, Mass., stores destroyed, 233. 

Confederate States of America, or- 
ganized, 483; recognized by Eng., 
France, and Spain, 500; resources 
exhausted, 558; forces remaining 
April, 1865, 563; restoration to the 
Union, 595. ^ , 

Confederation, articles of closer, 
adopted by the U. S., 298 ; character 
of, 300, 310. 

Conflicting English grants, 88, 134. 

Congress, of northern colonies, 174 ; 
first Continental, 230, 231; second 
Continental, 234, 235. 

Connecticut, colony formed, 101 ; be- 
comes one of " The United Colo- 
nies of New England," 102 ; receives 
land and new charter from Charles 
11., 134 ; included in grant to Duke 
of York, 134; under Andros, 144; 
cedes Northwest Territory, 298. 

Connecticut River, settlements, 93; 
banks lavaged by British, 284. 

Conspiracy of Pontiac, 195. 

Constitution of the U. S., proposed, 
317; opinions of, 318; adoption by 
States, 319 ; Centennial celebration 
of, 643 ; text of, Appendix, p. xu. 

Continental army, described. 24L 



xxix) 



Con 



INDEX. 



Eli 



Contreras, battle ol, 452. 

Convention, at Albany, 183; the 
Constituent. 313-316 ; of Geneva, 628. 

Conway Cabal, 268. n. 

Copyright Law, International, 648. 

Cordilleras, the, 13. 

Corinth, battle of, 512. 

Cornbury, Lord, 214. 

Cornell University, 694. 

Cornplanter, 276, n. 

Cornwallis, Lord, lays waste New 
Jersey, 258, n.; pursues Wash., 260; 
chases Greene and Morgan, 290; 
at Guilford Court-House. 291 ; in- 
trenches himself at Yorktown, 302; 
surrenders, 304. 

Coronado, 4l^. 

Cortereal, 42. 

Cotton, growing of introduced, 348? 
manufacture of 686. 

Cotton, Rev. John, 199. 

Courts of Admiralty, estab., 153. 

Covenanters, in N. J., 142, n. 

Cowpens, battle of the, 289. 

Creeks, defeated, 384; moved west, 
406 ; civilization of, 408. 

Croghan, Major, 376. 

Cromwell, Oliver, 132, n. 

Crown Point, fort estab., 170; sur- 
prised by Seth Warner, 237. 

Crystal Palace, in New York, 468. 

Cuba, colonized, 43; attempt to ob- 
tain, 472, N ; war, 659, 660. 

Culpepper^ Lord, 72, 74. 

Cumberland and JVierrimac, 516, n. 

Custer, Gen., death of, 611. 

Cutler, Manasseh, Ohio pioneer, 325, 
N.; Jarvis, at Marietta, n. 3, p. 205. 

D 

Dade, Major, massacred, 420. 

Dahlgren, Admiral, besieges Char- 
leston, 560. 

Dakota, organized as Territory, 573; 
as two States, N. and S. Dakota, 646. 

Dakotas, in Minnesota, 20. 

Davis, discovers strait, 5" 

Davis, Jefferson, Pres. of Southern 
Confederacy, 483. n.; calls for vol- 
unteers, 491 ; authorizes privateers, 
498 ; abandons Richmond, 565 : pris- 
oner, 568. 

Dearborn, Ft., capt. by Indians, 370. 

Dearborn, Gen., 374. 

De Ayllon, 41. 

Decatur, Stephen, burns the Phil- 
adelphia, 359; subdues Barbary 
States, 397, n. 

Declaration of Independence, 250, 
N,, 251 ; text of. Appendix, p. x. 

Declaration of Rights, 221. 

De Espejo, .53, n. 

De Gourgues, 51. 

De Kalb, Baron, 288. 

Delaware, becomes a separate col- 
ony, 127 ; refuses to secede, 490. 



Delaware, Lord, 64. 

Delawares, the, 187. 

Democratic Party, founded by Jef- 
ferson, 333, 350 ; principles of, 350 ; 
in power forty years, 432 ; favor an- 
nexation Texas, 440; divided, 479; 
elect Cleveland. 632. 

Department of ihe Interior, estab- 
lished, 464. 

De Soto, Hernando, 45. 

D'Estaing, Count, arrives with fleet, 
273; attempts capture of Savan- 
nah, 285. 

Detroit, fort estab., 170 ; saved from 
Indians, 195; surrendered, 370. 

Dewey, 669. 

Dieskau, Baron, defeated, 186. 

Dinwiddle, Gov., sends Washing- 
ton to Fort Le Bceuf, 181 ; appoints 
Washington to command a mili- 
tary district, N. 5, p. 194. 

Dom Pedro II., visits U. S., 610. 

Donelson, Ft., captured, 503, 504. 

Doniphan, Col., captures Chihua- 
hua, 4.54. 

Dorchester, founded, 91. 

Dorchester Heights, fortified, 248. 

Dorr's Rebellion, 437, N. 

Douglas, Stephen A., introduces 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 473, N. 

Drake, Sir Francis, .55, n. 

Drummond, Gen., at Ft. Erie, 389. 

Drummond, Wm., first governor of 
North Carolina, 137. 

Dubuque, founded, 461. 

Duke of Newcastle, 214. 

Du Quesne, Ft., built, 181 ; seized by 
French, 182; Braddock's attempt 
at recapture, 185; taken by Wash- 
ington and name changed, 192. 

Dutch, explorations in America, 109, 
N.; settlements in America, char- 
acter of, 112 ; title to lands in Amer- 
ica disputed by Eng., 113; conquer 
New Sweden, 118; discontent in 
settlements, 119; seized by Eng., 
120 ; recaptured by Dutch, 122 ; ced- 
ed to Eng., 122. 

Dutch East India Company, com- 
mission Hudson, 109, N. 

Dutch West India Comp. formed, 
111, N.; make settlements in Amer- 
ica, 112, iia 



£ 

Early, Gen., in Shenandoah Valley, 

553. 

Education in colonies. 71, 91, 02, 201 ; 
in IT ui ted States, 694-696. 

Edward, Ft., built by Eng.. 186; 
abandoned by Americans, 264. 

Edwards, Jonathan, 202 1 grand- 
father of Aaron Burr, N. 2, p. 218. 

Electoral College, 340, n. 

Eliot, John, 105; translates Bible, 
106 : intercedes for Indians, 107. 



(xxx) 



Eli 



INDEX. 



Gag 



Elizabeth, Queen, 56, N. 

Embargo Act, the, 364. 

Endicott, John, 89. 

England, .sends explorers to Amer., 
41, 55-o!J ; first settlement by, 61 : re- 
ligious diftierences in, 79 ; conflict- 
ing grants of, 88, 134 ; gains New 
Netherlands. 120, 122 ; civil war in, 
130-132 ; revolution in, 145 ; acquires 
Canada, 194 ; holds American posts 
after Rev., 326, 330, 331 ; claims right 
of search. 363, 367 ; resents " Trent 
AlTair," 499; infringes neutralitj-, 
500: suflers by the blockade, 584: 
difficulties with, settled, 596-598. 

English Revolution, 145 ; settles im- 
portant principle, 149. 

Eric the Red, 6. 

Ericsson, Capt. John, invents the 
Monitor, 518, N. 

Erie Canal opened, 411. 

Erie, Ft., captured by Americans, 
387 ; besieged by British, 389. 

Everett, Edward, nominated for 
Vice-Pres., 479, N. 

Ewell, Gen., burns Richmond, 566. 

Exposition, the Centennial, 609 ; the 
New Orleans, 633 ; at Cincinnati, 643. 



Pair Oaks, battle of, 523. 

Faneuil Hall. 227, n. 

Farmers' Alliance, the, 653. 

Farragut, Admiral, captures New 
Orleans, Baton Rouge, Natchez, 
514, 515 ; in Mobile Bay, 560. 

Fayerweather, D. B., 696. 

Federalist, the, n. 1, p. 204 ; n. 1, p. 
227. 

Federalist Party, founded, 333; de- 
feated, 349 ; resist War of 1812, 390, 
392; favor protection, 398; merged 
into Whig Party, 432. 

Fenwick, John, 123. 

Field, Cvrus W., and the Atlantic 
Cable, 589, N., 590. 

Fifty-first Congress, 648, 

Fifty-third Congress, 655. 

Filibusters, 472, N. 

Fillmore, Millard, Pres., 464, n.; can- 
didate for Pres., 476. 

Finisterre, Cape, limit of colonial 
trade, 133. 

First American cargo to Eng., 213. 

First American journal, 154. 

First book written in America, 197. 

First college in United States, 92. 

First Continental Congress, 230, 231. 

First cotton-mill in U. S., 348, 686. 

First election vmder Constitu., 319. 

First English settlement, 61. 

First law-making body in America 
elected by the people, 68. 

First printing-press in U. S., 92, n. 

First settlement in U. S., 50. 

Fvst steamboats fh America, 362. I 

(xxxi 



First steamer across Atlantic, 403. 

First steam locomotive in U. S., 412. 

First telegraph in U. S., 442. 

First vessel on the Great Lakes, 163. 

First written constitution framed 
in America, 101. 

Fisher, Ff ., capt. by U. S. forces, 559. 

Fisheries, on Newfoundland banks 
di.scov., 47 ; carried on by Eng., 56, 
59; troubles about settled, 598; re- 
newed, 641. 

Five Forks, battle of, N. 1, p. 333; 564. 

Floods, 631. 

Florida, discov.. 43 ; ceded to Eng., 
194 ; to the U. S. by Spain, 403 ; ad- 
mitted, 441; secedes, 481; eastern 
ports seized by U. S., 528. 

Floyd, Gen. J. B., in W. Va., 492. 

Foote, Commodore, 503, N. 

Foreign aid to America, 261, 269, N.: 
270, 273, 302, N. 

Forts of t he French, 165, 170, 181, 182. 

" Fountain of Youth," 39, 43. 

France, difficulties with, 343-345,425. 

Franciscan Fathers in America, 160. 

Franklin, Benj., proposes Union, 
183 ; biography of, 203-205, N.; sent 
as commissioner to Paris, 270; at 
Constitutional Convention, 314, 315. 

Frederic the Great, 269, n. 

Fredericksburg, battle of, 527. 

Free Soil Party, organized, 460. 

Free trade, advocated, 398. 

Freedmen's Bureau, estab., 586. 

Freeman's Farm, battle of, n. 3, d. 
167. 

Fremont, John C, in California, 455, 
456 ; candidate for Pres., 476, n.; at- 
tempts to liberate slaves, 529. 

French and Indian War, 172, 184-195. 

French, discov. and settlements, 47- 
52; colonists in S. C, 139; explora- 
tions in Mis.s. Val., 160-163; on the 
Gulf, 164, 16.5; war with the 
Natchez, 168; settlement at New 
Orleans, 167, 169; forts, 170; in 
Maine, 178 ; expelled from Acadia, 
186 ; Revolution, etTect in America, 
328, 329. 

Friends, persecution of, 104, n.; pur- 
chase N. J., 123; settle Penn. and 
Del., 124-127; liberated from pris- 
ons, 128; records concerning, 207. 

Frobisher, 55, N. 

Frontenac, Ft. estab., 170 ; captured 
by Bradstreet, 192. 

Fugitive Slave Law, 466. 

Fulton, Robert, 362, n. 

Fur traders, 160, 162, 163, 443, N. 



Gadsden Purchase, 470. 

Gage, Gen., sends expedition to Con- 
cord and Lexington, 232; besieged 
in Boston, 233, N.; superseded by 
Howe, 240. 



Gal 



INDEX. 



Hen 



Gallatin, Albert, Sec. of Treasury, 
352, N. ; pronounces Hamilton's 
records clear, 353. 

Garfield, James A., Pres., 623 ; char- 
acter and death of, 624, n. 

Garnett, Gen., in W. Va., 492. 

Gaspee, burned, 225, 226. 

Gates, Gen. Horatio, takes com- 
mand in the North, 265, n.; plots 
against Washington, 268, n ; de- 
feated at Camden and succeeded 
by Greene, 288. 

Geary, John W., 475. 

Genet, Edmond Charles, 332. 

Geneva, Board of Arbitration, 597, 
N.; convention of, 62S. 

George, Lake, scene of Abercrom- 
bie's defeat, 190, 191. 

George III., 219; petitioned by col- 
onists, 231 ; employs Hessians and 
Indians, 244 ; statue of pulled down, 
251; adjourns Parliament and of- 
fers pardon to colonies, 271. 

Georgia, bestowed on Oglethorpe, 
155; character of settlers, 156; 
slavery introduced, 157; war with 
Spain, 158, 179; sends relief to Bos- 
ton, 228; becomes royal province, 
280 ; cedes western lands to U.S., 299 ; 
secedes, 481 ; manufactures of, 557. 

Germantown, 126, 263. 

Gettysburg, battle of, 534, 535. 

Ghent, Treaty of, 393. 

Gila River, explored, 46. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 56. 

Gillmore, Gen., at Charleston, 560. 

Gladstone, Wm. E., 318. 

Gold, discovered, 4o8. 

Gookin, Daniel, 107. 

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 87. 

Gorges, William, 88. 

Gosnold, explorations of, 59, N.; car- 
ries the first cargo from America to 
England, 213. 

Grand Model of government for the 
Carolinas, 135, 130. 

Grangers, the, 616. 

Grant, Ulysses S., captures Ft. Don- 
elson, 503, 504 ; commands dept. of 
W. Tenn., 505: at Shiloh, 506, 507; 
at luka and Corinth, 512; supplies 
cut off, 528; commander of three 
western departments, 543 ; at Look- 
out Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge, 545,546; lieutenant-general, 
549; at battles of Wilderness, 550; 
Spottsylvania, 551; besieges Rich- 
mond and Petersburg, 554; capt- 
ures Richmond, 564-566; receives 
Lee's surrender, 567; Pres., 593, n.; 
re-elected, 601 ; Indian policy of, 
602; at Centennial Exposition, 610. 

Grasse, Count de, 302, n. 

Gray, Capt. Robert, 433, n. 

Great Britain, see England. 

Great Eastern, lays second Atlantic 
Cable, 590. 

Great Ireland, 8. 



Great Lakes, described, 18; route of 
fur traders, 162 ; first vessel on, 163 ; 
boundary of U. S., 309. 

Greeley, Horace, 601, N. 

Greely, Lieut., 698. 

Green Mountain Boys capt. Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Point, 237, notes. 

Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, succeeds 
Gates, 288, N.; pursued by Corn- 
wallis, 290 ; at Guilford Court- 
House and Eutaw Springs, 291. 

Greenland, 6. 

Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 457. 

Gustavus Adolphus, king, plans set- 
tlements in America, 114. 

Guthrie, Oklahoma, 645. 



Habits of colonial times, 209-211. 

Haines's Bluff", ('^^Ptured, 538. 

Hale, Capt. Nathan, hung as spy, 255. 

Hamilton, Alexander, at the Const. 
Con v., 315; on the Const., 319; Sec. 
of the Treasury, 321-323, n,, a53; 
leading Federalist, 333; killed by 
Burr, 360. 

Hamilton, Gov., offers reward for 
scalps, 277 ; captured, 278. 

Hamlin, Hannibal, Vice-Pres., 479. 

Hampton, Gen., commands on 
Lake Champlain, 374. 

Hampton, Gov. Wade, on National 
troops in the South, 614. 

Hancock, Gen. Winfield S., 623. 

Hardee, Gen., 562. 

Harper's Ferry, arsenal seized by 
Brown, 478; burned, 490; seized by 
Jackson, 52.5. 

Harrison, Gen. W. H., wins battle 
of Tippecanoe, 368; commands, in 
the West, 374-376; wins battle of 
the Thames, 383; Pres., 433; death 
of, 434, N. 

Harrison, Benj., Pres., 644-647, n. 

Hartford, founded, 93; unites with 
Windsor and Wethersfield to 
found Connecticut, 101 ; Dutch set- 
tlers, 113; Fed'list. Conv. held, 392. 

Harvard College, founded, 92, 154; 
celebrates accession of George III., 
219. 

Hawaiian Islands, 660. 

Hayes, Rutherfoi-d B., election of, 
613, 614; withdraws troops from 
Southern States, 614, n.; pledged 
to Civil Service reform, 615; vetoes 
bill against Burlingame Treaty, 621. 

Hayne, Robert, 416, n. 

Hazen, Gen., 513. 

Hendricks, Thos. A., 632, 640, N. 

Henry, Fort, captured, 503. 

Henry, Patrick, introduces Decla- 
ration of rights, 221 ; at the first 
Continental Congress, 230, N.; ob- 
jects to " We, the people," 319, N^ 



( xxxii ) 



Hen 



INDEX. 



Jam 



Henry, Prince the Nav., n. 1, p. 39. 

Henry VII., of England, 41. 

Hessians, cinployed by George III., 
244; locate in Americaj 266. 

Historians of colonial times, 199, 200. 

Hoe, Richard, invents a printing 
press, H8y. 

Holland, plants colonies in Amer., 
109-118, NOTES ; surrenders them to 
Eng., 120, 122; sympathizes with 
Americans in Rev., oOl. 

Holly Springs, seized by Van Dorn, 
528. 

Hood, Gen., supersedes Johnston 
and defeated by Sherman, 5,56 : de- 
stroys Atlanta, 557; defeated by 
Schofield and Thomas, 558. 

Hooker, Gen. Joseph, commands 
Army of the Potomac, 532, N.; suc- 
ceeded by Meade, 534 ; at Lookout 
]\lountain, 544, 545. 

Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 93, N., 199. 

Horse-shoe Bend, battle of, 384. 

House of Burgesses, Va., see Bur- 
gPi^ses, council of. 

'Houston, Gen. Sam., N. 6, p. 263. 

Howe, Ellas. Jr., invents sewing- 
machine, 688. 

Howe, Lord George Augustus, at 
Ticonderoga, 191, N. 

Howe, Admiral Richard, arrives at 
New York, 2-52, N.; at Newport, R. 
Iv 273. 

Howe, Gen. Wm., at Boston, 2b8; 
supersedes Gage, 240 ; evacuates 
Boston, 248; encamps at Staten 
Island, 252; takes possession of 
New York, 255; plan of for 1777, 
262 ; enters Philadelphia, 263 ; offers 
bribes to American soldiers, 267; 
resigns his command, 272. 

Hudson, Henry, 109, n. 

Hudson Bay territory, transferred 

to English, 194. 
Hudson River, exp., 109; named, 
110; banks ravaijed by British, 284. 
Huguenots in South Carolina, 139. 
Hull, Capt. Isaac, captures the Guer- 

riere, 372. 
Hull, Gen. Wm., invades Canada, 

369 ; surrenders, 370. 
Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne, 98. 



Iberville, Lemoine d', 165, N. 

Iceland, 6. 

Idaho, Territory formed, 444; organ- 
ized, 573 ; admitted, 046. 

Illinois, first settled, 161, 163, n. ; 
county of, organized, 278; organ- 
ized as separate Territory, 399; ad- 
mitted, 402. 

Immigration, 400, 422, 699. 

Impressment of seamen by En- 
gland, 330, 331, 367, 368. 



Independence, first steps toward, 
215-231; Declaration ol, 250, N., 251; 
text of. Appendix, p. viii. 
Indian Territory, formed, 406; and 

Oklahoma, 634, 635, 645, 672. 
Indiana, settled, 170 ; becomes Vir- 
ginian ter., 278; admitted, 399, N. 
Indians, first location of, 20; river 
tribes, 21 ; village Indians, 23 ; tribal 
divisions, 23 ; the Iroquois, 26 ; clans 
and sachems, 27, 28; religion, 29; 
customs, 30, 31; appearance and 
character, 32 ; how named, 38; en- 
slaved, 39, 44, 100, 168; attack Vir- 
ginians, 69; attack New England- 
ers, 99, 107 ; converted, 53, 106, 178 ; 
attack Dutch, 116; form a treaty 
with Penn, 125; attack French, 168; 
Schenectady, 173; Albemarle and 
Pamlico settlements, 177 ; Ohio set- 
tlers, 187, 326 ; massacre at Ft. Wm. 
Henry, 188; Pontiac's conspiracy, 
195 ; employed by British, 244 ; rav- 
age Mohawk Valley, 264 ; massacre 
at Wyoming, 274 ; at Cherry Valley, 
275; treaties of 1784-90, 311, 312 ; Jef- 
ferson's policy toward, 354; at Tip- 
pecanoe, 368 ; at Fort Dearborn, 370 ; 
in the War of 1812, 375, 376, 383 ; at- 
tack Ft. Mimms, 384 ; removed 
west of Mississippi, 406 ; troubles in 
Illinois and Wisconsin, 418; in 
Florida, 419, 420; employed in Civil 
War, 508; Grant's policy toward, 
602 ; outbreak in Or., 603 ; in Dakota. 
- Montana, and Wyoming, 611. 

Interior basin of Cordilleras, 15. 

Interstate CommercCj 640, 672. 

Inventions, coLt-on-^m, spinning- 
jenny, steam-engine, 348 ; tele- 
graph, 442 ; sewing-machine, 688. 
agricultural implements, etc., 689. 

Iowa, admitted, 401. 

Iron-clad Oath, the, 588. 

Iroquois, see Six Nations. 

Isabella, (^ueen, 35, 88. 

Island No. 10, surrendered, 507. 

Italian troubles in New Orleans, 649. 

luka, battle of, 512. 



Jackson, Andrew, defeats Creeks, 
384; wins battle of New Orleans, 
394, 395; governor of Florida, 403; 
Pres., 414 ; rotation in office, 415, n. 

Jackson, "Stonewall," at Bull Run, 
493; in the Shenandoah Valley. 
522; seizes Harper's Ferry, 525; at 
Chancellorsville, 532, N. 

James I., charters London and Ply- 
mouth Companies, 60; makes Vir- 
ginia a royal province, 70 ; religious 
intolerance of, 79; conflicting 
grants of, 88. 



(xx;?iii) 



jam 



INDEX. 



Lig 



James II., becomes king and liber- 
ates Quakers, 128 ; sells " Mon- 
mouth's Rebels" to Virginia, 141; 
persecutes the Covenanters, 142; 
appoints Andros governor and 
takes away colonial charters, 143, 
144; deposed, 144, 14o. 

James River, named, 62 ; shores rav- 
aged by British, 284 ; in Civil War, 
523. 

Jamestown, settled, 62 ; attacked 
by Indians, 69. 

Japan, treaty with, 469. 

Jasper, Sergeant, at the battle of Ft 
Moultrie, n. T, p. 149 ; killed at Sa- 
vannah, 285- 

Jay, John, American commissioner 
at Versailles, n. 3, pp. 193, 194 ; on 
the Constitution, 319, N.: Chief-jus- 
tice of the United States, 321; 
makes treaty with England, 331. 

Jefferson, Ft., built, 279. 

Jefferson, Thomas, writes Declara- 
tion of Independence, 250; Sec. of 
State, 321; leading Democrat, 3:33; 
Vice-Pres., 340 ; Pres., 349-352, n.; has 
Hamilton's records examined, 353 ; 
greatest event in his term, 355 ; re- 
elected Pres., 361 ; opinion on Em- 
bargo Act, 364 ; makes proposition 
to restrict slavery. 402 ; death of, 413. 

Jesuit Fathers in America, 53, 160, n. 

Johnson, Andrew, Vice-Pres., 561 ; 
Pres., 572; differences with Con- 
gress, 586, N.; impeachment of, 587. 

Johnson family in N. Y., 275, N. 

Johnson, Richard M.,Vice-Pres., 426. 

Johnson, Gen. William, builds Ft. 
Wm. Henry, 186 ; receives estate on 
Mohawk, 275. 

Johnston, Gen. A. S., in Civil War, 
502, N., 506. 

Johnston, Gen. J. E., commander- 
in-chief of Confederacy, 522; at 
Fair Oaks^ 523 ; chief command in 
Georgia, 5o0 ; opposes Sherman, 555, 
N.; superseded by Hood. 556; re-in- 
stated and defeated at Averysboro 
and Bentonville, N. C, 563; surren- 
ders to Sherman, 567, n. 

Joint High Commission, on Eng. 
and Am. claims, 596 ; on Pres. elec- 
tion, 613. 

Jones, John Paul, 283, n. 



Kansas, difficulties in, 474, 475: ad- 
mitted, 482. 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 473. 
Karlsefne, Thorflnn, 9. 
Kaskaskia, Ills., founded, 161. 
Kearny, Gen., in Mex. War, 447, 454. 
Kent, Isle of, 76. 
Kenton, Kentucky pioneer, 243. 
Kentucky, settled, 243; admitted. 



385 ; refuses to secede, 490 ; urged to 

join Confederacy, 510, 511. 
Key, Francis S., 386. 
Kidd, Captain, 213, N. 
Kieft, gov. of New Netherlands, 116. 
King George's War, 172, 179, 180. 
King Philip's War, 107, 108, n. 
King William's War, 172-174. 
King's College, founded, 201. 
King's Mountain, battle of, 288, N. 
Kittanning, destroyed, 187. 
Know-Nothing party, 476, N. 
Knox, Henry, takes possession of 

New York, 308, n.; Sec. of War, 321. 
Knoxville, battle of, 547. 
Kosciusko, in America, 261, n. 



Labor strikes of 1877, 617-619, 654. 

Labrador, discovered, 41. 

La Fayette, comes to Amer., 261, N.; 
at Andr6's court-martial, 295; in 
French Rev., 328; revisits Amer., 
405. 

Lake Champlain, explored, 52. 

La Salle's explorations, 163, n., 164; 
basis of French claims, 181. 

Laudonniere, 49. 

Law, John, originates "Mississippi 
Scheme," 166 ; settles Ark., 167. 

Lawrence, James, 377, n.; captures 
the PeacocA;,378; killed, 378. 

Lawrence, Kansas, burned, 475. 

League formed in New England, 102. 

Lecompton, Convention at, 474. 

Lee, Arthur, Comm. to Paris, 270, N. 

Lee, Charles, at Charleston, 249, N.; 
taken prisoner and exchanged, 257 ; 
at Monmouth, 272. 

Lee, Ft., captured, 256. 

Lee, Henry, captures Jersey City, 
282, N.; commands against "Whis- 
ky Rebellion," 327. 

Lee, Richard Henry, offers resolu^ 
tion of independence, 250, n. 

Lee, Robert E., defeated in W. Va., 
492; invades Maryland, 509, 525; 
commander-in-chief, 523, N.; at sec- 
ond Bull Run and Chantilly, 524; 
South Mountain, 525; Antietam, 
526; Gettysburg, 534, 535; the Wil- 
derness, 550 ; Spottsylvania, 551 ; 
force remaining Apr., '65, 5^3 ; capt- 
ures Ft. Steadman, 564 ; abandons 
Richmond, 565 ; surrenders, 567. 

Leif, in New England, 7. 

Leisler, death of, 148. 

Lenni Lenape, make treaty with 
Penn, 125. 

Leopard and Chesapeake. 363. 

Lewis and Clark's Expedition, 357, N. 

Lexington, battle of, 232, 233, N. 

Liberty Bell, 2.50, n. 

Lieber, Dr. Francis, 692. 

Lightning-rod, invented by Frank- 
lin, 205. 



( xzxiv ) 



Lin 



INDEX. 



Mis 



Lincoln, Abraham, Pres., 480; pol- 
icy of, 486, 487, N.; calls for volun- 
teers, 491 ; refuses at first to molest 
slavery, 529; issues emancipation 
proclamation, 530, 531 ; re-elected, 
551 ; second inaugural address, 509; 
death of, 570, 571. 

Lincoln, Gen., sent to aid Schuyler, 
203; commands in South, 281, n.; 
attempts capture of Savannah, 285 ; 
surrenders Charleston, 285; re- 
ceives Cornwallis's sword, 304. 

Literary progress in the colonies, 
154, 190-208; in U. S., 693, 694. 

Livingston, Robert K., administers 
oath of office to Washington, 320, 
N.; aids Fulton, 320, N., 302; U. S. 
agent in purchasing Louisiana, 
355, 356. 

Livingston, William, at Constitu- 
tional Convention, 315. 

Locke, John, draws model of gov- 
ernment for Carolinas, 135, N. 

London Company, chartered, 60; 
laws of, 60 ; dissolved, 70. 

Long Island, battle of, 253. 

Long Island Sound, settlements, 94. 

Long Parliament, 131. 

Longstreet, Gen. James, at Knox- 
ville, 547, N. 

Lookout Mountain, battle of, 545. 

Louis XIV., attempts to settle Lou- 
isiana, 164, N. 

Louis XV., attempts to found an 
empire in America, 166, N. 

Louisburg, capt. by Eng. colonists, 
180: by colonists and regulars, 192. 

Louisiana, named, 163; founder of, 
165, N.; ceded to Spain, 194 ; ceded 
to France and purchased by U. S., 
355, a56 ; partly organized^ 358 ; State 
admitted, 383: secedes, 481. 

Lowell, Francis, inventor, 686. 

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 388. 

Lynn, founded, 91. 



M 

McClellan, Gen. Geo. B., in W. Va., 
492; commander-in-chief, 495, N., 
at Williamsburg, 521 ; Fair Oaks, 
523; South Mountain, 525; An- 
tietam, 526 ; relieved, 526. 

McDonoughjCommodore, at Platts- 
burgh, 391, N. 

McDowell, Gen., at Bull Run, 493; 
checked by Jackson, 522. 

McHenry, Ft., bombarded, 386. 

McKinley, William, 648, 656, 666. 

Macomb, Gen., at Plattsb'gh, 391, n. 

Madeiras, discovered, 34. 

Madison, James, at Const. Conv., 
315; on Const,, 319; leading Demo- 
crat, 333; Sec. of State, 352; Pres., 
366, N. 

MageUan, 42, n. 



Mail service, extended, 151; organ- 
ized, 205 ; present state, 684. 

Maine, coast explored, 59 ; colo- 
nized, 88, 178 ; eastern part surren- 
dered to Great Britain, 194; ad- 
mitted, 402. 

Manhattan Island, settled. 111. 

Manufactures, colonial, 212; of U. 
S., 348, 685-687. 

Marietta, founded, 325, n. 

Marion, Gen., harasses the British, 
286, N.; as a host, 287. 

Marquette, 161, n. 

Maryland, colony formed, 75 ; royai 
province, 78 : agrees to TJnion, 299; 
cedes land tor a national capital, 
323; ravaged by British, 385, 386; 
refuses to secede, 490; invaded by 
Lee, 509, 525 ; by Early, 553. • 

Mason, John, grant to, 87. 

Mason and Slidell difficulty, 499,500. 

Massachusetts Bay Colony, coast 
explored, 59; extended, 86, 87, 145; 
royal charter, 90 ; laws of, 91 ; towns 
of, 91 ; religious intolerance in, 95, 
96, 104 ; new laws adopted, 101 ; one 
of " United Colonies of New En- 
gland," 102; State cedes N. W. Ter- 
ritory to U. S., 298, 299. 

Massacre by Indians at Fort Wm. 
Henry, 188; at Wyoming, 274; at 
Cherry Valley, N. Y., 275; at Fort 
Mimms, 384; Wahoo Swamp, 420. 

Massasoit, treaty with, 84. 

Matamoras, captured, 44b. 

Mather, Cotton, 199. 

Mather, Increase, 199. 

Maximilian, in Mexico, 585. 

Mayflower, the, 82. 

Meade, Gen., at Gettysburg, 534, N. 

Mecklenburg Resolutions, 242. 

Meigs, Ft., besieged^ 376. 

Memphis, ft. established, 170 ; capt- 
ured by U. S., 508. 

Menendez, Pedro, 50. 

Mercantile system adopted, 152. 

Meridian Raid, the, 548. 

Merrimac and Monitor, 516-519, N. 

Mexico, city of, captured, 453. 

Mexico, expedition against, 179 ; rec- 
ognized by U. S., 404; wages war 
with U. S., 446-457 ; Maximilian in, 
585 ; Cent. R. R. of, 629. 

Michigan, settled, 161; organized as 
Territory, 399 ; admitted, 426: forest 
fires in. 599 • TJni versify of, 694. 

Miller, Col. James, 388, N. 

Mimms, Ft., massacre of, 384. 

Ministers of early New Eng., 199. 

Mint, established, 323. 

Minute-men, organized, 231, N. 

Mission Indians, 53. 

Missionary Ridge, battle of. 546. 

Mississippi, settled by French, 165 ; 
admitted, 402 ; secedes, 481. 

Mississippi River, disc, by De Soto, 
45; by Marquette, 161; navigation 
secured to Americans, 334; strug- 



( XXXV ) 



Mis 



INDEX. 



New 



gle for possession of, 502-515; navi- 
gation of, opened, 58!) ; tloods, (i31. 

Mississippi Setieme, lOtJ, 167. 

Mississippi Valley, described, 17; 
explored by French, 160-163. 

Missouri, admitted, 402; refuses to 
secede, 490; field of Civil War, 492. 

Missouri Compromise, 402; disre- 
garded, 463, 473. 

Mitchell, Col., at Oswego, 387. 

Mobile, Alabama, settled, 165. 

Mohawk Valley, ravaged, 264. 

Monmouth's rebels, in Virginia, 141. 

Monroe Doctrine, the, 404. 

Monroe, Fortress, held by Union 
forces, 485 ; head-quarters Army of 
Potomac, 520; prison of Jeflerson 
Davis, 568. 

Monrfie, James, leading Democrat, 
333; agent of U. S. in purchasing 
Louisiana, 356; Pres., 400, N.; re- 
elected, 404. 

Montana, organized Territory, 573; 
admitted as State, 646. 

Montcalm, captures Ft. Oswego, 187; 
destroys Ft. William Henry, 188: 
defeats Abercrombie, 191 ; killed at 
Quebec, 193, n. 

Monterey, captured, 448. 

Montezumas, 453, n. 

Montgomery, Ala., Confederate 
Convention at, 483. 

Montgomery, Gen., captures Mont- 
real, 246, N.; killed at Quebec, 247. 

Montreal, founded, 170 ; conquest 
by American colonists planned, 
174; captured by English, 194; by 
Montgomery, 246; abandoned, 247. 

Moore, Gov., attacks Spanish set- 
tlements, 176. 

Morgan, Gen. Daniel, aids Schuyler. 
263; wins battle of the Cowpens, 
289, N.; pursued by Cornwallis, 290. 

Morgan, Gen. John H., 509, N.; 540. 

Mormons, 438, 439, N. 

Morris, Com,, 359. 

Morris, Lieut., N. 1, p. 315. 

Morris, Robt., at Const. Conv., 315, N. 

Morristown, winter at, 284. 

Morton, Levi P., Vice-President of 
United States, 644. 

Moultrie, Col. William, defends 
Charleston, 249, n.; recaptures Port 
Royal, S. C, 281. 

Moultrie, Ft., named. 249, n.; evac- 
uated by Anderson, 482. 

Mound-Builders, 2-5. 

Murfreeshorough, battle of, 513. 

Mutiny during Revolution, 297. 



N 



Napoleon Bonaparte, friendly to 
U. S., 345; orders mourning for 
Washington, 346; prophecy con- 
cerning U. S., 356. 



Napoleon III., designs on Mexico, 
585. 

Narragansett Indians, threaten 
war, 85; receive Roger Williams, 
97 ; refuse to make war, 99, 100. 

Narvaez, 45. 

Natchez, Miss., settled, 165, 168 ; capt- 
ured by Union forces, 515. 

Natchez Indians, exterminated, 168. 

National Bank Bill, vetoed, 421, 435. 

National debt, 577, 630. 

Naval battles: the Bon Homme 
Richard and Serapis, 283; bet. Eng. 
and French at Yorktowu, 302; 
Guerriere and Constitution, 372; 
Wasp and P^rolic, 373 ; Hornet and 
Peacock, 378 ; Chesapeake and 
Shannon, 378; Argus and Pelican, 
379; Essex and British ships, 379; 
of Lake Erie, 380-382 ; Alabama 
and Kearsarge, 498 ; on the Missis- 
sippi, 508; Monitor and Merrimac, 
516-519; in Mobile Bay, 560. 

Navigation Acts, 133, 152. 

Navy of U. S. in the Rev., 283, N.; in 
the Civil War, 496, 514, 515, 519, 560. 

Nebraska, admitted, 591. 

Necessity, Ft., built, 182. 

Negroes, introduced in America as 
slaves. 67, 140 ; confiscated by But- 
ler, 529; take part in the Civil War, 
531 ; civil rights established, 586. 

Nevada, ceded to U.S., 458; becomes 
a State, 573. 

New Amsterdam, founded. 111 ; 
seized by Eng. and name changed 
to New York, 120; recaptured by 
Dutch, 122; ceded to England, 122. 

New Brunswick, 194. 

Newburgh, N. Y., cent'nial. at, 627. 

Newcastle, Duke of, 214. 

New England, visited by Gosnold 
and Smith, notes 5, 6, p. 46 ; colon- 
ized, 83-98- United Colonies of, 102; 
distrusts Parliament, 131 ; respect 
for ministers, 199; habits of living, 
210; suffers in War of 1812,387; op- 
poses the war, 390, 392. 

Newfoundland, disc, 7, 41 ; trans- 
ferred to England, 194. 

New France, named, 47 ; father of, 52. 

New Hampshire, settled, 87 ; part of 
Massachusetts, 145 ; claims Ver- 
mont, N. 1, p. 147. 

New Haven, founded, 94, N.; laws of, 
94; oneof" United Colonies of New 
Eng.," 102; site of Y'ale College, 201. 

New Jersey. 121 ; purchased by 
Quakers, 123 ; receives the Cov- 
enanters^ 142. 

New Mexico, settled, 53, n.; ceded to 
U. S., 457. 

New Netherlands, named, 110; char- 
acter of inhabitants, 112; discon- 
tent in, 119* seized by Eng., 120; re- 
captured, 122; ceded to Eng., 122. 

New Orleans, founded, 167; growth 
of, 169 ; American depot, 334 ; battle 



(xxxvi ) 



New 



INDEX. 



Phi 



of, 394, 395; captured by Union 
forces, 514. 515: exposition, 633; 
colleg:e, 696 ; massacre, 64y. 

Newport, Christopher, 61. 

Newport, harbor disc, 47; settle- 
ment founded, 98 ; attack upon, 273. 

Newspapers, colonial, 154, N. 1, p. 125. 

New Sweden, founded, 115; con- 
quered by the Dutch, 118. 

New York, harbor entered, 47, 109; 
city named, 120 ; captured by 
Dutch, 122; ceded to Eng., 122; col- 
ony loses its charter, 143; claims 
Vermont, N. 1, p. 147 ; citv seized by 
Brit., 255; State cedps N. W. Ter., 
299; city evacuated by Brit., 308; 
Washington inaugurated as Pres., 
320 ; riots in, 533 ; centennials at, 627, 
647. 

Niagara, Fort estab., 170; English 
attempt to capture, 186. 

Nicolls, Richard, gov. of N. Y., 122. 

Norfolk, navy-yard seized by Con- 
federates, 490; surrendered to U.S., 
519. 

Norridgewock, settlement of, 178. 

North Carolina, settled, 137 ; discon- 
tent in, 223; State cedes western 
lands to U. S., 299; coasts ravaged 
by British, 385; secedes, 490. 

Northern Pacific R. R., begun. 605. 

Northmen, in Iceland and Green- 
land, 6; in New England, 7. 

Northwest passage attempted, 42 ; 
55, N,, 109, N. 

Northwest Territory, see Territory, 
etc. 

Nova Scotia, 88; ceded to Temple, 
134; to Cireat Britain by France, 
194 ; see Acadia. 



Officials, English, in colonies, 214. 

Oglethorpe, receives Georgia, 155, 
N.; lays out Savannah, 156; forbids 
slavery and rum, 157; besieges St. 
Augustine and repels Spanish in- 
vasion, 158, 179 ; returns to Eng., 159. 

Ohio Company, 325, n. 

Ohio River, disc, n. 3, p. 103; floods 
in, 631. 

Ohio, settled, 325, n.; admitted, 365. 

Ohio University, established, 324. 

Ohio Valley, possession disputed, 
181; Indian troubles in, 187; cen- 
tennial of settlement, 643. 

Oklahoma, 634, 645, 672. 

Omnibus Bill, 463, 466. 

Orang-e, Ft., changed to Albany, 120. 

Ordinance of 1787 passed, 324; in- 
fringed, 477. 

Oregon, explored, 357, n.; settled and 
northern boundary fixed. 443, 444; 
territory formed and State ad- 
mitted, 444. 



Orleans, Territory of, organized, 358 ; 

included in Louisiana, 383. 
Osceola, 419, 420. 
Ostend Manifesto, 472. 
Oswego, Ft., capt. by Montcalm, 

187 ; town capt. by British, 387. 
Oxenstiern, sends emigrants to 

America, 114. 



Pacific coast, explored, 55. 

Pacific Ocean, discovered, 42, 43. 

Pacific Railroad, explorations for, 
471 ; completed, 594. 

Pakenham, Gen., 394, 395. 

Palo Alto, battle of, 446. 

Pamlico Sound, settlers attacked,177. 

Pamphlets, colonial, 208. 

Panama, ship-canal of, 629, N.; 669. 

Panic, of Van Buren's term, 427-429 ; 
of 1873, 605 ; of 1893, G^5a; of 1907, 673. 

Paper-making, 687. 

Paper money, issued during Rev., 
296; in Civil War, 511, 577, 679; ef- 
fects of latter. 604, 605. 

Paris, treaty of, 194. 

Parliament, oppresses the colonies, 
149, 153. 

Patrons of Husbandry, 616. 

Peabody, Geo., endowments by, 696. 

Pea Ridge, battle of, 508. 

Peary, R. E., 698. 

Pemberton, Gen., at Vicksburg, 538. 

Penn, Wm., helps purchase New 
Jersey, 123, n.; obtains grant of 
Pennsylvania, 124 ; buys land from 
Swedes and founds Philadelpliia, 
125; makes treaty with Indians, 
125 ; grants liberal constitution, 126 ; 
receives Delaware, 127 ; releases 
Quaker prisoners, 128; ingratitude 
toward, 129 ; plan of union, 151. 

Pennsylvania, granted to Penn, 124 ; 
just laws of, 126 ; includes Delaware, 
127 ; recharters bank of U. S., 429 ; 
invaded by Lee, 534 ; by Early, 553. 

Pension-list, extension of, 648. 

People's Party, 653, 656. 

Pequod War, 99, 100. 

Perry, Capt. O. H., 380-382, N. 

Perry, Com. M. C, in Japan, 469. 

Perry ville, battle of, 512. 

Personal Liberty Laws, 467, 

Petersburg, Va., besieged, 554. 

Petition sent to George III., 231. 

Philadelphia, Swedish settlements 
near, 115; founded, 125; first and 
second Continental Congresses 
meet, 230, 234 ; capt. by Howe, 263 ; 
evacuated by Brit., 272; Constitu- 
tional Conv, meet, 314 ; site of Bank 
of U. S., national mint, and na- 
tional capital, 323; of Centennial 
Exposition, 609. 

Philadelphia, the ship, burned- ^^ 



(xxxvii ) 



Phi 



INDEX. 



Rev 



Philippines, 650, 660, 664. 
Pickens, Ft., 485. 
Pickens, Gen., 28G. 
Picture-writing, 30. 

Pierce, Franklm, Pres., 467; biogra- 
phy of, 478, N. 

Pilgrims, selected to found colony, 
81; sail from England, 81, 82, n.; 
found Plynaouth, 88, n.; hardships 
of, 84-86 ; religious tolerance, 95. 

Pillow, Ft., abandoned, 508. 

Pillow, Gen., at Contrerasand Chur- 
ubusco, 452. 

Pirates, in colonial times, 213; of 
Barbary States, 329, 33.5, 359, 397. 

Pitt, Win., premier of Eng., 189; se- 
lects Wolfe to attack Quebec, 198, 
N.; biography, 219, n.; takes part of 
colonists, 229, 236. 

Pittsburgh, site of fort, 181 ; named, 
192; riot in, 621. 

Plains of Abraham, 193, n., 246. 

Plattsburgh, battle of, 391. 

Plots, against Washington, 2G5, n., 
2ij8, N.; to make him king, 310. 

Plymouth Colony founded, 83 ; part 
of Mass., 86, 145; becomes one o£ 
"United Col. of New England," 102. 

Plymouth Company, 60. 

Pocahontas, 69, n. 

Point Comfort, named, 62. 

Polar explorations, 698. 

Polk, James K., Pres., 441, 443, n. 

Ponce de Leon, 43. 

Pontiac, conspiracy of, 195. 

Pope, Gen., at Cedar Mountain, sec- 
ond Bull Run, and Chantilly, 524. 

Population of U. S. in 1900, 682. 

Porter, Capt. David, com. Essex, 37D. 

Porter, Com. D. D., assists at Ft. 
Fisher, 559, N. 

Port Hudson, held by Confederates, 
528 ; surren. to Union forces, 539. 

Port Royal, Nova Scotia, twice capt- 
ured by Massachusetts volunteers 
and named Annapolis, 174. 

Port Royal, S. C, named, 48; capt- 
ured by Brit, and recaptured, 281; 
fort captured bv U. S., 501, N. 

Portsmouth, N. H., 87, 671. 

Potomac, British on the, 284. 

Powhatan, 69. 

Pratt, Charles, 696. 

Praying Indians, 106 ; persecuted by 
whites, 107. 

Preble, Com. Ed w., in Tripoli, 359, n. 

Prescott, Col., at Bunker Hill, 288. 

Prescott, Gen. (British), 257. 

Price, Gen., in Missouri, 508. 

Prince Edward Island, capt., 192. 

Princeton, battle of, 260, n. 

Princeton College, founded, 201. 

Pring, Captain, 59. 

Printing-press, 92, n., 689, 697. 

Printz, gov\ of New Sv/eden, 115. 

Privateers, in the Rev., 283, n. 1, p. 
193; in the War of 1812,378; of the 
Confederate States, 498. 



Proctor, Gen., brutality to prison- 
ers, 375 ; defeated at f ts. Meigs and 
Stephenson, 376; at battle of the 
Thames, 388. 

Providence, founded, 97, n. 

Public education in N. W\ Ter., 324. 

Public improvements, disputes on, 
411 • during Jackson's term 423. 

Public schools in the U. S., 695. 

Pueblo, captured, 451. 

Pueblos, 28, 46. N. 

Pulaski, aids America, 261, n.; killed 
at Savannah, 285. 

Pulaski, Ft, 528. 

Puritans, origin of, 79, 80, N.; in Hol- 
land, 80, 81 ; sail for America, 81 ; 
their patent invalid, 82 ; found 
New Haven, 94; obtain control ifi 
England, 130 ; see Pilgrims. 

Putnam, Israel, 233, n. 



Q 



Quaker guns, 520, N. 

Quakers, see Friends. 

Quebec, settled, 52 ; conquest or" 
planned, 174 ; capt. by Wolfe, 193, N.; 
French attempt recapture, 194 ; be- 
sieged by Montgomery, 246, 247. 

Queen Anne's War, 172, 175-177. 



R 



Railroads, 412 ; Pacific R. R. explo- 
rations, 471 ; growth of, 683. 

Bailway riots, 617-619. 

Rale, Father, 178. 

Raleigh, N. C, captured, 563. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 56, n., 59. 

Rail, Colonel, 259. 

Randolph, Edmund, Attorney-gen- 
eral, 821, N. 

Reconstruction of the Southern 
States, 586, 588, 595. 

Red Cross Society, 628. 

Red Jacket, 276, n. 

Reed, Thomas B., 651. 

Regulators, in North Carolina, 223. 

Reign of Terror, effect in Amer., 329. 

Religion of Indians, 29. 

Religious differences in Eng., 79. 

Religious intolerance in Massachu- 
setts, 95-98, 104. 

Republican, or Dem,, party, 833. 

Republican party, 476, i>fOT£S, 682. 

Resaca de la Pal ma, battle of, 446. 

Resolutions, the Mecklenburg, 242. 

Restrictions on colonial industry, 
138, 152, 224, 244. 

Resumption of specie, 608, 623. 

Revenue Laws, evaded iu 11. 1., 225. 

Revere, Paul, N. 6, p. l.')7. 

Revolution, French, effect in Amer- 
ica, 328, 329. 



( xxxviii ) 



Rev 



INDEX. 



She 



Kevolution in England, 145 ; settles 
principles of government, 149. 

Bhode Island, settled, 97, n., 98; char- 
ter of, 103 ; charter lost, 144 ; smug- 
gling in, 225; sends no delegates to 
Constituent Convention, 314; re- 
bellion in, 437, N. 

Khode Island, island of, purchased, 
98. 

Kiall, Gen., defeated at Chippewa, 
387 ; capt. at Lundy's Lane, 388. 

Eibault, 48. 

Richmond, Ky., battle of, 510. 

Bichmond, Va., settled, 71; capital 
of the Southern Confederacy, 493; 
threatened by Union ttoops, 520, 
521; relieved, 522, 523; Grant's ad- 
vance on begun, 550 ; outer defens- 
es captured, 552 ; besieged by Grant 
and cut Off from South, 554 ; capt- 
ured by Grant, 565, 666; burned, 566. 

Riedesel, Hessian general, 266. 

Right of search, claimed, 363, 367, 368 ; 
abandoned, 396, 436. 

Ring robberies, 607. 

Rio Grande, explored, 53; claimed 
by Texas as boundary, 445. 

Riots, in New York, 533 ; railway, 617. 

Roads, in colonial times, 211. 

Roanoke Island, first settlement, 57 : 
second settlement, 58; recovered 
1)V Union forces, 528. 

Robertson, James, pioneer, N. 2, p. 
136. 

Rochambeau, Count de, 302. 

Rolfs, John, 69. 

Roosevelt, Theodore, 665-676, n. 

Rosecrans, Gen., at Murfreesbor- 
ough, 513; at Chickamauga River, 
543 ; relieved of command, 543. 

Ross, Gen., burns Washington, 385, 
N.; attacks Baltimore, W6. 

Rotation in office introduced, 415. 

Roxbury, founded, 91. 

Royal officials in the colonies, 214. 

Russian America purchased, 591. 



Sachems, 28. 

Sacs and Foxes, moved west, 418. 

St. Augustine, founded, 50; besieged 

by Oglethorpe, 158, 179. 
St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, governor of 

N. W. Territorv, 325, N., 326. 
St. Ignace, INIich., established, 161. 
St. John's, Canada, cai)tured by 

Montgomery', 246; abandoned, 247. 
St. John's River, settlement, 49. 
St. Leger, Col., n. 1, p. 167. 
St. Mary, Mich., established, 161. 
Salem, Colony, founded, 89, 90, N.; 

city, offers wharves to Boston, 228. 
Salem witchcraft, 146, n., 147. 
Salt Lake City, founded, 439. 
Samoset, 84. 



( xxxix ) 



San Antonio, captured, 452. 

San Francisco, becomes citv, 459. 

San Jacinto, battle of, 440, n. 

San Salvador, discovered, 37. 

Sandys, Geo., translates Ovid, 198. 

Sanitary Commissions during Civil 
War, 582, 583. 

Santa Anna, Gen., in Mexican War, 
449-453, N. 

Santa Fe, founded, 53; captured by 
U. S. forces, 454. 

Saratoga, first battle of, 265, n.; sec- 
ond battle of, U66, N.; effect of vic- 
tories, 270. 

Savannah, founded, 156; capt. by 
British, 280 ; attempt at recapture, 
285; evacuated by British, 307; oc- 
cupied by Sherman, 559. 

Say, Lord, establishes settlement in 
America, 94. 

Saybrook, Conn., founded, 94 ; col- 
lege at, 201. 

Schenectady, attacked by Ind., 173. 

Schley, Commander, 698, 659. 

Schofield, Gen., pursues Hood, 558. 

{^chuyler. Gen.. 263, n. 2, p. 167. 

Science, in colonies, 206 ; in U. S., 691, 
692. 

Scott, Winfield, prisoner by British, 
371, N.; at Lundy's Lane, 388; in 
South Carolina 417; in Seminoie 
War, 420 ; on Canadian frontier, 431 ; 
in Mexican War, 447, N., 450-453 ; re- 
tires from active service, 495. 

Secession, right claimed, 416 ; oi tne 
South, 481, 490. 

Second Continental Congress, 234, 
235; abolishes "colonial system," 
250; commissions La Fayette, 261, 
N.; removes to Lancaster, 263 ; re- 
fuses to receive British envoys^ 271 ; 
returns thanks, 305 ; passes " Ordi- 
nance of 1787," 324, 

Sedition Law, 342. ^ ^ „o 

Semi-centennial, celebrated, 413. 

Seminole War, 419, 420. 

Semmes, Raphael, 498, N. 

Separatists, 80, 81. 

Serapis, captured by Jones, 283. 

Seven Cities of Cibola, 46, N. 

Sewall, Justice, 147. 

Seward, Wm. H., on duration of 
Civil War, 488, N.; attack on. 570. 

Sewing-machine, invented, 6^8. 

Shaftesbury, Lord, m 

Sharpsburg, battle at, o26. 

Shenandoah Valley, operations in, 
522, 532, K., 552, 553. 

Sheridan, Gen. Philip, at Murfrees- 
borough, 513; at Missionary Ridge, 
546; raid in Virginia, 552, N.; de- 
feats Early, 553; at Five Forks, 564 ; 
pursues Lee, 567; in Ind. Ter., 635. 

Sherman, Gen. W. T., at Shiloh, 506; 
at Chattanooga, 544-546; relieves 
Burnside, 547; conducts Meridian 
raid, 548; chief couimand in West, 
549 ; advances into Georgia, 555 ; de- 
431 



Shi 



INDEX. 



Tel 



feats Hood, 556; compels destruc- 
tion of Atlanta, 557 ; march to the 
sea, 585, n.; captures Savannah, 559 ; 
Columbia, S. C, 502 ; defeats John- 
ston at Averysboro and Benton- 
ville, 5(33; captures Raleigh, N. (J., 
563; receives Johnston's surrender, 
567, N.; retires, N. 3, p. 334. 

Shields, Gen., in Mexican War, 453. 

Shiloh, battle of, 5U0, 507. 

Sigel, Gen., 552. 

Sioux War, 611. 

Sitka, described, 591. 

Six nations, 26, N.; receive the Tus- 
caroras, 177 ; allies of British, 275 ; 
overpowered by Americans, 276; 
treaty with U. S., 311. 

Sixth Mass. reg't. in Baltimore, 491. 

Slater, John F., 696. 

Slater, Samuel, 348, 686. 

Slavery, introduced, 67 ; In Carolina, 
140; trade increased, 153, N ; im- 
portation stopped in Virginia, 251 ; 
prohibited in Northwest Ter., 324, 
402; subject reviewed, 401; lines 
drawn by Missouri Comp., 402; Gt. 
Britain and U. S. unite to suppress 
trade, 436; compromise of 1850,463; 
fugitive slave law, 466; personal lib- 
erty laws, 467; unmolested during 
first of Civil War, 529; Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation, 530, 531. 

Sloughter, Gov., authorizes Leis- 
ler's death, 148. 

Smith College, 694. 

Smith, John, unjustly imprisoned, 
61, N.; leader at Jamestown, 03 ; re- 
turns to Eng., 64 ; writes first book 
in America, 197; sends map and 
Report to Loudon Comp., 197. 

Smith, Joseph, founds Mormon 
sect, 438, N.; killed, 439. 

Smith, Ivirby, at Bull Run, 494 ; in- 
vades Kentucky, 510, 511. 

Smithson, James, founds Smithson- 
ian Institution, 692. 

Snorri, 9. 

Sons of Liberty, organized, 230. 

South American states, recognized 
by U. S., 404. 

South Carolina, visited by De 
Ayllon, 44; settled and abandoned, 
48 ; permanently settled, 138 ; char- 
acter of people, 139; slavery intro- 
duced, 140 ; sends relief to Boston, 
228; cedes western lands to U. S., 
299 ; coasts rav. by Brit.,385 ; threat- 
ens secession, 417 ; secedes, 481. 

Southern Confederacy, planned, 417 ; 
formed, 483 ; see Confederate States. 

Southwest passage, discov., 42, n. 

Spain, explorers of, 34, 43-46 ; settle- 
ments of, 50, 53, N.; at war with 
Eng., 158, 179; cedes Florida and 
receives Louisiana, 194; opposes 
colonists in the Rev., 300; makes 
treaty with U. S., 334; cedes Louis- 
iana to France, 355 ; cedes Florida 

432 ( xl ; 



to U.S., 403; loses American posses- 
sions, 404 ; war with U. S., 659, 660. 

Specie Circular, Jackson's, 424. 

Specie lU'Sumption, act passed, 608; 
efieeted, (L'.J. 

Speculations in Jackson's time, 422. 

Spinning-jenny invented, 348. 

Spottsylvania Court-House, 551. 

Springfield, Mass., founded, 93. 

Stamp Act, 220; repealed, 222. 

Stanton, Edwin M., 587, N. 

Stanwix, Ft., treaty at, 311. 

Star of the West, fired upon, 482. 

Star Spangled Banner, written, 386. 

Stark, Gen., at Bennington, 264. 

Starving Time, the, 64. 

State Rights, argued, N. 2, p. 247 ; 416. 

Steadman, P t., capt. by Lee, 564. 

Steam navigation, introduced, 362,N. 

Steam-engine, invented, 348. 

Stephens, Alex. H., 483, N. 

Stephenson, Ft., attacked, 376. 

Steuben, Baron, enters the Ameri- 
can service, 269, N. ; at Andr6's 
court-martial, 295. 

Stevenson, Adlai E., 653. 

Stillwater, battle of, 265, N. 

Stirling, Major-general, 253. 

Stockton, Com., in Mex. War, 456. 

Stony Point, recapture of, 282, n. 

Stuyvesant, Peter, appointed gov., 
116, N.; makes treaties with English 
and Indians, 117 ; conquers New 
Sweden, 118; oppresses Dutch col., 
119; surrenders New Amsterdam 
to English, 120. 
Submarine Telegraph between Eu- 
rope aud America, 589, 590. 
Sub-treasury Law, 430. 
Sullivan, Gen. John, 258, n. 
Sumter, Ft., occupied by Anderson, 
482, 485; surren. to Confed., 489; 
stars and stripes raised over, 570, N. 
Sumter, Gen., 286. 
Swedes, in America, 114; buy lands 
from Indians, 115 ; overpowered 
by the Dutch, 118. 



Taft, William H., 663, 677-680, N. 

Tampa Bay, discovered, 45. 

Tariff, imposed, 398; discussions on, 
416; changed, 417, 648, 655, 658. 

Taxing colonies, 216, 217, 220, 222, 227. 

Taylor, Richard, N. 1, p. 276. 

Taylor, Zachary, in Seminole War, 
420; in the Mexican War, 445-449; 
Pres., 462 N.; death of, 464. 

Tea, taxed, 227 ; sent home by New 
York and by Philadelphia, 227; 
thrown into Boston Harbor, 227. 

Tecumseh, his forces defeated at 
Tippecanoe, 368, N.; protects pris- 
oners, 375 ; attacks forts Meigs and 
Stephenson, 376 ; killed, 383. 

Telegraph, introduced, 442 ; growth 
of, 681. 



Tel 



INDEX. 



War 



Telephone, introduced, 684. 

Tennessee, settled, 170, 223, N.; ad- 
mitted, 83o ; secedes, 490. 

Tennessee, the Confederate ram, in 
Mobile Bay, 56U. 

Tenney, Matthew, n. 1, p. 315. 

Tenure of Office Law, passed, 586 ; 
infringed, 587. 

Territory Northwest of Ohio River 
ceded to U. S., 298, 299; organized, 
324 ; States formed from, 325, N. 

Territory of Louisiana, purchased, 
355, 356 ; divided, 358. 

Territory of Orleans, organized, 358 ; 
included in Louisiana, 383. 

Texas, attempted settlement by 
French, 164, N, 3, p. 103 ; independ- 
ent, 440, N.; admitted, 441 ; secedes, 
481 ; last of seceded States to re- 
sume seat in Congress, 595. 

Thames, battle of the, 383. 

Thanksgiving day appointed, 570. 

Thomas, Gen. Geo. H., saves battle 
of Chickamauga, 544, n.; at Look- 
out Mountain, 545, 546; destroys 
Hood's army, 558. 

Thompson, Gen., killed, 420. 

Thorfinn, Karlsefne, 9. 

Ticonderoga, Ft., attacked by Aber- 
crombie, 190, 191; surprised by 
Ethan Allen, 237; surrendered to 
Burgoyne, 264. 

Tilden, Samuel J., 613. 

Tinicum Island, 115. 

Tippecanoe, battle of, 368. 

Tobacco culture introduced, 65. 

Topeka, Kansas, convention at, 474. 

Tories, defined, 248, N.; in Mohawk 
Valley, 264 ; plunder South, 306. 

Trade, Board of, 150. 

Treaty, of Utrecht, 153, N.; of Paris, 
194 ; of Versailles, 307 ; at Fontaine- 
bleau, 308 ; its terms, 309 ; Jay's, 331 ; 
with Spain, 331 ; with Algiers, 335, 
359 ; of Ghent, 393 ; with Spain, 403 ; 
Webster and Ashburton, 436; with 
Great Britain, 443; of Guadalupe 
Hidalgo, 457 ; with Japan, 470 ; with 
China, 592. 

" Trent Affair," 499, 500. 

Trenton, battle of, 259. 

Tripoli, declares war on U. S., 359; 
attacks American commerce, 397. 

True Relation of Virginia, first 
book written in America, 197. 

Tryon, gov. of North Carolina, 223. 

Tulane, Paul, 696. 

Twiggs, Gen., in Mexico, 452. 

Tybee Island, captured, 501. 

Tyler, John, V-P., 433 ; Pres., 434, n. 



Union of colonies planned, 151, 183. 
Union of States, movement toward, 

313; effected, 319. 
United Colonies of New Eng., 102. 



United States of America, first 
named, 250; recogn'd as a nation 
by France, 270 ; weak government 
of, 296 ; articles of closer confeder- 
ation signed, 298 ; condition after 
Rev., 309, 310; movements toward 
Union, 313; assumes war debts of 
the States, 322; capital of, 323; 
foreign opinions of, 377, 422; un- 
prepared for Civil War, 484 ; condi- 
tion at end of 1861, 501 ; condition 
in 1880, 624; progress of, 681-700. 

University of Michigan, 694. 

University of Pennsylvania, 201. 

Utah, organized as a Territory, 439 ; 
ceded to U. S., 457; admitted as a 
State, 657. 

Utrecht, treaty of, 153, n., 175. 



Valley Forge, 267, 268 ; N. 1, p. 193. 

Van Buren, Martin, Pres., 426, 433; 
biography, 427, N. 

Van Dorn, Gen., at Pea Ridge, 508; 
captures Holly Springs, 528. 

Van Rensselaer, in Canada, 371. 

Vasquez de Ayllon, 44. 

Vassar College, 694. 

Vera Cruz, captured, 450. 

Vermont, possession disputed, N. 1, 
p. 147 ; admitted, 335. 

Verrazzano, 47. 

Versailles, treaty of, 307, 309. 

Vespucci, Amerigo, 40, N. 

Vicksburg, held by Confederates, 
528; siege and surrender of, 536-538. 

Vincennes, fort established, 170. 

Virginia, named, 57; first settled, 61, 
62; condition in 1625, 71; ceded to 
Culpepper and Arlington, 72; re- 
ceives "Monmouth's rebels," 141; 
attempts to repress slave trade, 153; 
stops importation of slaves. 251; 
most powerful colony in 1776, 277 ; 
publicly thanks Col. Clark and or- 
ganizes "County of Illinois," 278; 
cedes N. W. Ter. to U.S., 298; calls 
convention of States, 313* cedes 
land for national capital, 323; se- 
cedes, 490; field of Civil War in 
East, 492. 

Volunteers called for Civil War, 491. 



"Wahoo Swamp massacre, 420. 

War, between French and Spanish 
in America, 49-51 ; bet. Algonquins 
and Iroquois, 26,52; Indian, in Va., 
69; Bacon's Rebellion, 73, 74; Clay- 
borne's Rebellion, 76, 77; Pequod, 
99, 100; King Philip's, 107, 108, N; 
Indian, in New Netherlands, 116: 
Dutch and Swedes, 118; Dutch and 
Eng., 120, 122 ; Civil, in Eng., 131, 132 ; 



(xU) 



War 



INDEX. 



Yun 



Monmouth's Rebellion, 141 ; bet. 
Eng. and Spain, 158, 179- French 
and Natchez, 168; King William's, 
171-174; Queen Anne's, 172, 175-177; 
French and Eng. in Maine, 178- 
King George's, 179, 180; French and 
Indian, 181-194 : Revolution, 215-308 ; 
with Tripoli, 359; bet. France and 
Eng., 363; of 1812, 368-396; Creek 
Indians, 384 ; with Barbary States, 
397 ; Seminole, 419, 420 ; with Mex- 
ico, 446-457 ; Civil, 489-567 ; results of, 
574-585; with the Modocs, 603; with 
the Sioux, 611. 

'Ward, Gen., at Boston, 238. 

Warner, Seth, capt. Crown Point, 
237, N.; at Bennington, 264. 

Warren, Samuel, spreads alarm of 
Brit, expedition to Lex., N. 6, p. 137. 

Washington, city of, site selected, 
323 ; seat of gov., 347 ; burned by 
Brit., 385, N.; head-quarters of seces- 
sion, 484 ; threatened by Confeder- 
ates, 524, 525, 553: seat of Smithson- 
ian Institution. 692. 

Washington, Fort, captured, 256. 

Washington, Geo., sent to Fort Le 
Boeuf , 181 ; at Ft. Necessity, 182 ; aid 
to Braddock, 185 ; captures Ft. Du 
Q,uesne,192; commander-in-chief, 
235 ; at Boston, 241 ; compels Brit, to 
evacuate Boston, 248 ; at New York, 
248 ; Long Is., 253, 254 ; White Plains, 
255; Trenton, 259; made dictator, 
260 ; at Princeton, 260 ; Brandy wine 
and German town, 263; Valley 
Forge, 267, 268, N.; Monmouth, 272; 
Morristown, 284; reprimands Ar- 
nold, 293 ; at Yorktown, 302-304 ; dis- 
bands army, 307 ; farewell to com- 
rades, 308, K.; proposed as king, 310; 
pres. of Constitutional Conv., 315; 
elec. Pres., 319; biog'phy, 319, N.; in- 
augurated, 320; cabinet of , 321 ; se- 
lects site of capital, 323; threatened 
with impeachment, 331, N.; opposes 
war against England, 332; leader of 
Federalists, 333 ; declines third 
term, 336 ; result of administration, 
336-339 ; plea for union, 337 ; life as 
Pres., 338; death, 346. 

Washington, William A., 289, N. 

Washington-Lee Univ., n. 4, p. 316. 

Washington Territory, formed, 441 ; 
admitted as State, 646. 

Watertown, founded, 91. 

Watt, James, inv. steam engine, 348. 

" Way to Wealth," by Franklin, 204. 

"Wayne, Gen. Anthony, recaptures 
Stony Point, 282, N. ; defeats sav- 
ages in Ohio, 326. 

Weather Department, 699. 

Webster, Daniel, on "Liberty and 
Union," 416, N.; efTects treaty with 
Eng., 4a5 ; on " Omnibus Bill," 403 ; 
Sec. of State, 464 : death of, 465. 

Webster and Ashourton treaty, 436. 

Weldon Railroad, seized, 554, 



Wellesley College. 694. 

Wesley, John and Charles, 157, n. 

West India Company, the Dutch, 
formed. 111 : make settlements in 
America, 112, 113. 

West Indies, visited by Columbus, 
38, 40 • Eng. exp. against, 179. 

West Virginia, separate State, 492. 

Western Reserve, 134, 299. 

Wethersfield, Conn., founded, 93; 
unites with Windsor and Hartford, 
101; college at, 20L 

Weymouth, 59. 

Whig party, established, 432; op- 
pose annexation of Texas, 440. 

Whisky Rebellion, 327. 

White Plains, battle of, 255. 

Whitefield, visits America, 157, N. 

White-man's land, 8. 

Whitney, Eli, inv. cotton-gin, 348. 

Wilderness, battles of, 550. 

Wilkes, Capt., 499, 500. 

Wilkinson, Gen. James, defeats 
Burr's plans, N. 9, p. 220. 

Willamette Valley, settled, 444. 

William and Mary grant new char- 
ter to New Eng. colonies, 145, >r.; 
recognized as rulers by col., 148. 

William and Mary College, 154, 201. 

William Henry, Fort, built, 186; de- 
molished, 188. 

Williams, Roger, history of, 97, n.; 
pacifies Narragan setts, 99; obtains 
charter for Rhode Island, 103. 

Williamsburg, Va., founded, 71 ; site 
of college, 201 ; battle of, 521. 

Wilmington, N. C, captured, 559. 

Wilmot, David, " Proviso " of, 460, N. 

Windsor, Conn., founded, 93; joins 
Hartford and Wethersfield, 101. 

Winnebagoes, moved west, 418. 

Winthrop, John, gov. of Massachu- 
setts Bay, 90 ; journal of, 200. 

Winthrop, John, Jr., establishes 
Say brook, 94, 200. 

Wisconsin, in "Territory of 111.," 
399 ; admitted, 461 ; fires in, 599. 

Witchcraft, in Pennsylvania, 126 ; 
in Massachusetts, 146, N., 147. 

Wolfe, Gen., at Quebec, 193, n. 

Woolman, John, 207. 

World's Fair, 652, 654. 

Worth, Gen., at San Antonio, 462. 

Wyoming-, Pa., massacre at, 274. 

Wyoming, Territory, 591 ; State, 646. 



Yale College, 154, 201, 694. 

Yale, Elihu, 201. 

York, Duke of, as king, 128, 143. 

Yorktown, besieged by Wash., 302- 

304; abandoned by Confed. 520; 

centennial at, 626. 
Young, Brig ham, 439, n. 
Yukon River, described, 591. 



(xlu) 



PEONOUKCmG VOCABULAET. 



Key to Vowels. — a, e, i, o, u, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, shorty a, e, i, o, 
obscure; far, last, fall, what; there, veil, term; for, food, foot; furl, 
rude; e nearly as e in met, but more prolonged; ee, as i before r in 
spirit ; ii, French u, combining sounds of oo aiid e. 

Consonants. — 9 as s; g asj; g as m get; n as in linger, link; fi 
combines sounds of n and y ; th as in thine. 

Small Capitals. — d, as th in this; G and k as German ch; h, 
similar to the preceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated h; N, 
nasal, resembling ng m long; B, strongly trilled r; U, represents the French 
eu, nearly like u in fur. 



Abercrombie, ab^er-krum-bi. 

Agassiz, ag^a-see or a^ga^se'. 

Algiers, al-gerz^. 

Amerige, a-mer^i-ge. 

Andre, an^dra. 

Antietam, an-te^tam. 

Augsburg, owGs^booRG. 

Azores, a-zorz^. 

Balboa, Vasco Nunez, DE,vas^ko 

noon'yeth da bal-bo^a. 
Barbadoes, bar-ba^doz. 
Baton Rouge, bat^un roozh. 
Beauregard, bo^^eh-gard^. 
Bienville, beaN^veF. 
Biloxi, be-loks^i. 
BoLEYN, booFin. 
Bon Homme Richard, bo nom 

re^shar'. 
BoRGNE, born. 
Boulogne, boo-lon^ 
BoWDOlN, boMen. 
Breton, brit^t'n. 
Brouage, broo^azh'. 
BuENA Vista, bwa^na vis^ta. . 
BURGOYNE, bur-goin^. 
BURLINGAME, bur^ling-gam. 
Cabot, kab^ot. 
Cabral, ka-braF. 
Canonciiet, k^-non^shet. 
Canoiticus, ka-non^i-kus. 
Caribbean, kar^ib-be'an. 



Carillon, ka^reFyoN'. 
Carteret, kar^ter-et. 
Carthagena, kar^tg,-je'na. 
Cartier, Jacques, zhak kaR^- 

tya'. 
Castile, kas-teeF. 
Cayuga, ka-yoo^ga. 
Cerro Gordo, seR^Ro goR^do. 
Champlain, sham-plan''. 
Chantilly, slian-tiFlee. 
■Chapultepec. cha-pool-ta-pek^. 
Chatham, chat^a,m. 
Chihuahua, che-^va%a. 
Chopart, sho^paR'. 
Churubusco, choo-roo-boos^ko. 
Cibola, se^bo-la. 
Cincinnati, (the city) sin-sin- 

nah^ti. 
CocKBURN, ko^burn. 
COLIGNY, Gaspard DE, gas^par 

deh ko-leen^ye. 
Columbia Rediviva, ko lum^-bi- 

a re-di-vi^va. 
Con ANT, ko^nant. 
CoNTRERAS, kon-tra^ras. 
Cordilleras, kor-diFler-^s. 
Corona do, ko-ro-na''DO. 
CoRTEREAL, koR-ta-ra-aF. 
CoRTEZ, kor^tez. 
Cr^vecceur, krav^kuR'. 
Dahlgren, daFgren. 



(xliii) 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 



Darien, da-re-gn^. 

De Ayllon, Vasquez, vas^keth 

da il-yon^ 
De Espejo, Antonio, an-to^ne-o 

da es-pa^Ho. 
De Gourgues, Dominique do^- 

me''nek' deh gooRg^. 
De Monts, deh moN^. 
De Soto, Hernando, eR-nan'-do 

da so^to. 
D'EsTAiNG, des^taN^ 
Diaz, dee^ath. 
Diego, de-a^go. 
Dieskau, dees^kow. 
Dubuque, du-book^ 
DuLUTH, du-looth^ 
Du Quesne, dil kan^. 
Edinburgh, ed''in-bur-ruh. 
Effingham, effing-h^^m. 
Eric, er^ik. 
Ericsson, er^ik-son. 
Esquimaux, es^ki-moz. 
EsTREMADURA, es-tra-ma-DOO^ra. 
Faneuil, fan^el or funnel. 
FiNiSTERRE, fin-is-ter^. 

FONTAINEBLEAU, foN^tan^blo'. 

Frederika, fred-er-ik^^. 

Frobisher, frob^ish-er. 

Frontenac, fron^te-nak. 

Gallatin, galVtin. 

Gaspee, gas^pa'. 

Genet, zheh-na^. 

Genoa, genV^. 

Gerry, ger^i. 

Ghent, gent. 

Gila, ne^la. 

Gorges, gor'jez. 

Grand Pre, groN pra''. 

Grasse, de, deh gras^. 

Guadalupe Hidalgo, gwa-da- 

loo^pa he-daFgo. 
Guatemala, gaw^te-ma'l^. 
Guernsey, gern^ze. 
GUERRIERE, gaR^re^ar'. 
Haverhill, ha^ver-il. 
Hayti, ha^ti. 
HiNGHAM, hing^am. 
HiSPANlOLA, his-pani-o^La. 
HousATONic, hoo^s^-ton'ik. 



Houston, hu^ston. 
Huguenots, hu'ge-nots. 
Iberville, Lemoine d', Igh- 

mwan^ de^-beR^veeF. 
Iroquois, ir-o-kwoy^. 
JoLiET, Louis, loo^e' zho^e-a'. 
JUMEL, zhii^meF. 
Karlsefne, Thorfinn, tor'fin 

karKsef-ne. 
Kearny, kar^ni. 
Kearsarge, ker^sarg. 
KlEFT, keft. 

KiRCHHEiM, keeRK^Im. 
KiTTANNiNG, kit-tan^ning. 
Kosciusko, kos-si-us^ko. 
KuNERSDORF, koo'ners-doRf . 
La Fayette, de, dgh la^fa^yet' 
Lancashire, lank^shir. 
La Salle, la^sal'. 
Laudonniere, lodo^ne-eR'. 
Leif, lif. 
Leisler, lis^ler. 
Lenni Lenape, len^ni len^ape. 
Linn^us, lin-nee^us. 
Louis le Grand, loo^e'leh gRoN. 
Loyola, Ignatius, de, ig-na^-shi- 

us da loi-o^la or lo-yo^la. 
Maciejowice, mats-ya-o-veet^sa. 
Macomb, ma-koom^. 
Magnusson, Finn, fin mag^- 

noos^'on. 
Marquette, maR^ket'. 
Massasoit, mas^s^s-so-it. 
Mather, math^er. 
Maurepas, moR^pa'. 
Maximilian, maks-i-miFyan. 
Meigs, megz. 
Menendez, Pedro, peeMro or 

pa^dro ma-nen^deth. 
Minnitarees, min^ni-ta^rez. 
MiNUiT, min^u-it. 
Montcalm de Saint- Ver an, 

Louis Joseph de, loo^e' zho'- 

zeF deh moN^kalm' deh saN^- 

va^roN'. 
Monterey, mon-ta-ra^ 
Montezumas, mon^te-zu'mf^z. 
Moultrie, moo^tri. 
Muscovy, mus^ko-vy. 



Uiiv) 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 



Narvaez, naR-va^eth. 
Naumkeag, nowm-ke-ag^ 
Nueces, nwa^ses. 
Oglethorpe, o^gl-thorp. 
Ojeda, AloNZO DE, a-l6n^tho da 

o-Ha^Da. 
Onondaga, on'un-daw^ga. 
Oriskany, o-ris^ka-ny. 
OSAWATOMIE, os^a-wat'o-mc. 
Ovid, ov^id. 

Oxenstiern, oks'en-steern'. 
Palo Alto, pii'lo al^to. 
Palos, pa^lo9e. 
Paria, pa^re-a. 
Pascua Florida, pas^cu-a flo'ri- 

da. 
Pasha, pa-sha^ or pa'sha. 
Pavia, pa-vee^a. 
Philippine, fiKip-pin. 
Phcenician, fe-nish^an. 
PiZARRO, pe-zar^o or pe-thar^o. 
Ponce de Leon, pon^tha da la-on'. 
Powhatan, pow-hat-an'. 
Prague, prag. 
Presque Isle, presk eel/ 
Pueblo, pweb^lo. 
Pulaski, pu-las^kee. 
QuiNNiPiAC, quin^ni-pi-ak'. 
Raphoe, rafo^ 
Rale, raid. 
Resaca de la Palm a, ra-sa'ka 

da la paKma. 
RiBAULT, re^bo'. 
Riedesel, ree^deh-zel. 
Rio Chaco, ree^o cha^ko. 
Rio Grande, ri^o grand. 
RoCHAMBEAU, DE, deh ro^- 

shoN^bo'. 
Rochefoucauld, rosh^foo^ko'. 
RoSECRANS, ro^ze-kranss. 
Rouen, roo^en or rwoN. 



Saco, saw^ko. 

St. Augustine, sentaw^gus-teen^ 

St. Croix, sent kroi.^ 

St. Ignace, saNt een^yass'. 

San Felipe, san fa-lee^pa. 

San Joaquin, san Ho-a-keen^. 

San Juan de Ulloa, san ju^an 

or san hwan da-oo-lo^a. 
San Miguel, san me-gel^ 
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez 
DE, an-to^ne-o lo^peth da san^ta 
an^na. 
Santa Fe, san^ta fa. 
Sewall, su^al. 
Shoshones, sho-sho^nez. 
Sierra Leone, se-eR^Ra la-o^na. 
Sierra Nevada, se-eR^Ra na- 

va^Da. 
Sigel, see^gel. 
Sioux, soo or se-oo^. 
Sloughter, slo^ter. 
Steuben, sto^bgn or stoi^b§n. 
Strachey, stra^ke. 
Thorwaldsen, torVawld-sen or 

toR^val-zen. 
TicONDEROGA, ti-kon^der-o'ga. 
Vaca, Cabeza de, ka-ba^tha da 

va^ka. 
Van E-ensselaer, van ren^ sel-er. 
Vera Cruz, va^ra kroos. 
Verrazzano, ver-a-zii^no. 
Versailles, ver-salz^. 
Vespucci, Amerigo, a-ma-ree^-go 

ves-poot^chee. 
ViNLAND, vin^land. 
Wahoo, wah-hoo^. 
Whitefield, hwit^feeld. 
Wyoming, wyVming. 
Yeardley, yeerd'li. 
ZUNI, zoon^yee. 



(xlv) 



ilil IS 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




010 546 424 1 



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